Space Involvement Research Articles

Clinico pathological characteristics and survival outcome in oral cavity cancer with masticator space involvement (T4b) - A single institutional experience

IntroductionOral cavity cancer with the masticator space involvement is considered as very advanced localised diseas e and staged as T4b in AJCC 8th edition. NCCN guidelines consider this as inoperable. This study intends to compare the different treatment modalities in T4b oral cavity cancer and their impact on survival. Patients and methodsThis is a retrospective study of 150 patients with T4b oral cavity ca, from 2013to 2015 and follow up data till 31 st July 2019 were collected. All patients had biopsy proven SCC and CT evidence of masticator space involvement. ResultsTotal of 150 patients were included. 102 patients had received curative treatment and 48 patients had received palliative treatment. In the curative group 84% were treated with surgery and adjuvant treatment and remaining had received RT with or without chemotherapy. 90% patients in the surgically treated group had attained margin negative resection. 4 year OS in the curatively treated group was 58.9% and in the palliative group was 12%. The surgically treated patients in the curative arm had a significant survival advantage over the patients who had received only RT with or without chemotherapy, (63.5% v/s 34%, p = 0.001). ConclusionCuratively treated oral cavity cancer with masticator space involvement has survival outcome comparable to the published survival data of those without masticator space involvement. Radical intent treatment, preferably surgery should be offered to all patients with masticator space involvement, if negative margin is anticipated from preoperative imaging

Lymph-vascular Space Involvement and/or p53 Overexpression Correlated With the Clinical Outcome of Early-stage Endometrial Cancer Patients Treated With Adjuvant Vaginal Brachytherapy.

The majority of patients with endometrial cancer (EC) are diagnosed at an early stage and undergo primary surgery, followed by observation or adjuvant therapy according to risk factors on surgical samples. The objective of this study was to assess the correlation between a risk profile represented by the presence of substantial lymph-vascular space involvement (LVSI) and/or p53 overexpression and the clinical outcome of patients with early-stage endometrial cancer (EC) who received adjuvant vaginal brachytherapy (BT). This investigation assessed 79 patients who underwent hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and pelvic and/o aortic lymphadenectomy or sentinel lymph node biopsy followed by hypofractionated (HDR)-vaginal BT, using 192Ir source, for stage I-II endometrioid (n=70) or non-endometrioid (n=9) EC. Thirty-four patients (43.0%) were considered to have an unfavorable risk profile defined by the presence of substantial LVSI and /or p53 overexpression. Five-year disease-free survival (DFS) and five-year overall survival (OS) were 93.7% and 95%, respectively. There was a significant correlation between unfavorable risk-profile and pelvic recurrence rate (p=0.002) and distant recurrence rate (p=0.017). Patients with abnormal p53 had a higher risk of local relapse (p=0.041). Substantial LVSI was strongly associated with pelvic recurrence (p=0.001) and distant metastasis (p<0.001). The presence of substantial LVSI and/or p53 overexpression strictly correlated with poor outcome of patients with early-stage EC and should be taken into consideration for better planning adjuvant treatment in this clinical setting.

Deceptive obviousness: modern approaches to the study of the history of emotions

This article reviews a number of works, which focused on the history of emotion studies. The field is developing steadily in Western Europe and the United States, while remains almost unknown in Ukraine. Over the last decade, the number of works within the discipline has rapidly increased, which, on the one hand, has developed theoretical and methodological tools, and, on the other hand, has made it difficult to find a starting point to get acquainted with the field. Formerly, the study of emotions was almost isolated inside certain disciplines and eventually expressed in the opposition between social constructivism and universalism. Specialists in the history of emotions managed to overcome such an unconstructive analytical frame by making extensive use of developments in other disciplines, mainly anthropology and neurobiology. These borrowings helped to reconsider what emotion is, as well as its importance as an analytical category in historical research. It has been demonstrated that the meaning of experience and the forms of its expression change over time, and both are formed by cultural prescriptions. Therefore, emotion is varying historically, and cannot be basic. Neurobiologists have shown that the body and brain are involved together in the process of cognition through emotional experience. In addition, noticing that culture-made changes in the brain-body are genetically transmitted, a human being was defined as a biocultural entity. Applying these observations, historians have noticed that depending on the context, emotion is formed and experienced in different ways, and exists in constant interaction with the world. Close dependence on interaction and active involvement in space gave the understanding that emotion can be explored in relation to cultural space, as well as reasons to consider emotion as a practical involvement with the world.

