IO Devices Research Articles

입출력 가상화 기반 가상 데스크탑 서비스를 이용한 물리적 네트워크 망분리 시스템 설계 및 구현

IOV is a technology that supports one or more virtual desktops, and can share a single physical device. In general, the virtual desktop uses the virtual IO devices which are provided by virtualization SW, using SW emulation technology. Virtual desktops that use the IO devices based on SW emulation have a problem in which service quality and performance are declining. Also, they cannot support the high-end application operations such as 3D-based CAD and game applications. In this paper, we propose a physical network separation system using Virtual Desktop Service based on HW direct assignments to overcome these problems. The proposed system provides independent desktops that are used to access the intranet or internet using server virtualization technology in a physical desktop computer for the user. In addition, this system can also support a network separation without network performance degradation caused by inspection of the network packet for logical network separations and additional installations of the desktop for physical network separations.

SmartCon

Handling of storage IO in modern operating systems assumes that such devices are slow and CPU cycles are valuable. Consequently, to effectively exploit the underlying hardware resources, for example, CPU cycles, storage bandwidth and the like, whenever an IO request is issued to such device, the requesting thread is switched out in favor of another thread that may be ready to execute. Recent advances in nonvolatile storage technologies and multicore CPUs make both of these assumptions increasingly questionable, and an unconditional context switch is no longer desirable. In this article, we propose a novel mechanism called SmartCon, which intelligently decides whether to service a given IO request in interrupt-driven manner or busy-wait--based manner based on not only the device characteristics but also dynamic parameters such as IO latency, CPU utilization, and IO size. We develop an analytic performance model to project the performance of SmartCon for forthcoming devices. We implement SmartCon mechanism on Linux 2.6 and perform detailed evaluation using three different IO devices: Ramdisk, low-end SSD, and high-end SSD. We find that SmartCon yields up to a 39% performance gain over the mainstream block device approach for Ramdisk, and up to a 45% gain for PCIe-based SSD and SATA-based SSDs. We examine the detailed behavior of TLB, L1, L2 cache and show that SmartCon achieves significant improvement in all cache misbehaviors.

EZ-IO® intraosseous device implementation in German Helicopter Emergency Medical Service

BackgroundIntraosseous access (IO) is a rapid and safe alternative when peripheral venous access is difficult. Our aim was to summarize the first three years experience with the use of a semi-automatic IO device (EZ-IO®) in German Helicopter Emergency Medical Service (HEMS). MethodsIncluded were all patients during study period (January 2009–December 2011) requiring an IO access performed by HEMS team. Outcome variables were IO rate, IO insertion success rates, site of IO access, type of EZ-IO® needle set used, strategy of vascular access, procedure related problems and operator's satisfaction. ResultsIO rate was 0.3% (348/120.923). Overall success rate was 99.6% with a first attempt success rate of 85.9%; there was only one failure (0.4%). There were three insertion sites: proximal tibia (87.2%), distal tibia (7.5%) and proximal humerus (5.3%). Within total study group IO was predominantly the second-line strategy (39% vs. 61%, p<0.001), but in children<7 years, in trauma cases and in cardiac arrest IO was more often first-line strategy (64% vs. 28%, p<0.001; 48% vs. 34%, p<0.032; 50% vs. 29%, p<0.002 respectively). Patients with IO access were significantly younger (41.7±28.7 vs. 56.5±24.4 years; p<0.001), more often male (63.2% vs. 57.7%; p=0.037), included more trauma cases (37.3% vs. 30.0%; p=0.003) and more often patients with a NACA-Score≥5 rating (77.0% vs. 18.6%; p<0.001). Patients who required IO access generally presented with more severely compromised vital signs associated with the need for more invasive resuscitation actions such as intubation, chest drains, CPR and defibrillation. In 93% EZ-IO® needle set handling was rated “good”. Problems were reported in 1.6% (needle dislocation 0.8%, needle bending 0.4% and parafusion 0.4%). ConclusionsThe IO route was generally used in the most critically ill of patients. Our relatively low rate of usage would indicate that this would be compatible with the recommendations of established guidelines. The EZ-IO® intraosseous device proved feasible with a high success rate in adult and pediatric emergency patients in HEMS.

