Invisible States Research Articles

A High-Security mutual authentication system based on structural color-based physical unclonable functions labels

Optical physical unclonable functions (PUFs) have been considered to be one of the powerful tools to curb counterfeiting due to the unpredictable preparation process and identifiable information content. Responsive colloidal photonic crystals capable of controlling and manipulating light propagation exhibit low optical loss, stability and hiding function, which are more suitable to accomplish the safety and practicability of optical PUF labels. Herein, structural color-based PUF labels (SCPLs) prepared by injection-casting colloidal crystals propose a highly efficient and stable PUF authentication. With the decimal encode of the reflection intensity level at each pixel, the SCPL can achieve a theoretical encoding capacity of 102500 at 50 × 50 pixels. Utilizing the responsiveness of SCPLs, the PUF features can be switched between invisible and visible states to hide PUF information. Moreover, authentication experiments confirmed that the robustness of SCPL reached 0.994 and 0.960 in tensile test and wetting–drying cycle test, respectively, indicating that SCPL with hiding function, low optical loss and stability can be authenticated multiple times in practical applications. Interestingly, a high-security mutual authentication system for supply chain based on digital storage secret keys is proposed to showcase the strong application potential of SCPLs for various fields such as confidentiality of materials/technologies, dynamic anti-counterfeiting/camouflage, etc.

Exhibition Review: Devour the Land: War and American Landscape Photography since 1970

Exhibition Review: <i>Devour the Land: War and American Landscape Photography since 1970</i>

Graphic Queering of Mental Illness: Nagata’s My Lesbian Experience with Loneliness as Counter Discourse

Eating disorders have been understood predominantly as a female malady and impulsively associated with notions of femininity. This paper holds this view to be restrictive in that it overshadows other aspects that contribute to this complex phenomenon. It discusses Kabi Nagata’s My Lesbian Experience with Loneliness as a text that opens up underexplored dimensions of the condition by separating it from gender and relating it to sexuality instead. Given the fact that the queer community is comparatively more vulnerable to mental illnesses like eating disorders, the paper locates the text within the backdrop of the historical pathologisation of sexuality and its correlative desexualisation of the pathologised. Using Crip theory as a point of departure, the article aims to unearth the commonalities between queer studies and disability studies to identify overlapping areas. It positions Nagata’s text as a counter discourse by identifying heteronormativity as the illness-inducing phenomena rather than relating homosexuality to a state of being ill or disabled. Nagata’s choice and employment of the graphic medium’s rhetorical devices are analysed to justify the medium’s as most suitable to “show” the invisible states of queerness and mental illness. It concludes with demonstrating how the medium acts as a therapeutic confrontational mode of expression, offering the memoirist agency to rewrite/redraw her experience, thereby creating new meanings of the same.

Documenting the undocumented: testimony, attention and cinematic asylum in La Blessure

ABSTRACT Nicolas Klotz and Élisabeth Perceval’s La Blessure (2004) bears witness to invisible state violence at the nation’s borders, in airport zones of exception, where asylum seekers are detained, injured, cared for and forced to return. This early visual representation of repressive care in the current border regime also cultivates forms of attention and regard for the asylum seeker’s face, voice and story. La Blessure complicates both humanitarian and documentary approaches to the undocumented. Jean-Luc Nancy’s observation that La Blessure evokes attention rather than compassion launches an examination of ‘cinematic asylum’ and frames of care in the film. Klotz and Perceval propose an undocumentarian approach to the undocumented, insofar as it is neither documentary in its genre nor humanitarian in its orientation. In its invocation of attention, the film’s forms wield political force while gesturing towards ethical and juridical reparation.

