Involvement Of Children Research Articles

A Phenomenological Study of Immigrant Parents of Adolescents with Delinquent Behavior in Israel.

Scarce qualitative literature has focused on understanding the perspective of parents of adolescents involved in crime, and no prior literature has examined how the status of being a parent of an adolescent who is involved in delinquency intersects with being an immigrant parent. The current phenomenological study examined, through the eyes of immigrant parents, how they comprehend their children's involvement in delinquent behavior. This study examined in-depth semistructured interviews conducted with fourteen immigrant parents (10 mothers and 4 fathers) from the former Soviet Union in Israel of children treated in rehabilitation facilities for delinquent youth. Data analysis revealed a gradual decline in children's behavior ascribed to the developmental stage of adolescence, the pressures of immigration, and cultural conflict. These three factors are interwoven together to create a fabric within which they see their children turning to crime. Parents' gradual loss of control is balanced by attempts to idealize the parent-child relationship and to minimize the severity of the offenses committed. They describe various differing and even contradictory experiences of themselves as parents and their struggles to piece together incohesive, alternating experiences of themselves as parents. Despite the critical role they can play in their children's rehabilitation, as well as the distress that they themselves experience, parents of children involved in delinquent behavior have often been ignored in research. Acknowledging parents' perspectives and experiences can allow development of appropriate therapeutic strategies to support them and maximize their abilities to support their children.

Challenges to Parental Involvement in Children’s Education at a Primary School: A Rasch Analysis

AbstractLiterature has evidenced the positive significant role of parental involvement in children’s personality development and education. However, research on parental involvement in children’s education is sparse in rural areas, especially among ethnic minorities in China. Hence, a research project was conducted to examine the level of parental involvement and its role in influencing children’s academic achievement in these areas; and to identify the challenges to parental involvement. This paper aimed to identify the challenges to parental involvement using the cross-sectional survey design. The parents’ of Grades Three and Four school children were selected to answer a questionnaire on parental involvement. The items on challenges to parental involvement were analyzed using the Rasch Measurement Model (Winsteps software program, version 4.1.0). The Rasch analyses revealed that the research instrument met the measurement requirements. Parents’ low proficiency in the Chinese language and the complexity of the school subjects were the biggest challenges to parental involvement. This research has provided useful information to parents, teachers, school administration and policy makers. Further research could be conducted using more items and larger samples from other school grades. Qualitative research is recommended to obtain more in-depth information on parental involvement in general, and the challenges in particular.
 Keywords: Parental involvement, Rasch measurement model, challenges to parental involvement, children’s personality development, China's ethnic minorities

Odontogenic Infections with Cutaneous Involvement in Children: a Case Series

Cutaneous involvement of dental sepsis is a rare occurrence in children. It often presents as a diagnostic dilemma, especially in the absence of oral symptoms, with initial presentation to non-dental professionals. This article discusses three cases of children presenting with cutaneous involvement of odontogenic origin to two paediatric dentistry departments in the UK. All cases had delayed presentations and were initially submitted to ineffective treatment, with significant impact on the children’s well-being. Final management included antibiotic therapy, drainage and extraction of the septic tooth. These three cases highlight the importance of considering a dental aetiology for localized inflammatory and purulent skin lesions of the mandible. Prompt diagnosis and early treatment are determinant for early resolution and avoidance of systemic or psychological complications. CPD/Clinical Relevance: This article discusses diagnosis and management of three different presentations of odontogenic sepsis with cutaneous involvement in children.

Relationship between screen-time and hand function, play and sensory processing in children without disabilities aged 4-7years: A exploratory study.