Comprehensive surgical staging for placenta accreta spectrum

Objective To analyze how precise the surgical staging is after prenatal diagnosis of patients with placenta accreta spectrum (PAS). Material and methods This was a retrospective cohort study that included 622 women diagnosed with placenta accreta spectrum who underwent surgery between 1 January 2000, and 1 January 2020, in public, private, and university hospitals in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Prenatal diagnosis included abdominal and transvaginal ultrasounds and T2-weighted MRI scans. Comprehensive surgical staging (CSS) was performed by dissecting the coalescence spaces of the pelvic fasciae, including the broad ligament and the colpouterine and retrouterine spaces. Once the compromised uterine wall (lateral, anterior or posterior) was identified, the characteristics of the lesion were evaluated. The lateral invasion was classified as type A when there was no placental tissue in the parametrial zone; type B when the placental tissue protruded laterally and was covered by serosa, and type C when the placental tissue included neoformed vessels. Involvement of the retrovesical space (anterior uterine wall) was classified as type A when no neoformed vessels and no firm adherence between nearby organs were present, type B when the retrovesical area partially adhered but the planes could be dissected, and type C when the lower dissection of the vesicouterine space was extremely adhered or impossible. The posterior uterine aspect was classified after exteriorizing the organ, with the placenta still inside. It was determined as type A when there was no evidence of placental invasion, type B when there was organ adherence or it showed a heterogeneous appearance of the posterior uterine wall above the peritoneal reflection, and type C when there was adherence to other organs or when the invasion or neovascularization was below the peritoneal reflection. Results CSS increases the efficacy of prenatal studies, including ultrasound and MRI, by up to 50%. The diagnosis of type 2 (parametrial) PAS or low retrovesical invasion implied an immediate modification of the surgical tactics, vascular control, or a specific type of surgery. Additionally, deep interfacial dissection allowed the identification of healthy uterine tissue, modifying the initial indication of hysterectomy for a conservative reconstructive procedure. Conclusions Comprehensive surgical staging of PAS proved to be an excellent tool for determining the extent and specific topography of placental invasion

The comparative study for survival outcome of locally advanced cervical cancer treated by neoadjuvant arterial interventional chemotherapy or intravenous chemotherapy followed by surgery or concurrent chemoradiation

ObjectiveThis study aimed to compare the survival outcome of 3 different treatment groups (arterial interventional chemotherapy or intravenous chemotherapy or concurrent chemoradiotherapy) for locally advanced cervical cancer.MethodsA total of 187 patients with pathological stage IB3–IIB cervical cancer (cervical squamous cell carcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma, or adenocarcinoma) hospitalized in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2013 to May 2019 were included. Therefore, this article is a retrospective study. We collected data from all eligible patients. And all according to the treatment methods at that time, they were divided into three subgroups: (1) 40 patients who received neoadjuvant arterial interventional chemotherapy + surgery + postoperative chemotherapy (IA-NAC + RS), (2) 63 patients who received neoadjuvant intravenous chemotherapy + surgery + postoperative chemotherapy (IV-NAC + RS), (3) 84 patients who only received concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT). Notably, 108 of these patients met the 5-year follow-up period, and 187 patients met the 3-year follow-up period only. Consequently, we compared 5-year survival and 3-year survival separately. The prognosis (5-year survival and 3-year survival) of the three groups and the chemotherapy efficacy, intraoperative blood loss, operation time, and postoperative pathological risk factors of different subgroups were compared.Results(1) There were no significant differences in the 3-year overall survival (OS) rate, 3-year progression-free survival (PFS) rate, 5-year OS rate, and 5-year PFS rate among the three subgroups (p > 0.05). (2) The chemotherapy response rates of IA-NAC+RS group (37.5%) and IV-NAC+RS group (25.4%) were comparable (p > 0.05). (3) The intraoperative blood loss in the IA-NAC+RS group (average 92.13±84.09 mL) was significantly lower than that in the IV-NAC+RS group (average 127.2±82.36 mL) (p < 0.05). (4) The operation time of the IA-NAC+RS group (average 231.43±63.10 min) and the IV-NAC+RS group (average 219.82±49.11 min) were comparable (p > 0.05). (5) There were no significant differences between the IA-NAC+RS group and IV-NAC+RS group in pathological lymph node metastasis, parametrial invasion, and involvement of lymphovascular space (p > 0.05).ConclusionsNeoadjuvant chemotherapy combined with surgery had the same long-term survival benefit as concurrent chemoradiotherapy.

