Involuntary Examinations Research Articles

북한 치안체제의 역할과 기능에 관한 연구

The purpose of this study is to understand the social control system of the Kim Jong-un government by examining the roles and functions of the North Korean Kim Jong-un government's security system.
 From the inauguration of the Kim Jong-un government in 2012 to 2022, the role and function of national policy, public security policy, and the Ministry of Social Security, which constitute the security apparatus, were analyzed in detail. The outline of the detailed research is as follows: First, in order to analyze the role and function of the security policy in North Korea, theoretical discussions for the analysis of the security system were developed, and the theory of political system analysis and political system approach were introduced. The research analysis framework was constructed through the Narrow-Gauge theory, which emphasizes the distinctiveness of the political system, and the Super Mixed Mode Dictatorship approach.
 Through this, the study was conducted by dividing the Kim Jong-un government into the 1st power hereditary period, 2nd period of power building, 3rd period of power stabilization, and 4th period of power instability.
 Second, the ruling ideology and national policy of the Kim Jong-un government were examined. Third, the role and function of the public security system of the Kim Jong-un government were examined.
 North Korea's Ministry of Social Security is based on protecting Chairman Kim Jong-un and the Workers' Party of North Korea, and monitoring and controlling counterrevolutionary activities that threaten the dictatorship, rather than what is stipulated in the People's Security Control Act.
 In particular, Chairman Kim Jong-un operates the Defense Security Bureau, the Ministry of State Security, Ministry of Social Security, and Ministry of National Defense as direct agencies, strengthening the one-man rule system.
 The main role of Ministry of Social Security is, first, the enforced propagation of the ruling ideology, and second, the implementation of intricate social control policies.
 The primary functions of social safety encompass maintaining public order, engaging in crime prevention activities, identifying and apprehending criminals, conducting sanitary inspections, managing resident registrations, overseeing overseas diplomatic missions, and supervising prison facilities. Notably, it is responsible for conducting extrajudicial house searches, inspecting lodgings, carrying out involuntary examinations, making arrests, and managing detention functions.
 As for future research tasks, it is necessary to more organically analyze the roles and functions of the Kim Jong-un administration's three major social control agencies, such as the Ministy of Social Security, the Ministry of National Security, and the Defense Security Bureau. This is because these institutions are key pillars supporting the Kim Jong-un Government.

Differences of mentally ill patients' satisfaction degree during their involuntary or voluntary stay in a psychiatric clinic.

Background: Mental health illness is not considered as a private matter, as it affects not only the mental patient’s life and those who are considered his/her immediate family, but also the society as a whole. The involuntary examination and/or hospitalization in the field of mental health as the basic first-line therapeutic solution in Greece, calls for an immediate intervention, which is supposed to counterbalance the need for therapy and patient’s rights of personal freedom and safety.Design and methods: A research using questionnaire was realized, consisting of 100 hospitalized patients in psychiatric clinics (50 voluntarily and 50 involuntarily hospitalized) at the Psychiatric Hospital of Attica. The sampling scheme was the stratified sampling and the level of statistical significance was set to α=0.05.Results: The results have shown that involuntarily and voluntarily hospitalized mental patients did not differ significantly with almost the entirety of the questionnaire; however, the involuntarily patients were significantly more satisfied with the conditions of hospitalization as well as assessing the overall quality of the services provided during their hospitalization.Conclusions: For mentally ill patients, greater importance and stronger correlation with gratification, does not constitute the admission procedure to the psychiatric clinic but the development of effective communication and therapeutic relationship with the staff, full knowledge and update about patient’s health condition, medication, participation in therapeutic planning and hospitalization in a regime of autonomy and respect for their rights.Significance for public healthThe integration of tools for measuring patient satisfaction in the decision-making process is considered important to further improve the quality of services provided to users of public health services. The benefits that result from the evaluation of patient satisfaction concern both patients themselves and health professionals. The satisfaction of involuntarily hospitalized mentally ill patients is not only a matter of clinical significance but mainly a matter of ethics, given that these patients are admitted for treatment without being able to terminate their treatment. The involuntarily hospitalized patients’ satisfaction of provided health services is a particular challenge for the use of satisfaction measurement tools, as involuntary hospitalization is one of the most ethically challenging practices in medicine, which touches on the rights and freedoms of the patient.