Screen-time has become a regular occupation for young children at home and school, with little evidence of its impact on children's developmental skills. This study explored the association between children's screen-time, fine motor, in-hand manipulation (IHM), visual-motor integration (VMI), sensory processing (SP) and parent-reported play skills. The fine motor, IHM, VMI, SP and play skills of a sample of 25 Australian children without disabilities (Mage=6.2years, SD=1.03; 64% girls) were assessed using the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-Second Edition, Test of In-Hand Manipulation-Revised, Berry Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration Sixth Edition, Sensory Processing Measure-Home Form and Pretend Play Enjoyment Developmental Checklist (PPEDC). Parents completed a week-long log of their child's screen-time. Spearman's rho correlations and linear regressions with bootstrapping were used for data analysis. Statistically significant moderate level negative correlations were found between Total Screen-Time (TST) and VMI skills (r=-.67, p<.01); Interactive Screen-Time and IHM abilities (r=-.46, p<.05) and TST and bilateral coordination skills (r=-.42, p<.05). There were significant negative correlations between SP ability and both TST (r=-.53, p<.01) and Watching Screen-Time (r=-.66, p<.01). When the PPEDC Object Substitution variable was entered into a regression model as a co-variate of hand function, it appeared to lessen the impact of TST as an independent predictor variable of children's VMI and bilateral coordination skills (p<.23 and p<.61). Playing with toys and using object substitution in play (e.g. a child uses an object for something else other than its intended use when playing with it) potentially appear to be a moderating factor of the impact of children's screen-time on their bilateral coordination and VMI skills. Clinicians can encourage children's active and dynamic involvement in games and play pursuits to counteract the potential impact of increased use of devices that involve screen-time.

Barriers and Facilitators to Involvement in Children's Diabetes Management Among Minority Parents.

This study aimed to describe parents' perceptions of the factors that facilitate or are barriers to their involvement in children's type 1 diabetes (T1D) management among African American and Latino parents. African American and Latino parents (N = 28) of 5- to 9-year-old children with T1D completed audio-recorded, semi-structured interviews that were transcribed and analyzed using thematic analysis. Themes were identified that aligned with the theoretically-derived Capability-Opportunity-Motivation-Behavior (COM-B) framework. Parents described Capability-based facilitators of parent involvement, including positive stress management, religious/spiritual coping, organizational/planning skills, and diabetes knowledge. Capability-based barriers included child and parent distress. Interpersonal relationships, degree of flexibility in work environments, and access to diabetes technologies were both Opportunity-based facilitators and barriers; and Opportunity-based barriers consisted of food insecurity/low financial resources. Parents' desire for their child to have a "normal" life was described as both a Motivation-based facilitator and barrier. African American and Latino families described helpful and unhelpful factors that spanned all aspects of the COM-B model. Reinforcing or targeting families' unique psychological, interpersonal, and environmental strengths and challenges in multilevel interventions has potential to maximize parental involvement in children's diabetes management.

Increased QT Interval Dispersion is Associated with Coronary Artery Involvement in Children with Kawasaki Disease.

ObjectivesCoronary artery (CA) involvement is the most well known complication of Kawasaki disease (KD). Previous studies have suggested that QT dispersion has a predictive value in diagnosing cardiac ischemia, ventricular arrhythmia, and sudden cardiac death. However, limited data exits regarding the application of QT dispersion in KD. Therefore, we sought to determine whether there is a relationship between QT dispersion and CA involvement in patients with KD.MethodsWe performed a cross-sectional study of all consecutive patients with KD who were followed-up at the Pediatric Rheumatology Department (Pediatrics Center of Excellence affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran) from September 2013 to November 2015. Patients who met the criteria for KD, based on the American Heart Association guideline, were enrolled in the study. We collected data regarding patients’ demographics, clinical manifestations, laboratory, and echocardiographic findings.ResultsA total of 70 KD patients were identified, including 43 males (61.4%) and 27 females (38.6%). The median age of patients was 21.0 (11.0–48.0) months. We found statistically significant differences between age, gender, and platelet count among patients with and without CA involvement (p < 0.050). Median corrected QT dispersion in patients with CA involvement calculated from 12 leads in the acute phase was significantly higher compared to the non-CA involvement group (108.0 (89.5–138.5) ms vs. 63.0 (54.0–74.5) ms, respectively (p < 0.001)).ConclusionsProlonged QT dispersion (corrected or non-corrected) during the acute and convalescence phases in patients with KD is associated with coronary involvement.

Renal Involvement in Children with Dengue Fever: A Study in Tertiary Care Hospital of Bangladesh.

