Investment Tool Research Articles

The Effect of Clean Energy Financial Investment on Carbon Reduction

Accounting and finance are intricately intertwined with the global quest for environmental sustainability by applying accounting and finance tools for carbon reduction initiatives. Clean energy financial investment is one of the many alternative tools through which accounting contributes to carbon reduction. Accordingly, this paper analysed the impact of separate and integrated clean energy investment alternatives on carbon reduction. Data on clean energy financial investment and carbon emission per capita were collected from the International Energy Agency (IEA) and Our World in Data archives, respectively. Data was analysed by using multiple pooled OLS to evaluate the impact of individual clean energy financial investments on carbon reduction and the impact of integrating the various clean energy financial investment alternatives on carbon reduction separately. Findings show that individual clean energy financial investments may not separately offer desired carbon reduction, hence, albeit some negative coefficients, individual clean investments showed no significant impact on carbon reduction. However, furthering the test by pooling all the clean energy financial investment alternatives shows a significant negative effect of clean energy financial investment on carbon reduction at a P-value of 0.05. This shows that an integration of different alternatives of clean energy financial investment may offer an enhanced reduction of carbon emission, which outweighs the effect of relying on a single clean energy investment alternative. The findings offer significant insight for policy makers’ future strategies towards a combination of multiple clean energy financial investments. Furthermore, the findings from this paper are a further testament that accounting and finance are connected with the global quest for environmental sustainability through the application of accounting and financial investment tools in conducting clean energy financial investment.

Analysis of the Difference in Stock Price Between A-shares and American Stocks in Machine Learning

Contemporarily, stock market is the most representative financial investment tool in the world. The application of machine learning has had a significant impact on the development of society and economy as well as productivity, and has also been inextricably linked to the securities market. This study will analyse and compare the technological development of machine learning in the last five years, as well as the stock value data and stock price fluctuations of A-shares and American stocks in the field of machine learning. In this way, the machine learning technology may change the global stock market in the future, and the prospect of this technology in the future. This paper introduces three forecasting models, namely Light Gradient Boosting Machine (lightGBM) model, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) model and Long short-term memory (LSTM) model, and studies their influence on stocks and forecasting accuracy. Applying machine learning to financial investment is a two-edged sword, with advantages and disadvantages, opportunities and challenges, depending on whether and the measure to implement it.

Організаційне забезпечення розвитку державно-приватного партнерства

Statement of the problem. Currently, there are many problems and unresolved issues that hinder the processes of effective implementation of projects between the state and private business. Accordingly, it can be argued that there is a need for in-depth scientific research on the functioning of public-private partnerships, which actualises the direction and topic of the research in this article. Analysis of recent research and publications. The implementation of public- private partnership is studied in the publications of such scholars as Garifullin M., Degtyarev A., Kozar Y., Komarnytska H., Kosach I., Krynychko L., Krynychko F., Petryk S., Savchenko V., Stoyka S., Stoyka V. and others. They raise the issue of the national experience of public-private partnership in the context of development of investment and innovation activities, consider certain aspects of the institution of public-private partnership, in particular, as the basis of financial and economic stability of the state, study the peculiarities of development of public-private partnership in the context of decentralisation of power in Ukraine. Identification of previously unresolved parts of the general problem. The subject of this study is to analyse the organisational support for the development of public-private partnerships and to substantiate strategic directions for improving the interaction between the state and the private sector in current conditions. Summary of the basic research material. Public-private partnership is characterised as a socio-economic category within which the state and the private sector interact to implement specific projects. The implementation of a partnership between private business and the state has the advantage that it involves state support and guarantees. Today, there are many problems associated with inadequate state support for public- private partnerships in Ukraine. The article proposes strategic directions of support and development of public-private partnership in Ukraine. These include: regulatory (improvement of the legislative and regulatory framework for the implementation of public-private partnerships and bringing it in line with international norms and standards); organisational (implementation of organisational measures to strengthen the State support for public-private partnerships); motivational (focus on motivational factors for involving private entities in cooperation with the State on the basis of the latest tools and methods); and innovative (use of innovative and investment tools). Conclusions. Today, there are many problems associated with inadequate state support for public-private partnerships in Ukraine. Measures should be taken in line with the implementation of strategic directions aimed at developing public-private partnerships. The key area should be to improve the regulatory framework for the implementation of public-private partnerships and its state support, which can ensure the interaction of private business and public authorities with the highest efficiency. It is necessary to provide sufficient motivational levers based on the latest tools and methods and to apply innovative and investment tools that can bring public-private partnership to a qualitatively new level of development