Sensitivity of Future \(e^+e^-\) Colliders to Processes of Dark Matter Production with Light Mediator Exchange

One of the primary goals of the proposed future collider experiments is to search for dark matter (DM) particles using different experimental approaches. High energy $e^+e^-$ colliders offer unique possibility for the most general search based on the mono-photon signature. As any $e^+e^-$ collision process may include hard initial-state photon radiation, analysis of the energy spectrum and angular distributions of observed photons can be used to search for hard processes with an invisible final state. Dedicated procedure of merging the matrix element calculations with the lepton ISR structure function was developed to model the Standard Model background processes contributing to mono-photon signature with WHIZARD. In this work, we consider production of DM particles at the International Linear Collider (ILC) and Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) experiments via a mediator exchange. Detector effects are taken into account within the DELPHES fast simulation framework. Limits on the light DM production in a simplified model are set as a function of the mediator mass and width based on the expected two-dimensional distributions of the reconstructed mono-photon events. The experimental sensitivity is extracted in terms of the DM production cross section. Limits on the mediator couplings are then presented for a wide range of mediator masses and widths. For light mediators, for masses up to the centre-of-mass energy of the collider, coupling limits derived from the mono-photon analysis are more stringent than those expected from direct resonance searches in decay channels to SM particles.

Delta robot joints control-based linear MPC controller

Controlling the joints' angles of a robot is an important step which lead to controlling the robot end effector position and/or speed. Thus, it has been a vast area of interest in research which has good investigating potentials using several control types such as classical, modern and optimal control methods. In this work, a linear model predictive control MPC technique was proposed to control the joints' angle of a three degree of freedom delta robot. The inverse kinematics, direct kinematics, and dynamic model of the robot were analysed. Then, the dynamic model represented in a linearised around an operating point state space model. In order to investigate the performance of the proposed MPC controller a simulator-based MATLAB program was implemented. The simulation results have showed the efficiency of the proposed controller in the joints' angles control problem. This illustrates that the MPC controller can derive the joints' angles to track the desired angles with invisible steady state error.

Confocal Imaging of Developing Leaves.

Questions in developmental biology are most frequently addressed by using fluorescent markers of otherwise invisible cell states. In plants, such questions can be addressed most conveniently in leaves. Indeed, from the formation of stomata and trichomes within the leaf epidermis to that of vein networks deep into the leaf inner tissue, leaf cells and tissues differentiate anew during the development of each leaf. Moreover, leaves are produced in abundance and are easily accessible to visualization and perturbation. Yet a detailed procedure for the perturbation, dissection, mounting, and imaging of developing leaves has not been described. Here we address this limitation (1) by providing robust, step-by-step protocols for the local application of the plant hormone auxin to developing leaves and for the routine dissection and mounting of leaves and leaf primordia, and (2) by offering practical guidelines for the optimization of imaging parameters for confocal microscopy. We describe the procedure for the first leaves of Arabidopsis, but the same approach can be easily applied to other leaves of Arabidopsis or to leaves of other plants. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Support Protocol 1: Preparation of plant growth medium Support Protocol 2: Preparation of growth medium plates Basic Protocol 1: Seed sterilization, sowing, and germination, and seedling growth Support Protocol 3: Preparation of IAA-lanolin paste Basic Protocol 2: Application of IAA-lanolin paste to 3.5-DAG first leaves Basic Protocol 3: Dissection of 3- to 6-DAG first leaves and leaf primordia Basic Protocol 4: Dissection of 1- and 2-DAG first-leaf primordia Basic Protocol 5: Mounting of dissected leaves and leaf primordia Support Protocol 4: Quality check of mounted leaves and leaf primordia by fluorescence microscopy Basic Protocol 6: Imaging of mounted leaves and leaf primordia by confocal microscopy.

Human-robot collaboration empowered by hidden semi-Markov model for operator behaviour prediction in a smart assembly system

Human-robot collaboration (HRC) in assembly scenarios, particularly a human center HRC system, demands the robot to react smartly. How the robot should respond in time to collaboration requests with anticipation of human behavior instead of waiting for visible cues is challenging. This study proposes a hidden semi-Markov model (HSMM) for a human center HRC assembly system that enables the robot to accurately predict the human assembly rate. The HSMM model links different assembly rates (visible states) with distinct operator perceptions (invisible states). Thus, the robot responds by adjusting to the predicted human behavior using the proposed HSMM. The proposed model was verified through a simulation of the collaborative scenario on a graphics processing unit assembly line. The results indicate that the proposed HSMM-based HRC plan significantly reduces the assembly cycle time and operator waiting time. A successful partnership between humans and robots in a smart assembly system using the proposed recognition intelligence and precise predictions was achieved in this study.