Background and Objective: Dengue has emerged globally as the most relevant viral infection transmitted by a mosquito bite and represents a major threat to public health. Dengue-related renal manifestations such as proteinuria, hematuria, acute kidney injury (AKI), and rhabdomyolysis are not uncommon, and acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious complication of dengue fever. There is relatively few data on the renal manifestations of dengue fever in children. Hence, this study was conducted to evaluate the incidence, characteristics, and clinical outcome of dengue fever with renal manifestations. Method. This prospective cross sectional study was conducted in Dr. M R Khan Children Hospital and Institute of Child Health, Dhaka, over a period of 1 year from January 2018 to December 2018. The study was approved by the ethical committee of the institute. A total number of 316 patients were admitted with the diagnosis of dengue fever either NS1 positive or antibody IgM positive or both IgM and IgG positive. Data were collected in a structured questionnaire form and were analyzed by SPSS version 20.0. The disease severity was classified according to the World Health Organization criteria. Renal manifestations were divided into AKI groups using pRIFLE criteria. Proteinuria was defined as urinary protein >1+ (30 mg/dL) by dipstick test. Hematuria was defined as red blood cell (RBC) >5/μL in a fresh uncentrifuged urine specimen. Result. Among 316 dengue patients, thirty-one patients (9.8%) had renal involvement. Most of the patients (54.83%) with renal manifestations were aged between 1 and 5 years. A total of 14 patients were found to have proteinuria (4.4%). Nephrotic-range proteinuria was seen in only one patient (0.3%). AKI was defined by pRIFLE criteria and was seen in 13 patients (4.1%); among AKI 6 (46.15%) had risk, three patients (23.07%) had injury and 4 (30.7%) had failure and needed peritoneal dialysis. Death occurred in 3 patients (9.6%) in dengue with AKI who had failure. The incidence of renal manifestations (proteinuria, hematuria, and AKI) is as high as 9.8% among patients with dengue, and those with AKI had significant morbidity and mortality. Conclusion. Renal involvement in children with dengue is not uncommon. Dengue associated with AKI had significant mortality and morbidity.

Children's Involvement in Free Play and the Use of Play Materials in the Outdoor Early Childhood Education and Care Environment

In this study, we investigated the relationship between children's involvement in free play and the use of play materials in outdoor environments. Our sample consisted of 935 video observations of the free play of 86 children in the outdoor spaces of eight Norwegian early childhood education and care (ECEC) institutions. Multilevel analysis revealed a positive association between children's involvement in free outdoor play and their play with loose parts and movable materials. The results suggest that affording easy access to a variety of play materials to be used simultaneously in the outdoor ECEC environment can intensify children's involvement in their play activities.

The Relation between Preschool Teachers’ Involvement in Children’s Conflicts and Views on Teaching

The Relation between Preschool Teachers’ Involvement in Children’s Conflicts and Views on Teaching

A Study on Parental Involvement in Children’s Education in the Ger Districts of Mongolia

A Study on Parental Involvement in Children’s Education in the Ger Districts of Mongolia

Predictors of Leisure Participation in 6 to 14-Year-Old Children with Cerebral Palsy: Structural Equation Modeling.

The aim of this study was to test a model of child, family and environment and identify factors affecting the intensity of leisure participation by children with cerebral palsy (CP). In this cross-sectional study, 232 children with cerebral palsy (141 boys and 91 girls), aged 6 to 14 years old and their parents were selected from four schools of children with special needs and five rehabilitation centers through the convenience sampling method in Shiraz, Iran. To evaluate the intensity of leisure participation, we used the Persian version of Children's Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment (CAPE) completed by the participants. Demographic form, Craig Hospital Inventory of Environmental Factors (CHIEF), Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), Family Environmental Scale (FES), SPARCLE cognitive level and parents' version of Gross Motor Function Classification System, Manual Ability Classification System and Communication Function Classification System were sent to the parents with some necessary explanations. Structural equation modeling was used to test the model hypothesis. SPSS version 18 and AMOS version 16 were used for data analysis. Comparative fit indexes indicated a moderate to good model fit. The presented model explained 44% of the variance in the intensity of participation. Constructs such as Family Activity Orientation with standardized total effect of 0.31 and path coefficients of P< .05 showed the most significant direct effect on participation, followed by higher gross motor function (-.26), higher manual ability (-.19), communication function (-.17), higher cognitive level (-.16), more siblings in the family (.15) and less emotional-behavioral problems (-.15). Family structures and relationships (.17) and unsupportive environment constructs (-.14) demonstrated an indirect but significant effect (P< .05). The relationship of family education level and income with participation was not significant (P>.05). The intensity of CP children's participation is influenced by child, family and environmental factors. Parents' knowledge of recreational activities and their preference to participate in leisure and recreational activities provide children more opportunities to participate. Higher gross motor function, manual ability, and communication function also play an important role in their participation. Family structure means family cohesion, roles organization, and conflicts between family members and encountering physical, attitudinal and structural barriers at home and community indirectly impact children's participation pattern. To enhance children's participation, we suggest therapists to support children's behaviors, family relationships and involvement in community activities and optimize physical function of children with limitations in self-mobility.