Saving the critically injured trauma patient: a retrospective analysis of 1000 uses of intraosseous access

ObjectiveIntraosseous access (IO) is becoming increasingly accepted in adult populations as an alternative to peripheral vascular access; however, there is still insufficient evidence in large patient groups supporting its use.MethodsRetrospective...

A Servo-Clock Model for Chains of Transparent Clocks Affected by Synchronization Period Jitter

Industrial networks for distributed monitoring, control, and automation purposes require high-accuracy clock synchronization in topologies including long chains of cascaded nodes. Unfortunately, accuracy typically degrades as the number of devices and the distance from the synchronization reference node (i.e., the master or grandmaster) grows, because of the accumulation of multiple uncertainty contributions. To mitigate this problem, the so-called transparent clocks are used in some synchronization protocols, such as the precision transparent clock protocol used in PROFINET IO isochronous real time networks and the precision time protocol version 2, standardized as IEEE 1588-2008. In this paper, an optimal servo-clock in the mean square sense is proposed. The controller relies on both a Kalman filter that estimates the clock state difference with respect to the master and a static-state feedback assuring mean square stability even under the effect of significant fluctuations of the synchronization period. Several multiparametric simulation results in a case study based on the features of PROFINET IO devices confirm that excellent performance can be achieved with the proposed approach.

The pursuit of tens of gigabits per second wireless systems [Industry Perspectives

More than any time ever before, today technology has a significant impact on people's lives. The proliferation of slim, mobile, and portable devices such as notebooks, ultrabooks, tablets, and smartphones is a clear testament to the importance of computing and communication in modern society. In the particular case of wireless systems, this explosive growth has led to an insatiable need to constantly boost capacity so that innovative uses can be offered to consumers. This vicious cycle has brought to market many innovative wireless solutions including the IEEE 802.11 family of standards, third generation (3G), and fourth generation (4G), to name a few. When it comes to wireless systems with data rates greater than 1 Gb/s at a few meters, the most notable examples include the IEEE 802.11ac and IEEE 802.11ad amendments to the base IEEE 802.11 standard [2], with key parameters summarized in Table 1. Several companies have announced products implementing these technologies, with a few of those products already available, or soon to be available, to consumers. The data rates offered by IEEE 802.11ac and IEEE 802.11ad can meet the needs of many applications, with replacement of wired digital interface (WDI) cables arguably the most prominent new use of these technologies. This includes replacing WDI cables used between a notebook/tablet/smartphone and certain display (e.g., HDMI, DisplayPort) and IO (e.g., USB) devices, thereby enabling a fully wireless user experience [4].

An MTJ‐based non‐volatile flip‐flop for high‐performance SoC

SUMMARYThe conventional magnetic tunneling junction (MTJ)‐based non‐volatile D flip‐flop (NVDFF) has a slow D‐Q delay and a tradeoff between its D‐Q delay and its sensing current. In addition, a sufficient write current cannot be obtained with the core device, since two MTJs exist in the write path and a write current degradation problem occurs due to the precharge transistors. The proposed MTJ‐based non‐volatile semidynamic flip‐flop (NVSDFF) has a semidynamic structure that ensures a fast D‐Q delay and separates the sensing circuit from the D‐Q signal path to reduce the sensing current without affecting the D‐Q delay. The proposed NVSDFF also provides a sufficient write current by merely using the core device, since only one MTJ exists in the write path. In addition, the head switch, which is added to remove the write current degradation problem, further reduces the sensing current. Thus, the proposed NVSDFF has a higher read disturbance margin than the previous NVDFF with an IO device. The HSPICE simulation results with the industry‐compatible 45 nm model parameter show that the D‐Q delay in the proposed NVSDFF is 50.5% of that of the previous NVDFF with an IO device, and the sensing current, 32.3%. In the proposed NVSDFF, the read disturbance margin is 15.9% larger than in the previous NVDFF with an IO device, and the area is 17.8% smaller. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

The quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation using supraglottic airways and intraosseous devices: A simulation trial

Study objectiveTo assess whether using interventions such as laryngeal mask airways (LMA) and IO lines lead to improved resuscitation in a simulated cardiac arrest when compared to standard methods of endotracheal intubation (ETI) and central line placement. MethodsEmergency Medicine residents at a single academic center were grouped into teams of four. Each team participated in two simulated ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrests using a high fidelity simulator. Peripheral IV access was unobtainable. Only ETI supplies and a central line kit were available in one case (control) and in the other case those supplies were replaced by an LMA and an EZ-IO drill kit (experimental). Groups were randomized to which set up they were given first. Data examined included time to airway placement, duration and success rate of airway placement, time to vascular access, time to defibrillation, and percent hands off time. Results44 residents in 11 teams participated. Mean time to airway was shorter in the experimental group (122.8 seconds (s) vs. 265.6s, p=0.001). Mean duration of airway attempt was also shorter (7.6s vs. 22.7s, p=0.002). Time to access was shorter in the experimental group (49.0s vs. 194.6s, p=<0.001). Time to defibrillation and percent hands off time did not significantly differ between the two groups. ConclusionUse of an LMA and an IO device led to significantly faster establishment of an airway and vascular access in a simulated cardiac arrest. The variation in devices did not affect time to defibrillation or percent hands off time.

Sensing margin trend with technology scaling in MRAM

AbstractMagnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM) is a leading candidate for future memory applications because it may provide compelling advantages by combining desirable attributes of SRAM, DRAM, and Flash. Process technology has recently scaled down to the nano‐meter regime, which accordingly has resulted in lowering supply voltage, increasing short channel effect, and rapidly increasing process variation. MRAM is also affected by technology scaling, which significantly reduces the sensing margin. In this paper, several circuit design parameters, such as supply voltage, transistor size, and transistor gate voltage in the sensing circuit, are evaluated to discover the root causes of reduced sensing margin with technology scaling. The lowered supply voltage and lowered output resistance of the transistor, which occurs with technology scaling, are verified as the root causes of reduced sensing margin. It is also shown that increased process variation due to technology scaling aggravates the problem. A high supply voltage with power gating combined with optimized transistor size and gate voltage, and a power gating scheme using an IO device with an IO voltage are suggested as effective design solutions for reliably increasing the sensing margin in the presence of process variation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

All access pass: mastering the use of IO devices.

All access pass: mastering the use of IO devices.

Consecutive Field Trials Using Two Different Intraosseous Devices

Objective. Establishing traditional intravenous (IV) access in adult trauma andmedical patients can be difficult. We evaluated provider performance for obtaining intraosseous access with two FDA-approved intraosseous devices (F.A.S.T. 1TM andEZ-IO®) in two sequential field trials. Methods. One hundred twenty-four providers consented to participate in the first field trial evaluating the use of the F.A.S.T. 1TM system. Three hundred eighty-nine providers consented to participate in the second field trial, evaluating the use of the EZ-IO. Following each insertion attempt, a telephone data collection process with a member of the research team was completed. Insertion success rate andmeasures of provider comfort andsatisfaction with each device were collected andanalyzed. Results. One hundred seventy-eight insertions (89 F.A.S.T. 1TM; 89 EZ-IO®) were completed between February 2000 andDecember 2005. Sixty-four of the 89 insertions of the F.A.S.T. 1TM were successful, and78 of the 89 insertions of the EZ-IO® were successful (72% vs. 87%; χ2 = 6.8; p = 0.009). Providers using the F.A.S.T.1TM attempted more IV insertions prior to using the IO device than the providers using the EZ-IO (2.6 vs. 2.0, p = 0.005). There were no differences in provider comfort or provider assessed device performance between the two devices (p = 0.52; p = 0.13, respectively). Conclusion. In our comparison of two field trials of prehospital provider use of the F.A.S.T.1TM andEZ-IO® systems, more successful insertions with the EZ-IO® were achieved than with the F.A.S.T.1TM device. Limitations of our comparison include nonrandomization, the sequential field trial design, the potential for a learning effect, andself-reporting of data points by providers. A prospective, randomized evaluation of these devices is warranted to draw definitive conclusions about provider insertion success rate with these devices.