Application of synthetic magnetic resonance imaging and DWI for evaluation of prognostic factors in cervical carcinoma: a prospective preliminary study.

To determine the values of quantitative metrics derived from synthetic MRI (SyMRI) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in evaluating the prognostic factors of cervical carcinoma (CC). In this prospective study, 74 patients with pathologically confirmed CC were enrolled. Pretreatment quantitative metrics including T1, T2 and ADC values were obtained from SyMRI and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) sequences. The values of all metrics were compared for different prognostic features using Student's t-test or Mann-Whitney U-test. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and multivariate logistic regression analysis were utilized to evaluate the diagnostic performance of quantitative variables. T1 and T2 values of parametrial involvement (PMI)-negative were significantly higher than those of PMI-positive (p = 0.002 and < 0.001), while ADC values did not show a significant difference. The area under curve (AUC) of T1 and T2 values for identifying PMI were 0.743 and 0.831. Only the T2 values showed a significant difference between the lymphovascular space involvement (LVSI)-negative and LVSI-positive (p < 0.001), and the AUC of T2 values for discriminating LVSI was 0.814. The differences of T1, T2, and ADC values between the well/moderately and the poorly differentiated CC were significant (all p < 0.001). The AUCs of T1, T2 and ADC values for predicting differentiation grades were 0.762, 0.830, and 0.808. The combined model of all metrics proved to achieve good diagnostic performance with the AUC of 0.866. SyMRI may be a potential noninvasive tool for assessing the prognostic factors such as PMI, LVSI, and differentiation grades in CC. Moreover, the overall diagnostic performances of synthetic quantitative metrics were superior to the ADC values, especially in identifying PMI and LVSI. This is the first study to assess the utility of SyMRI-derived parameters and ADC value in evaluating the prognostic factors in CC.

Predictors and risk factors for admission to critical care in cervicofacial infections: a Maxillofacial Trainee Research Collaborative (MTReC) study

Cervicofacial infections carry significant morbidity. Patients present on a broad spectrum of severity, with some requiring outpatient management and others admission to higher level care. Recognition of risk factors is helpful in decision making regarding the need for admission to higher level care. Prospective data were captured on 1002 patients in 25 centres across 17 regions of the United Kingdom (UK) by the Maxillofacial Trainee Research Collaborative (MTReC). Patients admitted to critical care were compared with those who received ward-level care. Multivariate and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were used to identify predictors for critical care admission. Our results show that the best predictor for critical care admission is the presence of three or more features of airway compromise (AUC 0.779), followed by C-reactive protein (CRP) >100 mg/L (OR 2.70; 95% CI 1.59 to 4.58; p < 0.005), submandibular space involvement (OR 3.82; 95% CI 1.870 to 7.81; p = 0.003), white cell count (WCC) >12 × 109/ dl (1.05; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.10; p = 0.03), and positive systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria (OR 2.78; CI 1.35 to 5.80; p = 0.006). Admission to critical care is multifactorial, however, the presence of three or more features of airway compromise is the best predictor. Awareness of this alongside other key clinical findings in cervicofacial infections may allow for the early recognition of patients who may require escalation to critical care.

Value of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) in differentiating orbital lymphoma from idiopathic orbital inflammatory pseudotumor

BackgroundDiffusion-weighted MR imaging can provide physiological information complementing morphological findings from conventional MRI. It detects early tissue changes associated with changes in water content, such as changes in the permeability of cell membranes, cell swelling or cell lysis. Areas of diseased tissue are highlighted with increased signal intensity on diffusion-weighted MR imaging. A decrease in the ADC is expected with increased intracellular tissue caused by either cell swelling or increased cellular density. DWI can be performed without the need for the administration of exogenous contrast medium, so it may of use when contrast administration is contraindicated. It yields quantitative and qualitative information that reflects changes at the cellular level and indicates the integrity of cell membranes. The purpose of this study was mainly to assess the diagnostic value of DWI for the discrimination of orbital lymphoma from idiopathic orbital inflammatory pseudotumor.ResultsOf our 53 cases presented with proptosis or visual disturbances, 32 cases (60.4%) had found to be present with idiopathic orbital inflammatory pseudotumor and 21 cases (39.6%) had orbital lymphoma. On conventional MR imaging, ill-defined tumor margin and orbital preseptal space involvement had a significant association with orbital lymphoma, whereas intense post-contrast enhancement of lesion and radiologic evidence of sinusitis were associated with orbital inflammatory pseudotumor. The mean ADC value of orbital lymphoma was significantly lower than those of benign inflammatory pseudotumor, yielding 100% sensitivity, 99% specificity, and 90.5% accuracy for differentiating both entities.ConclusionsDiffusion-weighted MR imaging (DWI) is valuable in discriminating orbital inflammatory pseudotumor from malignant orbital lymphoma that help patients to initial management.