Age or maturity? African children's right to participate in medical decision-making processes

This article advocates an approach to children's participation in medical decision-making processes guided by the rationality of the best interests' principle, a child's evolving capacity and a child's age. Using a human rights-based approach, rooted in the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and the African Children's Charter, it seeks to elucidate the contested three-way partnership between the child, its parent(s) and the assigned physician(s), which plays out in relation to most medical procedures involving children. In analysing legislation and case law, the article further aims to clarify the complex relationship between age and maturity in child participation; to facilitate a child's involvement in the three-way partnership; and to suggest the statutory recognition of an age indicator in domestic African law in relation to medical procedures.

DEVELOPMENT PECULIARITIES OF DOMESTIC THEORY AND PRACTICE OF USING THEATER ART IN EDUCATIONAL WORK WITH CHILDREN IN THE FIRST THIRD OF THE XX CENTURY

The article presents the results of the analysis of historical materials on the use of theatrical art as a means of education, training and socialization of children by teachers and theatrical practitioners of Ukraine in the early twentieth century. The in-depth analysis of archival sources, manuscripts, and old printed works allowed to distinguish teachers whose achievements allow us to understand the peculiarities of the formation of the theoretical foundations and practice of introducing theatrical art into the educational system of Ukraine. During this historical period, the following issues were raised: the age limits of children's involvement in theatrical creativity, the specifics of the audience; mechanisms of children's dramatic creativity and development of appropriate approaches to the organization of theatrical work with children; requirements for repertoire selection; stages of acquainting children with theatrical art, methods of organizing and conducting rehearsal work, etc. Scholars and educators of the time noted that children and adolescents who played only for their peers and parents could be involved in theatrical work; acquaintance with theatrical art should begin with simple theatrical forms, dramatized games, acting out charades, proverbs, "living pictures" and gradually move on to staging dramatic works; the basis of children's theatrical play are emotional experiences, and therefore the task of the leader is to emotionally captivate the child, put him/her in the right emotional state. Based on the analysis of culturological aspects of the functioning of theatrical art in society, theoretical approaches to understanding the pedagogical possibilities of theater and the practice of using theatrical art in school, it was determined that pedagogical materials of the early twentieth century emphasized the importance of theater for the development of human aesthetics, moral and ethical qualities of the personality, activation of his/her creative forces, psychological and psychophysical characteristics of a child: imagination, memory; self-awareness, emotions, feelings, empathy, communication skills and abilities. Possibilities of theatrical art in fostering children’s mastering a native language, in the training of attentive and competent spectators were defined.

