Invisible Web Research Articles

Optimizing Data Extraction using Preprocessing for Enhanced Efficiency

With the exponential growth of the internet, an abundance of information has become readily available. Extracting valuable data from the web is crucial for applications such as meta-querying and comparison shopping. However, the heterogeneous nature of web information poses a significant challenge to the extraction process. The web can be classified into the surface or visible web and the deep or invisible web. While conventional search engines can index the surface web, they fall short when it comes to the deep web.
 To access the deep web, users must submit queries to web databases, and the results are encapsulated in dynamically generated web pages containing data records. Traditional search engines struggle to index these dynamic pages, necessitating a specialized program for efficient information extraction from the deep web. Web search engines generate result pages based on user queries, making it crucial to automatically extract data from these pages for various applications.
 In this context, we propose an innovative data extraction method called Effective Data Extraction using Preprocessing (EDEP). The EDEP approach begins by parsing the input HTML page, constructing a tag tree, and subsequently eliminating irrelevant tags from the tree. Notably, our system efficiently handles scenarios where auxiliary information, such as recommendations or comments, is intermixed between query result records (QRRs), causing them to be non-contiguous. EDEP also effectively manages result pages containing single QRRs.
 Through experimental results, it is evident that EDEP outperforms existing data extraction methods, showcasing its efficacy in handling the complexities associated with web data extraction.

Exiled Poetics

Taking up the writings of Louise Glück and Mahmoud Darwish, this essay (re)searches the place and potential of a transnational, Edenic imagination as a vision of belonging amidst the alienation of modern life. Where a transnational poetics rejects ossified borders and boundaries, seeking porosity and imaginative possibilities that work across, around, through, and in-between, an Edenic imagination embraces a consciousness that simultaneously holds holy memory alongside longing for transcendence; so too do these ways of reading and seeing refract in the art-making I attempt as I seek the invisible web of connective, human tissue present in the poetic renderings of Eden by Glück and Darwish. As forces of modernity, colonization, and globalization maim and sever, a transnational, Edenic imagination gives language and location to our thirst for sacred inhabitance. As a method of inquiry, such a reading invites both researcher and reader to dwell in the liminal space of poetics. Guided by the poetic explorations of Eden and exile by Glück and Darwish, I work to consider how poetry itself becomes a hybrid site of belonging. The hope is that, through a deep (re)reading of the verses in which Glück and Darwish employ Eden as a metaphor, poetic inquiry might provide a way for us to more fully traverse categories of life, death, time, longing, space, and culture, exploring the complex matrices of our human experience and pursuit of home.

В поисках симметрии. Андрей Битов и его последний роман

This paper aims to analyze the metanovel narrative strategies in the postmodern literary context, defined by the scientific outcomes of quantum physics. According to them the world is a system of integrated space and time which are mutually complementary. The symmetry of time and space in this sense becomes the groundplan for the structural components of Andrei Bitov’s last novel. Through these components: for instance, echo, mirror, duality, the written and the unwritten, real life in the text and life out of context, physical time and grammatical time etc., we can find out the main course of the narrative and to point out its consistency. The apparent scrappiness performs the purpose to prove the capital importance of the route, of the journey, and not its end, probably non-existent. Following this point of view, hints at other works and authors (from ancient Greek myths to Nabokov) are also meant to share the invisible web of coexistence and persistency of the literary process.

Exploring an Unmapped Physical Culture Landscape in Colonial South Africa

Physical culture is a health and strength training movement that originated during the 19th century. This area of study has been neglected within the South African context. This was because the dominant view in South African academia, expressed by the physical educationist, Claude Smit, centred around an entrenched belief that physical culturists regarded strong muscles as the sole outcome of physical activity. Therefore, Smit argued, they only concerned themselves with the physical aspects of physiology and anatomy without taking into account any educational principles. Further, its main concern was with programmes of physical training, sold to the broader public, on the pretext that it had certain health benefits. 1 This study shows otherwise and that physical culture in circus, theatres and Eugen Sandow’s visit to South Africa was part of a (mostly invisible) web between pedagogy, entertainment and colonial prejudices.

The Unseen Web, an Enormous Mass of Internet

Deep web is the part of the internet; it holds 99% of the internet rest of the internet is known assurface web and it is access able by standard search engines, Deep web is famous by different namesand can be called as invisible and hidden web but it can’t be accessed by the standard exploratoryengines this is due to the un indexed contents by common exploratory engines. Deep web content isinvisible under HTML form. Deep web provides anonymous internet platform for hackers, governmentagencies and others. Due to this no one can trace the location of the user and don’t have anykind of information about the web surfing of the user. Dark web is the part of Deep web, the reasonbehind it commonly used for the black market i.e. Drug sale, ammunition sale, and many otherillegal activities. It is the consist of millions of websites some of which are very informative. Whileon the other hand some of the portion is legal to visit and rest is illegal. These websites can beaccessed by using the popular tools, i.e. TOR, I2P which provide anonymity. About 2 million peopleuse the TOR browser to browse deep and dark web.

