Invisible Watermarking Research Articles

Watermarking of HDR Images in the Spatial Domain With HVS-Imperceptibility

This paper presents a watermarking method in the spatial domain with HVS-imperceptibility for High Dynamic Range (HDR) images. The proposed method combines the content readability afforded by invisible watermarking with the visual ownership identification afforded by visible watermarking. The HVS-imperceptibility is guaranteed thanks to a Luma Variation Tolerance (LVT) curve, which is associated with the transfer function (TF) used for HDR encoding and provides the information needed to embed an imperceptible watermark in the spatial domain. The LVT curve is based on the inaccuracies between the non-linear digital representation of the linear luminance acquired by an HDR sensor and the brightness perceived by the Human Visual System (HVS) from the linear luminance displayed on an HDR screen. The embedded watermarks remain imperceptible to the HVS as long as the TF is not altered or the normal calibration and colorimetry conditions of the HDR screen remain unchanged. Extensive qualitative and quantitative evaluations on several HDR images encoded by two widely-used TFs confirm the strong HVS-imperceptibility capabilities of the method, as well as the robustness of the embedded watermarks to tone mapping, lossy compression, and common signal processing operations.

Parallel Hardware Implementation of Efficient Embedding Bit Rate Control Based Contrast Mapping Algorithm for Reversible Invisible Watermarking

This paper presents an improved reversible contrast mapping (RCM) algorithm for reversible invisible watermarking (RIW) in both software and hardware platforms. Based on well-known parameters for RIW like distortion, embedding bit rate, payload size and data hiding capacity, an efficient embedding bit rate control based contrast mapping (EBCRCM) algorithm is proposed. An adaptive linear contrast mapping on pixel intensity value is asserted with RCM that controls the embedding bit rate without changing the embedding capacity to maintain distortion. Xilinx system generator (XSG) and VIVADO tool construct the novel VLSI architecture that needs 173.362 ns latency for 100 MHz clock with throughput 46.146 Mbps and 5.8 ns critical path for single cycle of embedding process. The proposed algorithm is verified in MATLAB tool based software platform by taking different types of multimedia data like gray-scale images, color images and video signals. Implementation of low hardware resources based VLSI architecture through zed-board in real time field programmable gate array (FPGA) platform confirms the capability of high speed, low cost and real-time use. 100% agreement is observed from software simulations and hardware platforms.

ANiTW: A Novel Intelligent Text Watermarking technique for forensic identification of spurious information on social media

Digital Watermarking is required in multimedia applications where access to sensitive information has to be protected against malicious attacks. Since the digital text is one of the most widely used digital media on the Internet, the significant part of Web sites, social media, articles, eBooks, and so on is only plain text. Thus, copyrights protection of plain-texts is still a remaining issue that must be improved to provide proof of ownership and verify content integrity of vulnerable digital texts. In this research, we propose a novel intelligent text watermarking technique called ANiTW which utilizes an instance-based learning algorithm to hide an invisible watermark into Latin text-based information such that the hidden watermark can be extracted, even if a malicious user manipulates a portion of the watermarked information. Extensive experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of the ANiTW with a significant improvement especially in the short text domain. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first intelligent text watermarking technique that provides an invisible signature for forensic identification of spurious information on social media by evaluating the manipulation rate of watermarked information, while the other existing approaches only consider the robust/fragile marking of signature into cover text. Copyright © Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

New Hardware Static and Reconfigurable Architectures for Video Watermarking System

The watermarking technique is an active subject in current research used as a solution for copyright protection in multimedia documents. In this paper, we propose the first hardware invisible robust video watermarking application based on motion estimation. Since the designers of this application face many challenges, two types of architecture are performed: static and dynamic/partial reconfigurable architecture. The proposed architecture is adapted to HEVC encoded video. Two protection techniques are linked up: the digital watermarking to insert a watermark in the video, and the scrambling technique for overall video protection. The watermark embedding is treated in the horizontal and vertical components of even motion vectors. Eventually, the entire vectors are scrambled. The used watermark is a binary sequence where only one bit is inserted into the horizontal and the vertical components of motion vectors. The recommended architecture applies for slow and fast video sequence, where we use a motion estimator reconfigured according to the macro-block video movement. We also utilize a pipeline structure and a clock gating module to increase computing power and reduce power consumption. Experimental results show that the suggested static and dynamic/partial reconfigurable architecture guarantees material efficiency and superior performance in terms of frequency and power consumption.