Little Cold Warriors: American Childhood in the 1950s by Victoria M. Grieve

Reviewed by: Little Cold Warriors: American Childhood in the 1950s by Victoria M. Grieve Joel P. Rhodes Little Cold Warriors: American Childhood in the 1950s. By Victoria M. Grieve. New York: Oxford University Press, 2018. x + 206 pp. Cloth $74. Unsatisfied with nostalgic tendencies that can limit our perceptions of American childhood in the 1950s to simply reflexive duck-and-cover civil defense drills or baby boomer sentimentality, Victoria Grieve thoughtfully examines the neglected ways youth were politicized and mobilized as little cold warriors in the global contest between the capitalist West and communist East. Grieve's work advances along the path of Marilyn Irvin Holt's 2014 book Cold War Kids: Politics and Childhood in Postwar America, 1945-1960, strengthening the case for the 1950s as a dynamic era in children's history. American children were not simply complacent victims menaced by Soviet indoctrination and the specter of nuclear war; rather, in Grieve's view, young people exercised pronounced agency in waging Cold War, demonstrating levels of civic engagement and defense work generally associated with the home front in World War II. As the US harnessed every resource at the republic's disposal, culture emerged as a theater of battle; over this contested terrain Grieve traces how childhood was weaponized to favorably influence foreign opinion and demonstrate American superiority abroad. Public and private interests enlisted American youth in new and unprecedented degrees of public diplomacy: trick-or-treating for UNICEF, exchanging original art, photo albums, and pen-pal correspondence with children around the world, donating books to restock war-torn European libraries and used clothing for refugees, or various types of people-to-people exchanges. In these roles, Grieve argues, American children operated as important ambassadors, cultural diplomats, and representatives of their nation. Akin to Margaret Peacock's 2014 volume Innocent Weapons: The Soviet and American Politics of Childhood in the Cold War, one of Grieve's chief arguments centers on the inherent paradox of innocence when childhood is politicized. Just as youthful innocence needed to be protected—a powerful rationale for containing communism—so too did that imagined innocence constitute the basis for these political activities on the state's behalf. But because adults preferred to see young diplomats as apolitical and free from state sponsorship (as opposed to the perception of brainwashed Soviet children), such youthful volunteerism was framed as an authentic gesture fostering world peace. [End Page 155] The five core chapters begin with the in loco parentis role of comic books in socializing children to America's new obligations as global superpower. Grieve sees The Lone Ranger specifically as a useful allegory for modeling "benevolent supremacy," a vision of the US as savior and civilizer, not conqueror or colonizer. While the idea of postwar children making meaning out of Old West narratives found in television, movies, and literature is well founded, I suggest an alternate childhood reading of the popular Western genre in view of events in the sixties. Perhaps, as writer Tom Engelhardt posits, the ultimate victory of normally peaceful but outnumbered "good guys" shooting it out against ruthless "bad guys" could be understood by children as justification for the winner's use of violence and validation of his virtue. Grieve's most convincing work focuses on children's involvement in several so-called "camouflaged" propaganda efforts, where governmental agencies, semiprivate organizations, and individuals indirectly collaborated in disseminating pro-American messages overseas and offsetting more overt Soviet information operations. The chapter on international, child-to-child artwork exchange programs uses the group Art for World Friendship (AWF) as an excellent case study for the ways in which the universal language of childhood creativity functioned to simultaneously cultivate international goodwill while showcasing American prosperity. Little Cold Warriors similarly breaks new ground in the chapter examining the Advertising Council's promotional campaigns as a type of citizenship training, particularly that nonprofit, public relations organization's Crusade for Freedom. In prolific, pro-business messages commonly targeting American schoolchildren, the Advertising Council's gospel of commercial market capitalism familiarized 1950s youth with a fundamental Cold War notion: patriotism demanded consumerism. As Grieve makes clear, the Crusade for Freedom—one of the era's many all-American contests and...

How Parents Involved in Their Children’s Trial? A Book Review ‘Peranan Orang Tua dalam Proses Persidangan Tindak Pidana Perjudian yang Dilakukan oleh Anak’, Lanka Asmar, 2017, CV Mandar Maju, Bandung, 181 Pages, ISBN: 978-979-538-460-1

The role of parents in a Juvenile Court can influence a judge's decision about a criminal penalty that dropped on to a childrens that done a gambling crime. Focus on the description of a gambling crime, children age, and criminal penalty that given to a children, and the rights of children as a defendant. The book of ‘Peranan Orang Tua Dalam Proses Persidangan Tindak Pidana Perjudian Yang Dilakukan Oleh Anak’ presents how parents deal with children who are dealing with the law and how the role of law enforcers, especially child judges, response to the presence of parents in the proceedings of children. The author will describe the factors that cause children's involvement in gambling cases, the importance of the role of parents in this case, and the judge's decision on the case that has occurred.

Parental health, informal support, and geographic mobility between parents and adult children

AbstractIntergenerational solidarity is crucial to address the needs of ageing people. Numerous studies have identified geographic distance between parents and children as an important determinant of intergenerational support. This paper aims to examine to what extent parents' functional disabilities and children's support involvement relate to changing geographic parent–child proximity. We also take a comparative approach to study patterns of geographic mobility of parents and children across Europe. Multilevel multinomial logistic regression analysis is performed on data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe for 15 countries. The analysis shows that rapid declines in the functional abilities of parents often lead to intergenerational coresidence. In addition, we find that children start and continue to support most frequently when proceeding to coresidence, although similar results appear for moves leading to a parent–child distance closer than 5 km. Moves bringing parents and children closer together are most prevalent in southern European countries. In contrast to our expectations, the analysis also suggests that parental health declines connect more with moves to coresidence in central and northern European countries compared with the southern region.