Songlines and Land Claims; Space and Place

The Songlines of the Indigenous peoples of the country now called Australia are an invisible web of pathways which trace the journeys of ancestral spirits as they created the earth, seas, creatures and plants. They contain information about the land, encoding the locations of resources across the landscape throughout the seasons, and mapping sacred spaces and notable places. In addition, Songlines have also been of central significance in claims concerning title to land, taken under both the Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act, 1976 and the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) (Commonwealth Native Title Act, 1993). Songlines have been ‘translated’ and ‘interpreted’ by experts, including historians and anthropologists, for use in land claims under the common law and have been recognised as symbols of land ownership. This article provides a discussion of the Songlines, discusses their status in the legal system of Australia as evidence of title to land, and analyses the role of experts in decoding Songlines in legal proceedings.

Hester Prynne: In and Beyond Discipline and Punish

The essay is to explore how Hester Prynne accomplishes subjectivity-construction in the ordinate and harsh puritan community, full of discipline and punish. In the process of the subjectivity-construction, Hester Prynne not only confronts and surpasses the sin and the shadow of her own self, but also transcends and breaks the invisible web of the inhuman and tough regulations filtering in every corner of the puritan community. She accomplishes a near-perfect transformation from a sinning object despised and chastised by all the community members to a new feminine figure who regains their applause, respect and love in the end. Through the heroine’s glorious and admiring transformation, Nathaniel Hawthorne poses a suspicion upon the naive belief on the human nature: genuine and full of smiling aspects, upheld by the transcendentalists and prevailing at his time. He also chastises the inhuman regulations, disciplines and punish of the harsh puritan community which twist and crush the souls of the community members. But more important and inspiring point of the novel lies in that through the heroine’s glorious and admiring transformation and subjectivity-construction, Hawthorne reasserts the shining and glorious human nature of Hester Prynne, which reflects his humane concern towards the ones tortured, disciplined and punished by the prison-like society.

What Kind of World?

What Kind of World? Eduardo Halfon I flew back to Nebraska from Germany on the morning after the elections, with the final result slowly and painfully becoming evident, overwhelmed by a feeling I'd never experienced before. A feeling similar to gloom, or dread, or even complete despair. I've felt all of these before, of course, but always about myself, never in general, never so profound. I think what made it even worse for me was the fact that my son had been born in Nebraska exactly five weeks earlier. I had come to fatherhood late, and as with everything else important in my life, by accident. I had stumbled onto books. Tripped into writing. Fallen into marriage. Landed by chance in that strange heart-land known as Nebraska. And now, at forty-five, found myself flying back home from Germany to a newborn son who would grow up, I slowly started to realize, in a country not only governed by a racist, a misogynist, a demagogue, a vulgar and lying con man, but also among a populace where he and his message of hatred had thrived. We Jews know his shyster type. We Latin Americans know his bullying type. But this was different. This was larger. This felt as if something essential had just been shattered, as if something cavernous and evil had just woken up. The night after the elections, once home in Nebraska, feeling jet-lagged and with my son fast asleep in my arms, I came across some photos of President Obama taken by White House photographer Pete Souza. President Obama lying on the floor of the Oval Office as he holds up a toddler dressed as an elephant. President Obama running around his desk while he's being chased by a girl in a pink dress. President Obama bending over—almost bowing—so that a little black boy from Philadelphia can pat his hair, to see if it feels like his own. President Obama racing three children down the Colonnade. President Obama on his hands and knees so that he can look a baby girl in the eye. President Obama pretending to be captured by the invisible web of a very young Spiderman. I stopped looking through the photos and instead looked down at my son, his face at peace and beautiful, his dreams still pure and untouched, and wondered what [End Page 782] kind of world would our children inherit? What kind of world will you inherit?, I asked him out loud, my voice cracking a bit. But my son just kept on sleeping. [End Page 783] Copyright © 2019 The Massachusetts Review, Inc.