Carotid space involvement is a prognostic factor and marker for induction chemotherapy in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma

ObjectivesThe carotid space is an integral part of the parapharyngeal space, with ambiguous prognostic value for patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). This study aimed to investigate the prognostic significance of carotid space involvement (CSI) and propose a treatment strategy. Materials and methodsThis retrospective study enrolled 792 patients with biopsy-confirmed, non-distant metastatic NPC staged by magnetic resonance imaging before treatment. We used multivariable Cox regression models and Kaplan–Meier methods to assess the association between the variables and survival outcomes. A matched-pair method (1:1) was used to compare the survival differences between the patients with CSI treated with induction chemotherapy (ICT)and that of those who were not. ResultsThe incidence rate of CSI was 21.7 % (172/792). Multivariate analysis revealed that CSI was not an independent prognostic factor for survival outcomes in the 792 patients with NPC; however, the Chi-square test showed a different distribution of treatment strategies with ICT for patients with and without CSI. After stratification by ICT, CSI was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival (OS) (p = 0.049) in patients without ICT, but not for distant metastasis-free, local recurrence-free, or progression-free survival (p˃0.05). Additionally, ICT improved OS in patients with CSI (hazard ratio, 0.42; p = 0.019). Matched pair analysis showed that patients with CSI gained prolonged OS from ICT compared with the non-ICT group (88.4 % vs 69.4 %, p = 0.028). ConclusionCSI was an independent negative prognostic factor for OS in patients with NPC without ICT and might be an imaging marker for identifying eligible candidates for ICT.

Disc Space Involvement in Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy: A Prospective Study

Introduction: Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) most frequently occur in old age because of degenerative change in the cervical vertebrate, intervertebral disc, and hypertrophy of ligamentum flava that create pressure on the spinal cord. Cervical spondylotic myelopathy manifests as long-tract clinical findings in the upper and lower extremities caused by spinal cord compression. Cervical myelopathy is a clinical syndrome that may result from cervical spondylosis. When cervical myelopathy is a result of spondylosis, it is referred to as cervical spondylotic myelopathy. The study aimed to analyze the involvement of the disc space of the vertebral column in cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Methods: This study was carried out at the department of orthopaedics, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh. The study was conducted on 30 participants from March 2012 to September 2014. Result: Among the 30 cases, 24 (80%) cases were male and 6 (20%) cases were female. The age range was from 31-60 years. 15(50%) were manual workers, 12(40%) were sedentary workers and 3(10%) were housewives. the majority of the patients 15(50%) had suffered from the symptoms for 10 to 12 months. The most common level of myelopathy was the C5/6 level 13 (44.44%). Among the 30 patients, 27 (90%) cases were presented with myelopathy and the other 3(10%) cases were presented with myeloradiculopathy. Conclusion: Cervical spondylotic myelopathy is a progressive neurological disease that requires surgical intervention in most cases. In terms of interspace disc involvement, C5 C6 was the most frequent space which is 66.7%. C4 C5 and C6 C7 had the same frequency of involvement which was 10% indicating the second most common spaces concurrently.