Complex Wavelet-Based Image Watermarking with the Human Visual Saliency Model

Imperceptibility and robustness are the two complementary, but fundamental requirements of any digital image watermarking method. To improve the invisibility and robustness of multiplicative image watermarking, a complex wavelet based watermarking algorithm is proposed by using the human visual texture masking and visual saliency model. First, image blocks with high entropy are selected as the watermark embedding space to achieve imperceptibility. Then, an adaptive multiplicative watermark embedding strength factor is designed by utilizing texture masking and visual saliency to enhance robustness. Furthermore, the complex wavelet coefficients of the low frequency sub-band are modeled by a Gaussian distribution, and a watermark decoding method is proposed based on the maximum likelihood criterion. Finally, the effectiveness of the watermarking is validated by using the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and the structural similarity index measure (SSIM) through experiments. Simulation results demonstrate the invisibility of the proposed method and its strong robustness against various attacks, including additive noise, image filtering, JPEG compression, amplitude scaling, rotation attack, and combinational attack.

Image watermarking and fusion based on Fourier single-pixel imaging with weighed light source.

In previous single-pixel imaging systems, the light source was generally idle with respect to time. Here, we propose a novel image fusion and visible watermarking scheme based on Fourier single-pixel imaging (FSPI) with a multiplexed time-varying (TV) signal, which is generated by the watermark pattern hidden in the light source. We call this scheme TV-FSPI. With TV-FSPI, we can realize high-quality visible image watermarking, encrypted image watermarking and full-color visible image watermarking. We also discuss the extension to invisible watermarking based on TV-FSPI. Furthermore, we don't have to recode illumination patterns, because TV-FSPI can be extended to existing mainstream illumination patterns, such as random illumination mode and Hadamard illumination mode. Thus TV-FSPI has the potential to be used in single-pixel broadcasting system and multi-spectral single-pixel imaging system.

Invisible Medical Image Watermarking using Edge Detection And Discrete Wavelet Transform Coefficients

Protection and authentication of medical images is essential for the patient’s disease identification and diagnosis. The watermark in medical imaging application needs to be invisible and it is also required to preserve the low and high frequency features of image data which makes watermarking a difficult assignment. Within this manuscript an unseen medical image watermarking approach is projected apply edge detection in the discrete wavelet transform domain. The wavelet transform is brought into play to decay the medical picture interested in multi-frequency secondary band coefficients. The edge detection applies to high frequency wavelet group in the direction of generating the boundary coefficients used as a key. The Gaussian noise pattern is utilized as watermark as well as embedded within the edge coefficients around the edges. To add the robustness scaled dilated edge coefficient is added with the edge coefficients to generate the watermarked image. Preserving the small frequency secondary band fulfills the information requirement of the medical imaging application. At the same time as adding together the watermark during high frequency sub-bands improve the watermark invisibility. To add additional robustness the dilation is applied on the edged coefficient before being embedded with sub band coefficients. presentation of the technique is experienced on the dissimilar set of medical imagery as well as evaluation of the proposed watermarking method founds it robust not in favor of the different attacks such at the same time as filtering, turning round plus resizing. Parametric study foundation going on Mean Square Error along with Signal to Noise Ratio shows that how good method performs for invisibility.

Improving the management of medical imaging by using robust and secure dual watermarking

Nowadays, the management of medical imaging could be affected by several issues related to information security. Among others, a critical issue is related to information authentication. A promissory way to solve this issue is the use of digital watermarking to improve the management of medical imaging. In this paper, we propose a robust and secure medical image watermarking method that involves invisible and zero watermarking techniques that provide a proper link between clinical information, medical image, and patient identity. Concealing an encoded and encrypted watermark signal in the frequency domain of the medical image, the invisible watermarking component avoids the detachment between the medical images and their corresponding electronic patient record. Based on a modified spread spectrum technique, the response of the invisible watermarking detector and the watermark information, the zero watermarking stage authenticates in a confidential form the identity of the patient. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed method in terms of transparency, security, reliability, and robustness of the watermark against several image processing operations. A comparison with state of the art proposals with similar purposes to the proposed method is also provided. The presented work may find applications in the secure and effective management of medical imaging.

A Blind Print-Recapture Robust Watermark Scheme by Calculating Self-Convolution

A blind print-recapture robust watermark scheme is proposed. Watermark patterns are embedded into the space domain of a color image and can be detected from a print-recaptured version of the image without knowledge of the original image. The process of embedding invisible watermarks to convert RGB color images to CIE Lab color spaces and embed periodic watermarks in both color channels at the same time. Watermark extraction is achieved by calculating self-convolution and inverting the geometric transformation such as rotation and scale. Normalized correlation coefficients between the extracted and the embedded watermark pattern is calculated to determine whether there is watermark. The decision about the presence/absence of the watermark pattern is then determined by a threshold which is set 0.13, and the detection rate of 241 pictures is about 0.79.