Invisible Web and Academic Research: A Partnership for Quality

The present study aims to identify the most significant roles of the invisible web in improving academic research and the main obstacles and challenges facing the use of the invisible web in improving academic research from the perspective of academics in Saudi universities. The descriptive analytical approach was utilized in this study. It covered all faculty members in Saudi universities. It applied a 20-paragraph questionnaire to a randomly selected sample of 168 academics. It concluded that the participants agreed on the role of the invisible web in improving academic research, with an arithmetic means of 3.91. They also agreed on the obstacles of using invisible web for the improvement of academic research, with an arithmetic means of 4.107. The study provides ideas that would develop the use of the invisible web in higher education institutions in Saudi Arabia, in particular, and the Arab countries, in general. Furthermore, it is hoped that such results may provide decision-makers, educational designers and programmers with solutions for the development of research engines and academic databases in Arabic.

Examining capacity for “cross-pollination” in a rural school district: A social network analysis case study

Teacher collaboration is a vital factor in successful school reform, and the networks in which educators are embedded support (or constrain) access to essential social capital resources. In this study, authors used social network analysis to examine the changing structure of teacher collaboration networks over the course of a rural District’s 3-year Professional Learning Community (PLC) initiative. Visual depictions (sociograms) of district- and school-level teacher collaboration networks were generated, and measures of network cohesion – including size, density, connectedness, components, and degree – were calculated at three points in time. Authors worked in partnership with district administrators to explore how location of teachers and principals, and network capacity for diffusion of innovation, changed over time. School leaders may not know how to purposefully influence communication ties between teachers, relying instead on the invisible web of personal affiliations through which professional opinions travel. This study contributes to the field’s understanding of how administrator choices about organizational structure affect “cross-pollination” and the networks through which teachers are able to access and contribute the knowledge and ideas they need in order to deliver high-quality curriculum and instruction to all students.

Energy without Conscience: Oil, Climate Change, and Complicity by David McDermott Hughes

David McDermott Hughes Energy without Conscience: Oil, Climate Change, and Complicity. Durham : Duke University Press, 2017. x + 191 pp. Maps, photographs, figures, notes, references, index. $89.95 cloth (ISBN: 978–0–8223–6306–4), $23.95 paper (ISBN: 978–0–8223–6298–2). With his book Energy Without Conscience(2017)DavidMcDermott Hughes offers us a rich and important ethnographic account of Trinidad that marks the Caribbean nation not only as the site of Christopher Columbus’ third exploration to the Americas, but also as the world’s first petro -extractive geography. Planet Earth’s deepest petroleum reserves occur naturally in the undergroundreservesbelowTrinidad,where the first oil well was drilled in the southern part of the island by Walter Darwent in 1866. The historical importance of what we might call Trinidad’s “double discovery” is not lost upon the author as he weaves an account of European territorial expansion in the Caribbean alongside an explanation of the rational science that undergirds petroleum exploration . He also locates the development of commodity capitalism within the ports and geographies of Trinidad and Tobago. Through a textured and expertly written narrative , Hughes describes energy systems as embedded both within the specific concern of hydrocarbon’s atmospheric release, and the ethical responsibility for global warming. Further, by centering the present-day carbon complicity web, the author reveals the hidden energy cycles that power our daily lives as consumptive activities of carbon release that often alienate us from the reality of our own destruction. Even when the author complicates accounts of the apocalypse, it is clear that he pursues passionate arguments fordelinkingfromhydrocarbondependency as the core of his engagement. Though there is not a direct discussion of Cedric Robinson’s monumental book Black Marxism or the specific historical naming of the rise of racial capitalism, Hughes locates his study within the historical arc of trans-Atlantic Slavery as well as a foundational critique of Indigenous dispossession. As Hughes recounts, the history of oil dependency is marked by its relation to human power and energy as far back as the sugar plantations, where Afro-diasporic populations were subjugated and enslaved within the matrix of colonial capitalism. Indeed, the monocultural plantation economy of sugar made one of the earliest carbon imprints as it created increased desire and demand for what Sidney Mintz (1985) first elaborated as the relationship between sweetness and power. Focused on energy, Hughes relays that “somatic power,” or what we might term Afro-diasporicsomaticpower,firstfueledthe global economic circuits to initiate a planetary drive for carbon energy. He also notes that through the U.S. Homestead Act of 1862, settler colonial policies contributed to the ideas of progress and improvement, which mandatedtheclearingoftheland,forest,and planters, and created direct links between the oil histories of Texas and Trinidad. By returning to such narratives a few times in the book, Hughes shows a rare attentiveness to the circuits of capital that organize the logics 14 Journal of Latin American Geography of petro-extraction as sites of primitive accumulation and in relation to the project of white settlement. By thinking with the text, we might also note how the extraction of silver, tin, and other minerals produced a carbon web of interdependentcomplicitythathasaccelerated overthepastfivehundredyears.Forinstance, the economic dependence upon Indigenous and African labor is also expressed by the near collapse of the Cerro Rico mine in Potos í, Bolivia and the history of mineral extraction on the sacred Aymara mountain. By considering regional colonial geographies of power within the Americas, such as the Caribbean sugar industry and the Andean mining industry, an intertwined global system of capitalist production of racialized labor becomes apparent. Like other anthropological studies of extractive environments, Energy Without Conscience makes visible the invisible web of connections that function to naturalize the oil industry’s rhetoric of geology’s upward flow. Hughes’s treatment of “above ground risk,” “the back stream,” the oil pollution belt, and other terms of petroleum extraction’s abstraction function as a way to explain the logics of petroleum industry. They also show us the constantly recursive and wrong-headed assumptions that justify local and planetary toxicity in relation to the oil industry. Like the documentary film Crude (2009) by director Joe Berlinger that focuses on eastern...

TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES FOR RETRIEVING THE HIDDEN INFORMATION OF INVISIBLE WEB

Search engines have become an important part of our daily routine. We are so much addicted to search engines, such as Google, that we cannot think of spending even a single day without them. It is a common misconception that googling a search term will reveal each and every site of the web. The fact, however, is that the typical search engines like Google, Yahoo, or Bing actually access only a tiny fraction; estimated at 0.03%; of the Internet. The information resources found by such typical general-purpose search engines are referred to as the “visible web” or “surface web”. The term “invisible” represents those resources that, because of their exclusion by general-purpose search engines, are not so easily found. Invisible web is a vast hidden storehouse of information that cannot be overlooked. The paper explores the importance of unfathomable information buried inside invisible web in our everyday lives. The paper also elucidates the tools and techniques used to fetch information from invisible web in different fields. Links of various web pages, that form invisible web, are mentioned along with their purpose.

Uncovering Web search strategies in South African higher education

Background: In spite of the enormous amount of information available on the Web and the fact that search engines are continuously evolving to enhance the search experience, students are nevertheless faced with the difficulty of effectively retrieving information. It is, therefore, imperative for the interaction between students and search tools to be understood and search strategies to be identified, in order to promote successful information retrieval.Objectives: This study identifies the Web search strategies used by postgraduate students and forms part of a wider study into information retrieval strategies used by postgraduate students at the University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Pietermaritzburg campus, South Africa. Method: Largely underpinned by Thatcher’s cognitive search strategies, the mixed-methods approach was utilised for this study, in which questionnaires were employed in Phase 1 and structured interviews in Phase 2. This article reports and reflects on the findings of Phase 2, which focus on identifying the Web search strategies employed by postgraduate students. The Phase 1 results were reported in Civilcharran, Hughes and Maharaj (2015).Results: Findings reveal the Web search strategies used for academic information retrieval. In spite of easy access to the invisible Web and the advent of meta-search engines, the use of Web search engines still remains the preferred search tool. The UKZN online library databases and especially the UKZN online library, Online Public Access Catalogue system, are being underutilised.Conclusion: Being ranked in the top three percent of the world’s universities, UKZN is investing in search tools that are not being used to their full potential. This evidence suggests an urgent need for students to be trained in Web searching and to have a greater exposure to a variety of search tools. This article is intended to further contribute to the design of undergraduate training programmes in order to deal with the information retrieval frustrations of novice users.

International law at the United Nations: does it matter?

In 1926, the creation of the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (U nidroit ) as an auxiliary organ of the League of Nations could have appeared almost as a visionary challenge, given the complex and turbulent historical moment. In fact, in those days, the clouds of tragedy of the First World War had not been driven away by the new era of peace and cooperation but, rather, by the first winds, the first signs of an international tension that would later unleash the Second World War. This challenge, far from being visionary or useless, was reading the future instead: it predicted the future decades in advance. That young Institute was to play a key role in a context of international relations that every day would become increasingly interdependent and, finally, in the most recent decades we have been living, even globalized. Today, more than ever, the political and economic architecture of a globalized world needs a solid foundation. In a word, it needs to be based on a common and uniform law that grants stability, predictability, and certainty to the international political and economic relations in order to also ensure fairness, justice, and equality of treatment between nations, through the modernization, harmonization, and coordination of private and trade law. For 90 years, the activities of U nidroit have represented an invisible web, a fine fabric wrapping international relations, giving them the stability and certainty that is a necessary prerequisite for a peaceful and cooperative world. It has been a continuous and complex effort that was relaunched in an even more ambitious and in some ways more visionary way in 1940, when at the eve of the tragedy of the Second World War, the Institute survived the failure of the League of Nations and regained life and autonomy as an intergovernmental organization based on a statute.