An Observational Study on Unique High Resolution Computed Tomography Pattern of Post-COVID Pulmonary Fibrosis

Background: As the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 era commenced, a new entity was added to the already hefty bulk of parenchymal lung diseases in post-COVID-19 pulmonary fibrosis. A wide range of findings from mild ground glass opacities to exuberant fibrosis are seen on high resolution CT of the thorax. However, the authors came across a pattern that was frequently repeated, and therefore conducted an observational study on the radiological findings. Method: The study was conducted for a period of 6 months in the departments of Respiratory Medicine and Radiodiagnosis at King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India. The radiological findings on high resolution CT thorax of consecutive patients who reported to the Department of Respiratory Medicine after recovering from COVID-19, and were previously reverse transcriptase-PCR-positive or serologically confirmed, were studied. Result: There were a total of 56 subjects (32 males; mean age: 56 years). The most common finding was ground glass opacities (89%). Reticulations were seen in 86% of patients, with a unique dome-shaped fibrosis parallel to pleural surface in 54%, patchy consolidation in 49%, and scattered cysts in 43%. The distribution was mostly bilateral with slight predominance of lower lobes (57%). Conclusion: Ground glass opacities, reticulations, and consolidation are fairly common in patients with pulmonary sequelae of COVID-19. It has a peculiar predilection for involvement of subpleural space with cupola or band-shaped fibrosis.

Parental involvement in supporting students’ digital learning

Within K-12 education, increasing numbers of children are learning via new digital learning tools while at home, raising important questions about the changing nature of parents’ involvement in digital spaces. This article uses the Hoover-Dempsey and Sandler parental involvement model to discuss parents’ decisions to become involved in children’s K-12 learning amidst the shift to more digital and online learning, focusing specifically on how the model accounts for the innovative evolution of technology and parental support of students in digital spaces. Specific questions are posed to challenge traditional conceptions of parental role construction, efficacy, and invitations for involvement within the context of students’ digital learning. Discussion covers the importance of involvement practices that value meaningful digital learning opportunities, parental concerns over the shift to digital spaces, parental confidence using technology, and utilizing technology to foster bi-directional communication to address parents’ concerns as they support their children’s digital learning.

S2882 Uterine Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Rare Cause of Biliary Obstruction

Introduction: The incidence of biliary obstruction is 5 cases per 1000 people in the United States with reports of 21% caused by metastatic lesions to the pancreaticobiliary system. Metastatic lesion to the pancreas is rare, with few cases on uterine squamous cell cancer (SCC) metastasizing to the pancreas. We present a case report of a uterine cervical SCC with metastasis to the pancreas resulting in biliary obstruction. Case Description/Methods: A 51-year-old female with a history of stage 4b uterine cervical SCC previously treated with radiation and chemotherapy six years prior presented with elevated aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels two times the upper limit of normal and jaundice. Prior to presentation she was in remission. However, CT on presentation demonstrated new thickening of the midthoracic esophagus, with subcarinal lymphadenopathy and a 1.9 x 2.2 cm mass in the uncinate process of the pancreas causing biliary dilation. Follow-up PET imaging showed evidence of a new intense uptake in the pre-carinal space and new pancreatic head involvement (Figure 1a). She simultaneously underwent an Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS) and Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for stent placement (Figure 1b). EUS showed a 21 mm x 20 mm hypoechoic lesion at the pancreatic head/uncinate process (Figure c). A fine needle biopsy was performed. Pathologic evaluation was consistent with a metastatic lesion secondary to a keratinizing SCC subtype was identified. (Figure d). Discussion: Metastasis to the pancreas accounts for 2-5% of pancreatic malignancies. Majority of SCC are associated with cervical high risk-human papilloma virus (HPV) with HPV-16 and HPV-18 being responsible for the most common types of cervical cancers. To date there have been only two published reports in the literature on SCC of the uterine cervix metastasizing to the pancreas. This case report emphasizes the importance of differentiating primary pancreatic carcinomas from metastatic lesions to the pancreas from other primary sources. There are various imaging modalities for diagnosis such as PET, CT, MRI/MRCP, ultrasonography, and EUS. In our case we were able to identify a new mass in the pancreas with CT, MRI and PET imaging and diagnose it with EUS. The usage of EUS to achieve accurate histopathologic diagnosis is becoming more important to tailor specific management and treatment options for pancreatic tumorsFigure 1.: a: PET avid lesion; b: Stricture as seen on ERCP within the distal CBD; c: Pancreatic mass on EUS; d: pancreatic tissue involved by sheets of cells with round to oval and angulated nuclei, moderate amounts of dense eosinophilic cytoplasm, intercellular bridges, and focal keratin formation. Scattered mitoses, dyskeratotic keratinocytes and apoptotic debris

Correlation between preoperative imaging biomarkers and histological prognostic factors in endometrial cancer: A prospective study.