Structural Reconstruction of Optically Invisible State in a Single Molecule via Scanning Tunneling Microscope.

Molecular dark states, participating in various energy- and electron-transfer processes, are typically beyond direct optical-spectroscopic measurements because of the forbidden transition dictated by the selection rule. In this work, we demonstrate a direct profile of the dark-state transition density of a single molecule on the subnanometer scale by using a scanning tunneling microscope. Our method allows one to resolve the four-lobe configuration in a 1 nm region for the example molecule. The current proposal will bring about a new methodology to study the single-molecule properties in electro-optical devices and light-assisted biological processes.

Sensitivity of future linear hbox {e}^+hbox {e}^- colliders to processes of dark matter production with light mediator exchange

As any e^+e^- scattering process can be accompanied by a hard photon emission from the initial state radiation, the analysis of the energy spectrum and angular distributions of those photons can be used to search for hard processes with an invisible final state. Thus high energy e^+e^- colliders offer a unique possibility for the most general search of dark matter (DM) based on the mono-photon signature. We consider production of DM particles at the International Linear Collider (ILC) and Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) experiments via a light mediator exchange. Detector effects are taken into account within the Delphes fast simulation framework. Limits on the light DM production in a simplified model are set as a function of the mediator mass and width based on the expected two-dimensional distributions of the reconstructed mono-photon events. The experimental sensitivity is extracted in terms of the DM production cross section. Limits on the mediator couplings are then presented for a wide range of mediator masses and widths. For light mediators, for masses up to the centre-of-mass energy of the collider, coupling limits derived from the mono-photon analysis are more stringent than those expected from direct resonance searches in decay channels to SM particles.

Practical Aspects of Sample Preparation and Setup of &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;H &lt;em&gt;R&lt;sub&gt;1&amp;#961;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/em&gt; Relaxation Dispersion Experiments of RNA

RNA is a highly flexible biomolecule, wherein changes in structures play crucial roles in the functions that RNA molecules execute as cellular messengers and modulators. While these dynamic states remain hidden to most structural methods, R1ρ relaxation dispersion (RD) spectroscopy allows the study of conformational dynamics in the micro- to millisecond regime at atomic resolution. The use of 1H as the observed nucleus further expands the time regime covered and gives direct access to hydrogen bonds and base pairing. The challenging steps in such a study are high-purity and high-yield sample preparation, potentially 13C- and 15N-labeled, as well as setup of experiments and fitting of data to extract population, exchange rate, and secondary structure of the previously invisible state. This protocol provides crucial hands-on steps in sample preparation to ensure the preparation of a suitable RNA sample and setup of 1H R1ρ experiments with both isotopically labeled and unlabeled RNA samples.

Practical Aspects of Sample Preparation and Setup of &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;H &lt;em&gt;R&lt;sub&gt;1&amp;#961;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/em&gt; Relaxation Dispersion Experiments of RNA

RNA is a highly flexible biomolecule, wherein changes in structures play crucial roles in the functions that RNA molecules execute as cellular messengers and modulators. While these dynamic states remain hidden to most structural methods, R1ρ relaxation dispersion (RD) spectroscopy allows the study of conformational dynamics in the micro- to millisecond regime at atomic resolution. The use of 1H as the observed nucleus further expands the time regime covered and gives direct access to hydrogen bonds and base pairing. The challenging steps in such a study are high-purity and high-yield sample preparation, potentially 13C- and 15N-labeled, as well as setup of experiments and fitting of data to extract population, exchange rate, and secondary structure of the previously invisible state. This protocol provides crucial hands-on steps in sample preparation to ensure the preparation of a suitable RNA sample and setup of 1H R1ρ experiments with both isotopically labeled and unlabeled RNA samples.