A Multi-Scale Climate Vulnerability and Risk Assesment (C-VRA) Methodology for Corporate Scale Investments: West Bank-Palestine Case Study

Assessing climate vulnerability and risk has become a critical part of feasibility studies for infrastructure investments due to the increased frequency and severity of atmospheric disasters. However, evaluating climate parameters and disturbances can become challenging in vulnerable regions, such as the dry Mediterranean terrain. This is why climate vulnerability and risk assessment (C-VRA) should cover several parameters and factors besides climate analysis. In our case, the political stress and conflicts between Palestine and Israel settlements in the West Bank add additional risks and vulnerabilities. Our paper presents a C-VRA in the Nabi Saleh Village-West Bank of Palestine, where a dairy factory with a wastewater treatment plant will be built. The factory is estimated to use around 120 m3 of water daily and produce wastewater that will be treated and reused for agricultural irrigation. Unfortunately, the current practice in the region is to use untreated wastewater to irrigate trees and vegetables without restraint since the treatment capacity is low, and a large part of the wastewater is discharged untreated into the streams. The dairy factory is planned on a ridge at the upper watershed (headwater) of the 1795.04 km2 Yarkon Rive r basin. The local communities in the region are vulnerable to climate change impacts and related atmospheric disasters due to poverty, agriculture dependency, and political issues. To evaluate future climate projections, we used the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Assessment Report 6 (IPCC AR6) methodology. We also used the Mann-Kendal test to analyze the historical trend of climate parameters and projections for three scenarios (optimistic, moderate, and pessimistic) of AR6 for a future period until 2080, considering the life span of the investments and water-specific physical climate risks. Results showed that the historical temperature had a statistically significant increasing trend projected to continue in the next 60 years. Additionally, according to all three scenarios, the precipitation in the region will decrease in the coming decades. As a result, we identified one high (water scarcity) and two moderate-level risks (rainfall decrease and drought) for the corporate, all related to water security. Our methodology incorporates basin-scale assessments with regional and local vulnerabilities, making it a potential tool for critical infrastructure investments elsewhere.

ARE GREEN CRYPTOCURRENCIES SAFE? INVESTIGATION OF THE GREEN AND NON-GREEN CRYPTOCURRENCIES

Cryptocurrencies, which started with Bitcoin, which was released differently from traditional payment and investment tools, have large transaction volumes today. In addition to the many economic benefits of cryptocurrencies, which are used both as a payment tool and as a financial investment tool, high energy consumption and a heavy carbon footprint come with them. With the owner of the automaker Tesla stating that he is worried about the increasing use of fossil fuels in Bitcoin mining and cutting its support for Bitcoin, the price of Bitcoin has fallen sharply, while green cryptocurrencies have reached historical peaks. This situation reminded the investors that they should handle risky investments carefully and also highlighted the importance of green investment tools. Understanding the relationship between green cryptocurrencies and other assets is essential for investors looking to expand their portfolios and seize emerging opportunities. In this direction, the study examined whether green cryptocurrencies are a safe haven against non-green cryptocurrencies in the period of January 2022–July 2023. In the analysis, DCC-GARCH analysis, risk, and return analyses were performed for safe haven. According to the analysis' findings, among cryptocurrencies, green cryptocurrencies are most likely to be a safe haven for investors.