We compared transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for detecting myometrial infiltration, cervical involvement, and for measuring tumor volume in endometrial cancer patients. We also correlated tumor volume to worse histological prognostic factors. We recruited women with a histological diagnosis of endometrial cancer between March 2019 and March 2021. Inclusion criteria were: age ≥ 18 years, written informed consent, biopsy-proven endometrial cancer, absence of previous neoadjuvant chemo- or radiotherapy treatment, patient suitable for primary surgery. Exclusion criteria were: advanced disease stage and other coexisting malignant tumors. TVUS and MRI were used, in the absence of any contraindication. We compared the preoperative imaging results with final histopathology. The accuracy of TVUS and MRI in evaluating myometrial infiltration, cervical invasion and tumor volume were comparable. A tumor volume ≥2 ml showed a positive correlation with worse histological prognostic factors, such as high tumor grade, diffuse lymphvascular space involvement (LVSI) and deep myometrial invasion (p < 0.05). TVUS should be used as first-line imaging modality, being more available, cost-effective, and more acceptable by patients. A careful local staging of endometrial cancer patients before surgery is fundamental in order to improve tailored treatment and minimize costs.

COVID-associated rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis

INTRODUCTION: Rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM), a life-threatening, acute fungal infection of the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses, once considered a rare and lethal complication in immunocompromised patients, is now having a massive increase in ROCM incidence in India associated with COVID-19, i.e., COVID-associated mucormycosis with more than 15,000 cases as of May 2021. Early imaging by computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is not only helpful in assessing the extent of involvement of this lethal disease but also helps in early diagnosis leading to prompt and aggressive treatment. The present study is aimed at determining and comparing the imaging findings on CT and MRI in ROCM patients, for early diagnosis in suspected cases of ROCM. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study is a comparative study of CT and MRI done on 11 patients suspected of ROCM, for 2 months from May to June 2021. RESULTS: Among 11 patients in the study group, ranging from 29 to 65 years of age, 45.4% belonged in 41–60 years of age group, with female predominance. 90.90% cases (10 patients) had maxillary sinus involvement among which 7 cases were diagnosed with ROCM, followed by 63.60% cases (7 patients) had ethmoidal sinus involvement among which 6 cases were diagnosed with ROCM. The involvement of retromaxillary space, pterygopalatine fossa space and masticator space, and cellulitis in premaxillary and preseptal spaces were findings seen only in diagnosed cases of ROCM. Erosions of bones were seen in ROCM cases, 27.20% cases (3 patients) had erosions of walls of maxillary sinus and lamina papyracea each. Orbital involvement in the form of intraconal space and extraocular muscles involvement was seen in 27.20% cases (3 patients) each. Optic nerve involvement was seen in 18.10% cases (2 patients) followed by extraconal space involvement in 9.01% cases (1 patient). Taking KOH staining and/or histopathology (HPR) as standard of reference, CT has a Sensitivity (Sn) of 71.40%, Specificity (Sp) of 100%, Positive predictive value (PPV) of 100%, Negative Predictive Value (NPV) of 66%, and Diagnostic accuracy (DA) of 81% as compared to MRI which has a Sn of 85.7%, Sp of 100%, PPV of 100%, NPV of 80%, and DA of 90.9%. CONCLUSIOIN: CT and MRI play a complementary role in diagnosis of ROCM, as CT is better in detecting bone erosions, whereas MRI is better in detecting soft tissue, orbital and central nervous system involvement. In the acute state of emergency as in the current pandemic with rising cases of ROCM and acute shortage of amphotericin-B, MRI is the single best modality for accurate detection of ROC, helping clinicians in the judicious use of Amphotericin-B.

Pattern Of The Oro-Facial Infections In Patients Presenting To Ayub Medical Institute, Abbottabad.

Orofacial space infections are commonly odontogenic in origin and the anatomical locations along with mode of spread to critical areas (e.g., orbit, brain, mediastinum) can result in morbidly and mortality if not diagnosed and treated well in time. This study was aimed to analyzing the incidence and pattern of oro-facial infections. This Descriptive case series was carried out at Oral Surgery unit (Ayub Medical College) Abbottabad from January 2016 - May 2017. The sample was collected using purposive, consecutive non-probability sampling. The demographic data, infection site and clinical features were recorded. The data was analyzed by using SPSS version 21. All the descriptive variables were analyzed for percentages & frequencies. Thirty-six patients were included in the study. The male (23) to female (13) ratio was (1.7:1). Right Submandibular space was most common site. In one case each, there was involvement of retropharyngeal and retromandibular space. Majority of the patients presented with swelling (88.89%). Diabetes mellitus was the most commonly found systemic disorder in the patients affecting aggressiveness of infection. The most common source of odontogenic facial space infections is mandibular molars resulting spread to submandibular space. Diabetes Mellitus was the most common systemic disorder affecting host immunity. The proximity of oro-facial spaces with the critical areas makes it crucial for clinicians to identify the condition promptly and provide pertinent treatment in order to avoid the fatal complications as the rate of spread of facial space infection is very rapid.