Types of Tellurium Mineralization of Gold Deposits of the Aldan Shield (Southern Yakutia, Russia)

The published and original data on the tellurium mineralization of gold ore deposits of the Aldan Shield are systematized and generalized. The gold content is related to hydrothermal-metasomatic processes caused by Mesozoic igneous activity of the region. The formation of tellurides occurred at the very late stages of the generation of gold mineralization of all existing types of metasomatic formations. 29 tellurium minerals, including 16 tellurides, 5 sulfotellurides and 8 tellurates have been identified. Tellurium minerals of two systems predominate: Au-Bi-Te and Au-Ag-Te. Gold is not only in an invisible state in sulfides and in the form of native gold of different fineness, but also is part of a variety of compounds: montbrayite, calaverite, sylvanite, krennerite and petzite. In the gold deposits of the Aldan Shield, three mineral types are distinguished: Au-Ag-Te, Au-Bi-Te, and also a mixed one, which combines the mineralization of both systems. The decrease in the fineness of native gold is consistent with the sequence and temperatures of the formation of Te minerals and associated mineral paragenesis from the epithermal–mesothermal Au-Bi-Te to epithermal Au-Ag-Te. The conducted studies allowed us to determine a wide variety of mineral species and significantly expand the area of distribution of Au-Te mineralization that indicates its large-scale regional occurrence in the Aldan Shield.

Electronic cloaking effect of localized states induced in graphene nanoribbons

The cloaking effect of electronic states was only reported in bilayer graphene. Here in this work we show that this effect can also be induced in armchair graphene nanoribbons (AGNRs), by potential barriers that modulate the chirality property of the system (correlation between pseudospins). These barriers manipulate the chirality and generates pseudospin polarizations on the sides of the barrier, which leaves spatial regions in evidence, in which states behave differently. In AGNRs the extended states (ES), associated with the tunneling of Klein, use only some sites in the nanoribbon lattice (sublattice of ES). On the other hand, the barrier applied in the nanoribbon, induces states totally localized within the region of the barrier, these states use only the sites not used by the sublattice of ES. The localized states remain invisible for electronic transport for all the energies and characteristics of the barrier in the region of the first effective transport band, the same as the states are changing. This electronic cloaking effect can be suppressed by the application of a magnetic field, detecting in the conductance the previously invisible states in the form of Fano resonances. We discuss here the possibility of using this cloaking effect to generate mechanisms that can hide information or to activate hidden system effects.

Search for K+ decays to a muon and invisible particles

The NA62 experiment at CERN reports searches for K+→μ+N and K+→μ+νX decays, where N and X are massive invisible particles, using the 2016–2018 data set. The N particle is assumed to be a heavy neutral lepton, and the results are expressed as upper limits of O(10−8) of the neutrino mixing parameter |Uμ4|2 for N masses in the range 200–384 MeV/c2 and lifetime exceeding 50 ns. The X particle is considered a scalar or vector hidden sector mediator decaying to an invisible final state, and upper limits of the decay branching fraction for X masses in the range 10–370 MeV/c2 are reported for the first time, ranging from O(10−5) to O(10−7). An improved upper limit of 1.0×10−6 is established at 90% CL on the K+→μ+ννν¯ branching fraction.

Triple‐State Invisible Photonic Crystal Pattern Encrypted in Hollow‐Silica/Polyurethane Film for Anticounterfeiting Applications

An invisible photonic crystal (PC) pattern encrypted at the dry state and decrypted by solvent is a new anticounterfeiting material system, but its diversity and complexity in response are still required to be increased to enhance the anticounterfeiting effect. Herein, a triple‐state invisible pattern encrypted in hollow‐silica/polyurethane (h‐SiO2/PU) film with two decryption mechanisms is developed based on the asymmetric solvent response of h‐SiO2/PU with different SiO2 shell thicknesses. The pattern is printed via etching SiO2 shell in the designed region, which creates an etched “pattern” containing thin‐shell h‐SiO2 particles and an unetched “background” containing thick‐shell particles. Different from the traditional invisible PC patterns, the current system possesses triple states, including a “dry” invisible state composed of two close inverse opal structures, a “wet” invisible state composed of inverse opals filled with water, and an ethanol‐soaking visible state due to the prevention of solvent diffusion by the thicker shell. The invisible patterns are reversibly and randomly switched among these three states, which suggest that they are decrypted from the dry invisible state through selective solvent infiltration or from the wet invisible state through selective extraction. Such increased diversity and complexity make this invisible PC pattern ideal material for anticounterfeiting applications.