СУДЕБНО-ПСИХИАТРИЧЕСКАЯ ЭКСПЕРТИЗА В ГРАЖДАНСКОМ ПРОЦЕССЕ В РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

In recent years there has been a clear tendency to increase the number of forensic psychiatric examinations in civil procedure, which is due to a number of factors, the main of which are associated with the changing social conditions in our society and the updated legislative base. In this article specialists from the field of medicine – psychiatry and forensic psychiatric examination examine the current legislative requirements for the production of forensic psychiatric examination in Russia in civil procedure, the basic principles for conducting expert examinations, including comprehensive ones, for various categories of cases in relation to persons with mental disorders: recognition of a person as legally incompetent, partially legally incompetent, recognition of a transaction invalid, appeal against the actions of medical workers, family disputes. Forensic psychiatric examinations differ in terms of the conduct, the composition of the specialists involved in the examination. The procedure for voluntariness and involuntary examination is described when deciding on the issue of legal capacity. The article gives a detailed classification of forensic psychiatric examinations, the procedure for their conduct, as well as the procedure for submitting and attaching documents on the examination conducted to the case. Variants of conclusions are described with answers to all questions posed to experts, as well as answers to individual questions and a message from experts about the impossibility of answering any questions.

Clinical Implications of Violence Risk After Civil Commitment in Florida.

In their article, Swanson and colleagues examine the long-term risk of firearm-related and other violent crime in a large population of adults with serious mental illnesses following a gun-disqualifying involuntary civil commitment, compared with similar individuals who were evaluated for commitment but released or voluntarily admitted and with a third group with no holds or commitments. They build on prior research from a sample of individuals from public behavioral health systems of two large counties in Florida. This commentary provides further context for their research by highlighting additional factors related to mental health in the state of Florida. Understanding recent legislation regarding the medical privacy of firearm owners, mental health spending, trends in involuntary examinations, and related firearm laws in Florida will contribute to describing the backdrop of the current study. While Swanson's research proposes greater policy implications, this commentary will examine the direct impact on the practice of clinical psychiatrists.

Data Curation and Application of Statewide Data on Involuntary Assessment and Treatment in Behavioral Health

Our university, based data center has curated statewide data on short-term, involuntary examinations for mental illness/co-occurring disorders for over two decades. We recently began receiving petitions and orders for longer-term civil commitment from Clerks of Court. We are currently developing a system to curate data on involuntary assessments/treatment for substance use disorders. The involuntary examination data have been used to produce 100+ ad hoc reports for a variety of stakeholders, a statutorily required annual report, as well as to inform the state legislature, advocates, agencies, and several statewide taskforces relating to criminal justice and mental health initiatives. Data from documents are currently received and entered in a) hard copy via the mail, b) securely scanned and transferred either via SFTP or with secure transfer to our University’s Box.com account, or c) direct provider entry into a secure web portal. Our University’s IT environment has evolved, with an escalation of organizational and policy changes related to the merging of two IT units. While this merging has led to innovation, it has also presented operational, organizational and logistical challenges. Discussed in this presentation will be a) these IT challenges, b) the pros and cons of form submission methods, c) how choice of submission method is informed by the capabilities of those submitting the documents in addition to, the resources and capabilities of our center within the context of current funding, as well as d) how this impacts choices made about data entry, data quality and use of the data for analyses.

Profiles of youth in therapeutic group care: Associations with involuntary psychiatric examinations and readmissions.

The study aims were to identify distinct subgroups among youth placed in therapeutic group care (TGC) and to examine the effect of specific constellations of risk factors on readmission to residential mental health care and involuntary psychiatric examination among youth in TGC. Several administrative databases were merged to examine outcomes for youth placed in TGC during fiscal year FY04-05 through FY07-08 (N = 1,009). Latent class analysis (LCA) was conducted. Two classes were identified: youth with multiple needs (Class 1) and lower risk youth (Class 2). Class 1 represented 45% of youth in TGC. Compared with Class 2, these youth had a greater probability of having physical health problems, parents with substance abuse problems, and more extensive histories of maltreatment. Compared with Class 2, youth with multiple needs were almost twice more likely to exhibit self-injurious behavior leading to involuntary mental health examinations, but they were less likely to be readmitted to a residential mental health care of higher level of restrictiveness, such as state inpatient psychiatric programs (SIPPs). Youth placed in Florida TGC represent a heterogeneous population and services tailored to these youth's needs are important. Youth with multiple risk factors would benefit from interventions that would address multiple areas of risk. Lower risk youth (Class 2) would benefit from interventions that would focus on promoting mental health, especially among those who have experienced threatened harm, and providing services and supports necessary for stabilizing these youth in the community. (PsycINFO Database Record

Characteristics Associated With the Continuity of Atypical Antipsychotic Treatment Among Youth Discharged From Residential Treatment