XiSystem: a XiRisc-based SoC with reconfigurable IO module

In the nanometer era, the increase in nonrecurring engineering costs is a challenge for SoCs that can be faced through a standardization process. Hardware specialization of a standard platform to a given application can be achieved by exploiting reconfigurable technology. This paper presents a XiSystem SoC, which integrates two different field-programmable devices to provide application-specific computing blocks and IOs. A XiRisc reconfigurable processor is exploited to achieve more than one order of magnitude speed-up and energy consumption reduction vis-a/spl grave/-vis a DSP-like processor, while an eFPGA is integrated in the system in order to make it flexible enough to support various IO ports and protocols. The reconfigurable IO device is also utilized for pre/post data processing and implementation of some standard computational blocks.

An 800-MHz embedded DRAM with a concurrent refresh mode

An 800-MHz embedded DRAM macro employs a memory cell utilizing a device from the 90-nm high-performance technology menu; a 2.2-nm gate oxide 1.5 V IO device. A concurrent refresh mode is designed to improve the memory utilization to over 99% for a 64 /spl mu/s data retention time. A concurrent refresh scheduler utilizes up-count and down-count registers to identify at least one array to be refreshed at every clock cycle, emulating a classical distributed refresh mode. A command multiplier employs low frequency phased clock signals to generate the clock, commands, and addresses at rates up to 4/spl times/ that of the tester frequency. The macro integrates masked redundancy allocation logic during at speed multibank test. The hardware results show a 312-MHz random access frequency and 800-MHz multibank frequency at 1.2 V, respectively.

Reactive Ormogels: A New Class of Hybrid Materials for Photonics

A newly emerging class of inorganic-organic hybrids is presented as promising materials for passive and active components of photonic devices. Reactive (photopolymerizable) ormogels (organically modified gels) are inorganic-organic macromers equipped in reactive groups capable of heat or radiation induced polymerization. They are similar to reactive oligomers, components of UV-curable formulations, but differ in that their main backbone is inorganic in nature. Strategies leading to the synthesis of reactive ormogels include: hydrolytic and non-hydrolytic sol-gel processing of organosilanes, and metal alkoxide and functional silylation of colloidal inorganic oxides. Potential applications of the photopolymerizable ormogels are discussed. The most promising applications include: • Host materials for rare earth ions and organic laser dye dopants. • UV-imprinted channel and planar waveguides for IO devices. • Protective coatings and claddings for optical fibers.

A gas sensor based on an integrated optical Mach-Zehnder interferometer

In this paper we demonstrate a sensor system for measuring gaseous compounds using an integrated optical Mach-Zehnder interferometer (IO-MZ chip). One of the surface waveguide arms of the IO device is covered with a polysiloxane layer, sensitive to organic solvents. The refractive index of the polymer layer changes continuously when exposed to the vapours of such solvents. The influence on the evanescent field of the guided mode causes a change in the optical pathlength in the covered arm. Incoupled light of a semiconductor laser diode results in an interference pattern at the output of the IO-MZ chip. The phase shift of the signal is dependent on the gas concentration and the solvent type. We have determined the values for some hydrocarbons, chlorohydrocarbons and aromatic compounds. The extremely short response time of the system allows it to be used like a gas chromatographic detector. The applicationn of Maxwell's equations for the propagation of light in waveguides offers a simulation of the interference signals. By this means, the experimental signal obtained can be correlated to changes in refractive index of the polymer layer. The dependence of the interference patterns on wavelength is explained. White light interference is obtained by use of a xenon lamp.