ADAR1 and AZIN1 RNA editing function as an oncogene and contributes to immortalization in endometrial cancer

ObjectiveAdenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing is a recently described epigenetic modification, which is believed to constitute a key oncogenic mechanism in human cancers. However, its functional role and clinical significance in endometrial cancer (EC) remain unclear. MethodsAdenosine Deaminase family Acting on RNA1 (ADAR1) expression and Antizyme inhibitor 1 (AZIN1) RNA editing were examined to clarify the correlation with clinicopathological parameters and prognosis in EC patients. The biological functions and inhibitory effects of ADAR1 knockdown were investigated in JHUCS-1 and TU-ECS-1 EC cell lines. ResultsADAR1 showed significant association with worse histology (P = 0.006), and lymph vascular space involvement (P = 0.049) in EC. The level of AZIN1 RNA editing was also significantly associated with worse histology (P = 0.012). ADAR1 expression was significantly correlated with AZIN1 RNA editing level (R = 0.729, R2 = 0.547, P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis indicated that higher ADAR1 expression along with AZIN1 RNA editing is an independent predictor of prognosis in EC patients (P = 0.015). Knockdown of ADAR1 led to increased MDA-5, RIG-I, PKR, and IRF-7 expression, which in turn resulted in increased levels of Bak and apoptosis in EC cells. ConclusionsHigh ADAR1 expression along with AZIN1 RNA editing could be a predictor of worse prognosis in EC. ADAR1 could be a potential therapeutic target in EC patients.

Tumor-stroma interaction in cervical cancer: The prognostic importance of desmoplasia.

e17519 Background: During tumor growth, cancer cells can induce the formation of new extracellular matrix, mainly by activating peritumoral fibroblasts. This stromal reconfiguration has been termed desmoplasia. In pancreatic and ovarian cancer models, targeting desmoplasia therapeutically to normalize the microenvironment has recently shown promising results. We investigated the frequency and prognostic relevance of peritumoral desmoplasia, as well as its association with other prognostic factors such as lymph node involvement and parametrial tumor extension in cervical cancer patients. Methods: A retrospective cohort study based on data from the prospective monocentric observational Leipzig School Mesometrial Resection study was conducted. Cervical cancer patients staged IB1 to IVA according to the Fédération Internationale de Gynécologie et d’Obstétrique (FIGO) who underwent primary surgery between 1999 and 2017 were included. Information regarding desmoplastic tumor reaction was retrospectively retrieved from the pathology reports. All other data had been collected prospectively during the trial period. Using non-parametric tests, we calculated the association of peritumoral desmoplasia with other common risk factors. To determine the prognostic significance of desmoplasia, we used the Kaplan-Meier estimator and performed multivariable Cox-regression modelling. Results: Overall, 355 patients were included. Desmoplasia was present in 298 cases and was associated with a significantly higher likelihood of lymphovascular space involvement (odds ratio [OR] 2.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4 – 5.1, p = 0.001) and venous infiltration (OR 5.1, 95%-CI 1.3 – 44.9, p = 0.01). Lymph node metastasis was more common in patients with desmoplasia (OR 2.4, 95%-CI 1.2 – 5.0, p = 0.01), as was parametrial involvement (OR 3.5, 95%-CI 1.7 – 7.9, p = 0.0002). Interestingly, the presence of desmoplasia was not associated with larger tumor size. Patients with desmoplastic tissue reaction were significantly older than those without desmoplasia (median 41 years [inter quartile range 34 – 51] vs. 47 years [IQR 39-56], p = 0.009). These prognostically negative parameters in patients with desmoplastic disease translated into inferior overall (94.5% vs 80.5%, OR 3.9 [95%-CI 1.2 – 12.5], p = 0.02) and recurrence-free survival (86.8% vs. 74.2%, OR 2.3 [95%-CI 1.0 – 4.9], p = 0.04). A multivariable Cox-regression model including tumor size, patient age, and nodal status indicated that desmoplasia was an independent risk factor for overall death (OR 4.2, 95%-CI 1.03 – 17.5, p = 0.04). Conclusions: Desmoplastic stromal remodeling is associated with a more aggressive phenotype of cervical cancer and inferior survival. Targeting desmoplasia, especially in advanced disease when surgical treatment is not feasible, might be a promising treatment approach in the future.