The Invisible Protein States of Mdmx and Mdm2 Determine Ligand-Binding Affinity Revealed by Crystallographic Structures and NMR Dynamics

Overexpression of Mdm2/MdmX is highly related to cancer occurrence and development. Mdm2 and MdmX are highly homologous and Mdm2 inhibitors exhibit weak affinity for MdmX. It is fundamentally interesting to understand how Mdm2 and MdmX distinguish the binding affinity of the same ligand. Previously, we have identified three flexible regions on N-MdmX that defined an invisible state, facilitated by NMR study (Qin et al. Biochemistry 2017, 56, 44, 5943-5954). Recently we solved five X-ray crystallographic structures of Mdm2/nutlin-3a complexes (5ZXF and 5Z02) and MdmX/nutlin-3a complexes (7C3Q, 7C44 and 7C3Y).

An attempt to analyze the longitudinal psychological state of cancer patients in the active treatment stage.

The psychological state and changes over time of cancer patients in the active treatment stage were classified into emotions by the speech and behavior of the patient described in the medical record article of the cancer psychological interview record, and the analysis of the "emotional state map" was attempted. In all cases, positive / negative emotions were mixed and appeared with variation, but a relatively large number of positive emotions, including <joy>, <relief>, and <liking>, were manifested, and the same was true in patients who experienced stressful treatment events. In the background, the existence of appropriate support from medical professionals and psychological characteristics peculiar to the stage of active treatment was inferred, such as the active treatment of the target patient, the hospitalization environment in which mental and physical pain promptly appealed to medical professionals, and the influence of psychological interviews. Cancer patients during active treatment perceived and expressed changes in the body and pain caused by the disease, and after responses from medical professionals and family members, they were conscious of their physical condition and emotions. It is suggested that this analysis method helps to objectively understand and explain the invisible and ever-changing psychological state of cancer patients in the active treatment stage. J. Med. Invest. 68 : 148-153, February, 2021.

Tathāgatagarbha in the &lt;i&gt;Niepanjing jijie&lt;/i&gt;

In the Niepanjing jijie 涅槃経集解, Tathāgatagarbha is considered the synonym of Buddha-nature. Still, the difference between Tathāgatagarbha and Buddha-nature is recognized in that Buddha-nature is a characteristic of Buddha, while Tathāgatagarbha refers to sentient beings. Buddha-nature is Dharmakāya in a visible state. In contrast, Tathāgatagarbha is Dharmakāya in an invisible state, covered by afflictions. This kind of interpretation is seen in works of Jizang 吉蔵 and Huiyuan of the Jingying Monastery 浄影寺慧遠, and is arguably a consensus shared by Chinese Buddhists in the Northern and Southern and the Sui Dynasties. From this interpretation, we may see the influence of the Śrīmālādevīsiṃhanādasūtra and the effect of traditional Chinese ideas on human nature.

Disintegration and mineralization of mulch films and leaf litter in soil

Biodegradable mulch films are used in agriculture for controlling weeds. The intrinsic biodegradability and safety of the films is proven by using standard test methods in the laboratory. On the other hand, the degradation that occurs in fields after use can be followed by observing the fragmentation and disappearance over time. The disintegration that occurs after use is a relevant process, because persistent shreds can interfere with the subsequent crop and disrupt the agricultural cycle in the long term. Disintegration is not proof of biodegradation. If fragmentation is not followed by ultimate biodegradation, it is just a shift of the pollution from a visible to an invisible state, which is ultimately the source of microplastics. In this article we followed both the “disappearance” of pieces of a conventional mulch film, a biodegradable one, filter paper, and dried maple leaves and their parallel conversion into CO2. The results showed that there was a clear correlation between the visual disappearance of the tested material and the mineralization level. The final mineralization of the biodegradable mulch film was similar to the level reached by filter paper and dried leaves, while the conventional mulch film showed neither fragmentation nor mass loss nor mineralization.