Dual DCT-DWT-SVD digital watermarking algorithm based on particle swarm optimization

Robust invisible watermarking plays an important role in copyright protection. Such watermarking has high requirements for robustness and security, and transparency and capacity cannot be ignored. Although there are many algorithms using singular value decomposition, most algorithms do not take security and reliability into account. Moreover, a meaningful watermark cannot be extracted under some attacks, resulting in the failure of copyright protection. In this paper, combined with particle swarm optimization (PSO), a secure and robust dual-embedded watermarking algorithm is proposed. First, the watermark image is encrypted by the generalized Arnold transform, then the original host image and the encrypted watermark image are processed by discrete cosine transform and multi-level discrete wavelet transform, and the singular values of the watermark image are embedded into the low-frequency and high-frequency regions of the host image, respectively. In addition, the embedding factor matrices are optimized by PSO. The simulation results based on the normal and medical host and watermark images show that the algorithm can meet the four basic characteristics of the watermarking algorithm. Moreover, the proposed watermarking algorithm has high capacity and good robustness, and can extract watermark with good visual effect under most attacks, so it can be used in copyright protection.

An Effective Authentication Scheme for Videos using Invisible Watermark

In this paper, a novel reversible keyless invisible authentication method for video piracy protection which uses randomized pixel for embedding real identity information is proposed. Randomization at two different levels is not considered in any of the existing methods. Videos, with this proposed embedding of authentication information, ensure minimum distortions and maximum resistance to the removal of authentication information. Keyless invisible embedding process increases the security and reduces the cost. This proposed approach enhances the randomization of the specific pixels where authentication information will be stored in a frame and the location of such modified pixels is stored in an immediate next frame. Each pair is identified with an embedded random number. Modified Least Significant Bit (LSB) based invisible watermark mechanism is used to embed the bits which are cost effective due to simplicity and which can withstand statistical attacks. During extraction, frame with pixel locations is used. The extracted information will be compared to assure the authenticity of video. The Euclidean distance, PSNR, MSE, SSIM proved that the proposed method can withstand visual attacks. StirMark test proved that the proposed algorithm is highly robust.

Invisible watermarking framework that authenticates and prevents thevisualization of anaglyph images for copyright protection

In this work, a watermarking framework to authenticate and protect the copyright that prevents the visualization of nonauthorized anaglyph images is proposed. Designed scheme embeds a binary watermark and the Blue channel of the anaglyph image into the discrete cosine transform domain of the original image. The proposed method applies the quantization index modulation-dither modulation algorithm and a combination of Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem with repetition codes, which permit to increase the capability in recovering the watermark. Additionally, Hash algorithm is used to scramble the component where the watermark should be embedding, guaranteeing a higher security performance of the scheme. This new technique prevents the visualization of 3D content to unauthorized users. Additionally, its high robustness against the most common image processing attacks, such as JPEG compression, impulsive and Gaussian noises, etc. has been demonstrated in this study.

A New Modified Approach to Improve PSNR, NC and MSE via Invisible Embedding of Binary Information using HAAR Transformation

A new modified approach of digital watermarking using HAAR wavelet function is presented in this paper. An invisible watermark or message is embedded into original data for protection. At the user end image segmentation approach is used to separate the object of interest from message and cover. The message is inserted in watermark on choosing the odd square of LH and even square of HL band and proposed embedding rule set. A set of images, two of family members and 4 already existing are as used as cover image to improve PSNR, NC and MSE.

An improved watermarking algorithm for color image using Schur decomposition

In order to protect the color image copyright protection of the multimedia big data, it is necessary to design a color image watermarking algorithm. To achieve this purpose, an improved color image watermarking algorithm based on Schur decomposition is proposed in this paper. First, the watermark information is, respectively, embedded into the upper triangular matrix and the unitary matrix of Schur decomposition by two different methods, and two temporary watermarked image blocks are obtained. Then, the proposed improved method is used to select the final watermarked image block from these temporary watermarked image blocks. The highlight of the proposed method is that the final watermarked block has less visual distortion. Meanwhile, the embedded flag is created and uploaded to the cloud service provider with the watermarked image. When extracting watermark, the original host image or the watermark image is not needed. Experimental results show that the proposed watermarking algorithm has better performance; in particular, the watermark invisibility has been obviously improved than other methods considered in this paper.