Cardiac Biomarkers for Early Detection of Cardiac Involvement in Children with Kawasaki Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Kawasaki disease (KD) is one of the most prevalent vasculitis diseases in children and can bring about serious cardiovascular complications. Early detection of cardiac involvement in KD can play an essential role in managing and preventing the cardiac sequels. We aimed to evaluate the applicability and diagnostic accuracy of cardiac biomarkers including cardiac troponin I (cTnI), and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic (NT-proBNP) for early detection of cardiac involvement in children with KD. Materials and Methods In this cross sectional study, 32 children with KD who were admitted to the Children's Hospital of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran, in a three-year period, were consecutively included. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed to evaluate cardiac involvement. Also, the serum levels of NT-proBNP and cTnI were measured to evaluate their diagnostic accuracy. ROC curve analysis was conducted to evaluate the discriminatory power of NT-ProBNP for the diagnosis of cardiac involvement in KD and to determine the best cut-off point at which the sensitivity and specificity were optimal. Results: Of 32 enrolled patients, 4 (12.5%) had cardiac involvement including 3 patients with perivascular brightness of coronary arteries and one patient with small aneurysm of the coronary arteries. In all study patients, the cTnI levels were lower than 0.35 ng/ml and the NT-proBNP mesurment revealed an average of 678.5 pg/ml. Children with cardiac involvement had significantly higher NT-proBNP (p= 0.001). Both sensitivity and specificity of NT-proBNP at the optimum cut-off point of 1354 pg/ml were 100 percent (AUC=1.000, p=0.001). Conclusion: Unlike the cTnI, our results support the applicability of NT-proBNP as an excellent objective test for early detection of cardiac involvement in children with KD.

Quality matters: A meta-analysis on components of healthy family meals.

A greater frequency of family meals is associated with better diet quality and lower body mass index (BMI) in children. However, the effect sizes are small, and it remains unclear which qualitative components of family meals contribute to these positive health outcomes. This meta-analysis synthesizes studies on social, environmental, and behavioral attributes of family meals and identifies components of family meals that are related to better nutritional health in children. A systematic literature search (50 studies; 49,137 participants; 61 reported effect sizes) identified 6 different components of healthy family mealtimes. Separate meta-analyses examined the association between each component and children's nutritional health. Age (children vs. adolescents), outcome type (BMI vs. diet quality), and socioeconomic status (SES; controlled vs. not controlled for SES) were examined as potential moderators. Positive associations consistently emerged between 5 components and children's nutritional health: turning the TV off during meals (r = .09), parental modeling of healthy eating (r = .12), higher food quality (r = .12), positive atmosphere (r = .13), children's involvement in meal preparation (r = .08), and longer meal duration (r = .20). No moderating effects were found. How a family eats together shows significant associations with nutritional health in children. Randomized control trials are needed to further verify these findings. The generalizability of the identified mealtime components to other contexts of social eating is also discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Child involvement in oral health education interventions - a systematic review of randomised controlled studies.

This systematic review examines elementary school-aged children's involvement in oral health interventions. A systematic review of randomised controlled studies was carried out according to the PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, and Scopus databases were searched for publications listed between 2008-2018. The review was focused on randomised controlled studies investigating educational oral health interventions for elementary school-age children ages 6-12 years. Data were analysed using deductive content analysis using the Typology of Youth Participation and Empowerment model. The quality of reporting was assessed using the CONSORT checklist for randomised trials. The Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool was used to assess the risk of bias. Eight studies were reviewed involving a total of 3232 children. The studies mostly represented the Vessel type of participation. Interventions usually consisted of researcher-designed tasks and assignments given to the children. No mentions of collaboration or consultation with children during the intervention design, implementation of the design, analysis or study process were found. Children's views of oral health education and their potential role as active participants in the overall research process should be examined using qualitative methods prior to any intervention design. The use of participatory research methodology when planning pre-intervention studies and developing interventions, including ones with a randomised controlled trial design, is, therefore, recommended.

Innovative Methodological Approaches To The Involvement Of Children In Preparatory Groups For Reading

The article provides information on some innovative methods of involving children of preschool preparatory groups for reading.