BORDERLESS GEOSPATIAL WEB (BOLEGWEB)

The effective access and use of geospatial information (GI) resources acquires a critical value of importance in modern knowledge based society. Standard web services defined by Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) are frequently used within the implementations of spatial data infrastructures (SDIs) to facilitate discovery and use of geospatial data. This data is stored in databases located in a layer, called the invisible web, thus are ignored by search engines. SDI uses a catalogue (discovery) service for the web as a gateway to the GI world through the metadata defined by ISO standards, which are structurally diverse to OGC metadata. Therefore, a crosswalk needs to be implemented to bridge the OGC resources discovered on mainstream web with those documented by metadata in an SDI to enrich its information extent. A public global wide and user friendly portal of OGC resources available on the web ensures and enhances the use of GI within a multidisciplinary context and bridges the geospatial web from the end-user perspective, thus opens its borders to everybody. <br><br> Project “Crosswalking the layers of geospatial information resources to enable a borderless geospatial web” with the acronym BOLEGWEB is ongoing as a postdoctoral research project at the Faculty of Geodesy, University of Zagreb in Croatia (http://bolegweb.geof.unizg.hr/). The research leading to the results of the project has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7 2007-2013) under Marie Curie FP7-PEOPLE-2011-COFUND. The project started in the November 2014 and is planned to be finished by the end of 2016. This paper provides an overview of the project, research questions and methodology, so far achieved results and future steps.

BORDERLESS GEOSPATIAL WEB (BOLEGWEB)

Abstract. The effective access and use of geospatial information (GI) resources acquires a critical value of importance in modern knowledge based society. Standard web services defined by Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) are frequently used within the implementations of spatial data infrastructures (SDIs) to facilitate discovery and use of geospatial data. This data is stored in databases located in a layer, called the invisible web, thus are ignored by search engines. SDI uses a catalogue (discovery) service for the web as a gateway to the GI world through the metadata defined by ISO standards, which are structurally diverse to OGC metadata. Therefore, a crosswalk needs to be implemented to bridge the OGC resources discovered on mainstream web with those documented by metadata in an SDI to enrich its information extent. A public global wide and user friendly portal of OGC resources available on the web ensures and enhances the use of GI within a multidisciplinary context and bridges the geospatial web from the end-user perspective, thus opens its borders to everybody. Project “Crosswalking the layers of geospatial information resources to enable a borderless geospatial web” with the acronym BOLEGWEB is ongoing as a postdoctoral research project at the Faculty of Geodesy, University of Zagreb in Croatia (http://bolegweb.geof.unizg.hr/). The research leading to the results of the project has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7 2007-2013) under Marie Curie FP7-PEOPLE-2011-COFUND. The project started in the November 2014 and is planned to be finished by the end of 2016. This paper provides an overview of the project, research questions and methodology, so far achieved results and future steps.

Going Dark: Terrorism on the Dark Web

ABSTRACTThe terms Deep Web, Deep Net, Invisible Web, or Dark Web refer to the content on the World Wide Web that is not indexed by standard search engines. One can describe the Internet as composed of layers: the “upper” layer, or the Surface Web, can easily be accessed by regular searches. However, “deeper” layers, the content of the Deep Web, have not been indexed by traditional search engines such as Google. Michael K. Bergman who wrote the seminal paper on the Deep Web, compared searching the Internet to dragging a net across the surface of the ocean: a great deal may be caught in the net, but there is a wealth of information that is deeper and therefore missed. In fact, most of the Web's information is buried far down on sites, and standard search engines are unable to access it.

The Evolving Impact of the Invisible Web: Exploring Economic and Political Ramifications

The Invisible Web—defined as Web information that cannot be found by using general-purpose search engines—has been studied primarily as an access issue. In this article, the authors consider, for the first time, the economic and political implications of the Invisible Web. The article is divided into two parts; the first looks at the “open” Web, accessible through URLs, while the second delves into the Dark Web, hidden behind veils of anonymity. The two main questions asked are: How is the Invisible Web shaped by economic and political factors and how, in turn, does the Invisible Web shape those circumstances? With the answers to these questions, the authors hope to bring more awareness of the Invisible Web to the information literacy classroom.

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Searching Smarter: Finding Legal Resources on the Invisible Web

A great deal of information available on the Internet is found only on the invisible web, and is not searchable using a general search engine such as Google. Invisible web content is considered dynamic because it exists as pieces of information within a database until you pull it together. Learn what strategies you can use to efficiently locate this content.