WATERMARKING PADA CITRA DIGITAL MENGGUNAKAN KOMBINASI PIXEL VALUE INDICATOR DAN METODE MOST SIGNIFICANT BIT

One way to protect the copyright and authenticity of a digital image is to affix a watermark in the form of writing or a sign on the image. If the affixed watermark is visible, then its presence can interfere with the appearance of the image and it is possible that the watermark will be cut, discarded, or cropped by parties who are not entitled to do so. In this paper, an application is designed to affix a watermark in the form of an invisible message, or an invisible watermark by using a combination of pixel value indicator and the Most Significant Bit (MSB) method on the image, so that it is not detected visually and the visual appearance of the image is not disturbed. The message is scrambled using a key, then the scrambled bits are hidden in the 5th bit MSB and the 6th bit of the green channel or blue channel, depending on the number of bits 1 owned by the red channel which serves as an indicator. The process of hiding the watermark is carried out in the middle area of ​​the image, so it is difficult to cut to remove it. Applications designed can be used to affix an invisible watermark in the form of messages that are not easily removed on digital images, so that they can protect the copyright of a digital image.

Adaptive digital medical image watermarking approach in 2D-wavelet domain using speed-up robust feature method

In the recent trends, the utilisation of digital images had got their importance in many fields. One of the major fields which had the more prominence utilisation of digital images is health care. The patient's information is stored in digital images for maintaining privacy and there is a need for preserving the content of the images. Watermarking serves well for protecting digital images. In this paper, Adaptive Digital Medical image watermarking approach is proposed. This proposed method utilises the 2D-Wavelet domain for converting the medical image in to number of sub bands. The interesting points are identified using the Speed-Up Robust Feature (SURF) method. The scaling parameter is calculated for the digital images using the bipolar sigmoid function. The control parameter is introduced to adjust the scaling parameter and it plays a crucial role in deciding the strength of the watermark. Experimental evaluation is carried out using three parameters, Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Structure SImilarity Measure (SSIM) and Normalised Correlation Coefficient (NCC). The experimental results proved that the proposed method had superior performance in both visible and invisible watermarking.

Adaptive digital medical image watermarking approach in 2D-wavelet domain using speed-up robust feature method

In the recent trends, the utilisation of digital images had got their importance in many fields. One of the major fields which had the more prominence utilisation of digital images is health care. The patient's information is stored in digital images for maintaining privacy and there is a need for preserving the content of the images. Watermarking serves well for protecting digital images. In this paper, Adaptive Digital Medical image watermarking approach is proposed. This proposed method utilises the 2D-Wavelet domain for converting the medical image in to number of sub bands. The interesting points are identified using the Speed-Up Robust Feature (SURF) method. The scaling parameter is calculated for the digital images using the bipolar sigmoid function. The control parameter is introduced to adjust the scaling parameter and it plays a crucial role in deciding the strength of the watermark. Experimental evaluation is carried out using three parameters, Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Structure SImilarity Measure (SSIM) and Normalised Correlation Coefficient (NCC). The experimental results proved that the proposed method had superior performance in both visible and invisible watermarking.

Invisible Video Watermarking for Data Integrity and Security based on Discrete Wavelet Transform – A Review

Invisible Video Watermarking for Data Integrity and Security based on Discrete Wavelet Transform – A Review

A blind image watermarking algorithm based on amalgamation domain method

Combining with the spatial domain and the frequency domain, a novel blind digital image watermarking algorithm is proposed to resolve the protecting copyright problem in this paper. When embedding watermark, the generation principle and distribution features of direct current (DC) coefficient are utilised to directly modify the pixel values in the spatial domain, then four different sub-watermarks are embedded into different areas of the host image for four times, respectively. When extracting watermark, the sub-watermark is extracted with blind manner according to DC coefficients of watermarked image and the key-based quantisation step, and then the statistical rule and first to select, second to combine are proposed to form the final watermark. Hence, the proposed algorithm not only has the simple and quick performance of the spatial domain but also has the high robustness feature of DCT domain. Many experimental results have proved that the proposed watermarking algorithm has good invisibility of watermark and strong robustness for many added attacks, e.g., JPEG compression, cropping, adding noise, etc. Comparison results also have shown the benefits of the proposed algorithm.

A blind image watermarking algorithm based on amalgamation domain method

Combining with the spatial domain and the frequency domain, a novel blind digital image watermarking algorithm is proposed to resolve the protecting copyright problem in this paper. When embedding watermark, the generation principle and distribution features of direct current (DC) coefficient are utilised to directly modify the pixel values in the spatial domain, then four different sub-watermarks are embedded into different areas of the host image for four times, respectively. When extracting watermark, the sub-watermark is extracted with blind manner according to DC coefficients of watermarked image and the key-based quantisation step, and then the statistical rule and "first to select, second to combine" are proposed to form the final watermark. Hence, the proposed algorithm not only has the simple and quick performance of the spatial domain but also has the high robustness feature of DCT domain. Many experimental results have proved that the proposed watermarking algorithm has good invisibility of watermark and strong robustness for many added attacks, e.g., JPEG compression, cropping, adding noise, etc. Comparison results also have shown the benefits of the proposed algorithm.