Non-penetrating deep sclerectomy and implantation of collagen drainage in the surgical treatment of glaucoma

PURPOSE. Analysis of the results of surgical treatment of glaucoma by non-penetrating deep sclerectomy (NPDS) combined with suprachoroidal implantation of collagen drainage.METHODS. This open prospective study included a total of 98 patients (104 eyes), 45 men and 53 women with primary open-angle glaucoma who were examined and operated on. All patients underwent non-penetrating deep sclerectomy with implantation of the "Xenoplast" drainage. Group I (n=72) consisted of patients without suprachoroidal drainage, and Group II (n=32) — patients who were implanted the drainage. Group I included 15 cases (20.8%) with stage I glaucoma, 17 (23.6%) — stage II, 38 (52.8%) — stage III and 2 (2.8%) — stage IV. Group II patients had stage I glaucoma in 8 cases (25%), stage II in 5 (15.6%), stage III in 17 (53.1%) and stage IV in 2 cases (6.3%). The mean age of study patients was 68.2±7.4 years.RESULTS. All early postoperative complications were transient. There were no significant differences in the frequency of complications between the two groups (p&gt;0.05). In group I patients, Descemet’s goniopuncture was performed significantly more frequently than in group II (p&lt;0.05). No complications were detected in the late postoperative period. Pronounced hypotensive effect wasobserved in both groups on the first day after the operation, IOP in group I was slightly lower and amounted to 15.5±2.3 mm Hg in comparison with 17.3±2.5 mm Hg in group II (p&gt;0.05). Further, after 7 days and 1 month, we observed a slight increase of IOP in group I up to 17.2±2.0 mm Hg, while in Group II it remained practically unchanged. After 1 and 2 years of observation, a respective increase of the mean IOP to 18.5±2.8 and 17.8±2.6 mm Hg was registered in group I. Group II, on the contrary, showed a decrease in IOP in these periods to 16.8±1.9 and 16.2±1.8 mm Hg, respectively (differences between the groups were not statistically significant, p&gt;0.05). In group I, the mean number of instillations used to achieve target IOP was 0.89±0.27; in group II it was 0.83±0.26 (p&gt;0.05). The rate of achieving "complete" success after 6 months and 2 years of observation in groups I and II did not differ significantly and was 94.4% and 90.6%, 65.3% and 59.4%, respectively (p&gt;0.05).CONCLUSION. This paper presents a comparative analysis of the results of non-penetrating deep sclerectomy and collagen drainage implantation depending on the involvement of the suprachoroidal space in the operation with 24 months follow-up. Both groups were comparable in the majority of studied parameters, except for the frequency of laser Descemet’s goniopuncture in the postoperative period (it was significantly lower in the group with suprachoroidal drainage). The proposed technique is effective and safe in the treatment of primary open-angle glaucoma.

Factors affecting perforation of the esophagus in patients with deep neck infection

BackgroundDeep neck infection (DNI) is a serious disease that can lead to severe morbidity, including esophageal perforation, and mortality. However, no previous study has explored the risk factors associated with esophageal perforation in patients with DNI. This study investigated these factors.MethodsBetween September 2015 and September 2021, 521 patients with DNI were studied. Relevant clinical variables and deep neck spaces were assessed.ResultsIn a multivariate analysis, involvement of the retropharyngeal space (OR 5.449, 95% CI 1.603–18.51, p = 0.006) and the presence of mediastinitis (OR 218.8, 95% CI 55.98–855.3, p < 0.001) were independent risk factors associated with esophageal perforation in patients with DNI.There were no differences in pathogens between 32 patients with and 489 patients without esophageal perforation (all p > 0.05).ConclusionInvolvement of the retropharyngeal space and the presence of mediastinitis were independent risk factors associated with esophageal perforation in patients with DNI. There were no differences in pathogens between the groups with and without esophageal perforation in DNI.