This article examined the continuity of atypical antipsychotic medications among children and adolescents following discharge from a residential mental health treatment facility in the state of Florida from 2005 through 2011. Discharge data are reported by the residential providers, while post-discharge data are from Medicaid enrollment and claims files. Fifty-five percent of youth were receiving antipsychotic medications when discharged from residential treatment. Of those receiving such medications, 55% continued with their medication after discharge. Antipsychotics were more likely at discharge among youth who were older, had longer treatment episodes, showed greater improvements during treatment, and had prior involuntary examinations and out-of-home treatment episodes. Continuation of antipsychotic medication was more common among youth who had greater family involvement in treatment, longer treatment episodes, improved more during treatment, and had prior involuntary examinations. Continuation was less likely for youth with prior out-of-home treatment episodes. These results contribute to the existing literature by examining the continuity of atypical antipsychotic medication among children and adolescents following residential treatment.

Psychiatric and legal aspects of compulsory psychiatric hospitalization

Introduction. The compulsory hospitalization represents an ethical as well as a legal dilemma. The aim of this paper is to analyze the involuntary referral to psychiatric examination, involuntary institutionalization in a psychiatric institution and involuntary treatment as well as the stay and security measures with the aim of improving psychiatric practice, taking into account the best interests of the patient. Methods. The study was conducted as case series, with a retrospective review of medical records. The research involved an analysis of the data from the medical documentation of admission and examinations at Psychiatry Ward of General Hospital, Uzice, Serbia. The data dealing with compulsory institutionalization were collected for a calendar year (from 01/01/2011 to 31/12/2011). Descriptive statistical methods were used for the analysis, and data are presented as absolute and relative values. Results. During the period there were a total of 144 involuntary examinations which made 1.32% of all examinations by a psychiatrist. From all the involuntary examined, a total of 108 (75%) were male and 36 (25%) were female. Aggressive behavior was present in every case of involuntary examination and hospitalization. Out of the total number of involuntary examinations, the general physicians referred 143 (99.3%) people and the decision of a court was used in only 1 (0.7%) subject. Out of the 144 involuntary examinations, compulsory hospitalization was proposed for 112 patients. Out of these, 106 people voluntarily agreed to be hospitalized and 6 people declined and were therefore compulsory hospitalized by the relevant decision of the court. Conclusion. The compulsory institutionalizations are present in a small volume in the daily affairs of psychiatrists. They are primarily implemented due to aggressive behavior, have significant legal and other consequences and therefore necessitate special attention.

Association of Involuntary Psychiatric Examination with Probability of Arrest of People with Serious Mental Illness

Association of Involuntary Psychiatric Examination with Probability of Arrest of People with Serious Mental Illness

An Outbreak of Tuberculosis Among Adults With Mental Illness

An Outbreak of Tuberculosis Among Adults With Mental Illness

Association of Involuntary Psychiatric Examination With Probability of Arrest of People With Serious Mental Illness

This study examined the association between the occurrence of an involuntary psychiatric examination under Florida civil commitment law and the probability of arrest during the next quarter. County criminal justice records and several statewide and local health and social service data sets were used to identify inmates with a serious mental illness who spent at least one day in the Pinellas County jail between July 1, 2003, and June 30, 2004. These same data sets were combined with statewide arrest and prison records to identify the criminal justice and health and social services histories of these individuals from July 1, 2002, to June 10, 2006, with the four-year period divided into 16 periods of 90 days. The main analysis used individual fixed-effects models to examine the relationship between involuntary examinations and subsequent probability of arrest. There were 3,728 inmates with serious mental illness in the sample, with 40% (N = 1,485) having at least one involuntary examination during the four-year period. Individuals who experienced an involuntary examination during the four years were arrested in 34% (N = 1,038) of the quarters after an examination and in 27% (N = 3,786) of the quarters not preceded by an involuntary examination. Individual fixed-effects models found a significant positive relationship between the receipt of an involuntary examination in one period and the likelihood of arrests, felony arrests, and misdemeanor arrests in the next period. Involuntary psychiatric examinations were associated with increased risk of arrest. Thus an involuntary examination was a significant signal that individuals with serious mental illness were at risk for criminal behavior and arrest.

Association of Involuntary Psychiatric Examination With Probability of Arrest of People With Serious Mental Illness

Association of Involuntary Psychiatric Examination With Probability of Arrest of People With Serious Mental Illness

Comparing Outcomes for Youth Served in Treatment Foster Care and Treatment Group Care

This study compared youth in the Florida Medicaid system prior to entry into treatment foster care or treatment group care, and compared outcomes in the 6 months after treatment. Florida Medicaid data from FY2003/04 through 2006/2007 along with Department of Juvenile Justice, Department of Law Enforcement, and involuntary examination data were used to examine youth receiving out-of-home treatment. Propensity score matching was used to examine the effect of out-of-home treatment on outcomes. Males, older youth, and youth with prior involuntary examinations, felony charges, misdemeanor charges, or inpatient psychiatric treatment were more likely to be placed in treatment group care. Treatment foster care placement was more likely for youth with prior treatment foster care episodes. Propensity matching results indicated that youth in treatment foster care had greater reductions in felony charges, and were less likely to return to out-of-home treatment in the following 6 months. While often placed in group care settings, youth with prior criminal justice encounters, especially for felony charges, may be better served in treatment foster care programs.

Public Expenditures Related to the Criminal Justice System and to Services for Arrestees With a Serious Mental Illness

The study identified expenditures related to criminal justice, health, mental health, and social welfare services over a four-year period for arrestees with serious mental illnesses in a large Florida county and characteristics of subgroups. Multiple data sets were used to identify 3,769 persons arrested in a one-year period who had serious mental illnesses. Multiple regression with all variables mutually adjusted was used to explore associations with a log of aggregate criminal justice, health, mental health, and social welfare expenditures. Aggregate expenditures were $94,957,465, with a median per person of $15,134. Individuals with the highest expenditures were at least 40 years old with a psychotic disorder, an involuntary psychiatric examination, and more arrests and mental health contacts. Medicaid enrollees had higher expenditures than nonenrollees overall but lower criminal justice expenditures. Identifying characteristics of subgroups with higher expenditures may assist policy makers and providers in designing appropriate criminal justice and treatment responses.

Law & Psychiatry: Florida's Outpatient Commitment Law: A Lesson in Failed Reform?

An involuntary outpatient commitment law became effective in Florida in January 2005. However, only 71 orders for outpatient commitment have been issued in three years, even though during that period 41,997 adults had two or more 72-hour involuntary emergency examinations under Florida's civil commitment law. This column describes the criteria for outpatient commitment in the Florida statute and discusses possible reasons for its low rate of use, including additional statutory criteria that make filing a petition for outpatient commitment difficult, lack of community treatment resources, and lack of enforcement mechanisms.

Short‐term involuntary examination of older adults in Florida

The elder population continues to grow rapidly in many countries. Florida's elder population is growing faster than most states', with over one-quarter of the Florida population projected to be aged 65 and over by 2025. Involuntary examination (i.e. emergency commitment) under a state's civil commitment law is one means by which older adults experience assessment for acute mental health care. In Florida, the civil commitment law permits the involuntary examination of an individual for up to 72 hours to determine whether the person meets standards for involuntary treatment. From calendar year 2001 through 2005, there were 531,091 involuntary examinations in Florida for 301,886 people of all ages. Thirteen percent were 60 years and older at the time of their examination. The purpose of this paper is to describe the characteristics of older adults subject to involuntary examination and the nature of their examinations. While these data permit a number of inferences, there is an expansive area of research and policy analysis that remains untapped and would permit better understanding of how older adults experience such examinations. These research and policy issues will also be discussed.

Rates of Unemployment and Incidence of Police-Initiated Examinations for Involuntary Hospitalization in Florida

Rates of Unemployment and Incidence of Police-Initiated Examinations for Involuntary Hospitalization in Florida

Short Term Involuntary Psychiatric Examination of Children in Florida

This study describes the use of emergency mental health services by children over a 4-year period. Analysis of a statewide database revealed 51,861 or 15% of all involuntary examinations were conducted on children. These youth were on average a little over 14 years of age and law enforcement officials initiated the majority of examinations. The majority of examinations were initiated due to the children demonstrating harmful behaviors to themselves or others. One-fifth of the children (21%) experienced more than one examination over the 4-year period. Areas of future research on this topic are discussed. The implications of the nature of examinations and patterns of repeated examinations are discussed.

Emergency involuntary psychiatric examinations in Florida.

The authors used statewide data from 2000 on 80,869 examination initiations to determine characteristics of emergency involuntary psychiatric examinations in Florida and the individuals subject to them. Information about the evidence indicated on the initiation forms and the types of professionals who initiated the examinations is presented. These data allow not only description of involuntary examinations and the characteristics of those subject to them for an entire state, but also investigation of the involvement of these individuals with certain services, such as mental health services, and systems, such as the criminal justice system.