Investments: classic instruments of the stock exchange or cryptocurrency

The article is devoted to regular analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of various investment tools, namely investing in classic securities of the world stock market or in cryptocurrencies on different platforms. Note that there is very little research on the chosen topic in the Ukrainian scientific environment, and the need for them is growing every day, since practical actions must be based on a theoretical basis. Technological progress is constantly accelerating, currently most of the world's money is concentrated in electronic accounts and wallets. The purpose of scientific work is to analyze the risks and opportunities caused by the chosen direction of investment. The issue of centralization of capital investments on stock markets and cryptocurrency exchanges is considered. The history of the creation of centralized stock markets and decentralized crypto-platforms is traced. The article analyzes the dynamics of growth of the total amount of shares on the New York Stock Exchange and the dynamics of growth and decline of the price of one bitcoin in recent years. The article also analyzes the changes in the Ukrainian stock exchange over the past three years and explains how the situation has developed in the world and separately in the country affects investment and the state of the main joint-stock companies of Ukraine. The actions that led to the stabilization of the stock exchange after the full-scale invasion of Russia and COVID-19 are considered. The study compared two major currency exchanges: the US New York Stock Exchange and the Binance cryptocurrency exchange. It is also indicated how the world's largest stock and cryptocurrency markets reacted to the state of war in Ukraine and ways to help fight against the aggressor country. The largest fraudulent cyber-thefts on the world's cryptocurrency exchanges are analyzed and the amounts of lost funds in millions of US dollars and in the same crypto-coins that were stolen are indicated. Unlike cryptocurrency exchanges, the article describes that stock exchanges have not been robbed of millions of dollars. A SWOT analysis of the advantages, disadvantages, threats and opportunities of investing in instruments of classic stock exchanges and crypto-platforms was carried out. Comparing all the above-mentioned aspects, conclusions were drawn regarding the reliability of the respective exchange and the investment of monetary units of the subjects in the appropriate direction.

Comprehensive assessment of sustainable development as a responsible investment tool

Subject. The article addresses methodology and practice of comprehensive assessment of economic efficiency, environmental, social responsibility, and organizational management. Objectives. The study aims at comprehensive consideration of problems of information and methodological support to ESG assessment of companies as a tool of responsible investment, identification of ways to improve the quality of ESG performance assessment to make fully informed, ESG-conscious, and strategically valuable investment decisions. Methods. The study employs methods of systems, complex, comparative, structural, and logical analysis. I performed a content analysis of approaches to the formation of ESG ratings of the world's leading rating agencies. The paper gives a comparative assessment of the content of major foreign and domestic ESG ratings. Results. The paper considers prerequisites for improving the quality of ESG assessment related to shortcomings of information and methodological support for the analysis of sustainable development, underpins the main areas for improving the ESG assessment, offers an approach to comprehensive assessment of company's sustainable development that complements ESG ratings and involves in-depth research on priority issues of sustainable development. Conclusions. Priority areas for improving the quality of ESG assessment include harmonization of sustainable development reporting standards, consistent transition to mandatory preparation of ESG reporting, elaboration of a standardized list of ESG reporting indicators, development of the institution of independent external confirmation of ESG reporting. It is crucial to increase transparency, validity, and objectivity of methodological approaches to ESG assessment. A comprehensive assessment that involves in-depth analysis on priority issues, enables to overcome the shortcomings of the ESG rating assessment, and, is, therefore, a more reliable basis for informed investment decisions.

The Impact of Procuring Per Offer, Turnover of Absolute Resource, Return on Value and Debt Asset Ratio on Offer Value of Maufactur Area Recorded on the Indonesia Stock Trade Period 2019 - 2022

The value of the money is going to decrease because of inflation, so we have to invest in an investment asset. The investment tool explored in this research is c-stock which uses financial ratios to determine whether financial ratios are correlated with stock prices in order to identify capital intensive companies. This research uses ratios such as EPS TATO ROE and asset or debt ratio to provide profitability. This study has been carried out in the case of manufacturing companies listed on IDX, using Eviews version 10 as a data processing tool. The primary sampling method was applied in this study, as it is the standard of sampling. From 2019 to 2022 the samples were six companies with research data and therefore 32 observation reports have been collected. Because of the review, it is known that (1) Profit per share emphatically affects stock costs. The meaning of 00154 demonstrates this so H1 is acknowledged. ( 2) The complete resource turnover rate essentially affects the stock cost as confirmed by the meaning of 01040 so H2 is dismissed. ( 3) Return on value emphatically affects stock cost ( ) which is demonstrated at the importance level 00390 so H3 is acknowledged. ( 4) The obligation to resource rate affects share costs, this is validated by a critical worth of0.0719 so H4 is dismissed;( 5) accomplished contemporaneous Experimental outcomes calculation results F of3.103040 with probability0.031819 can be closed in the event that all factors have a huge impact contemporaneously on costs of stock. The aftereffects of the retrogression examination show the adjusted worth( r2) of0.213441, implies that varieties in Profit per Offer, Advancement of All out Resource, Return on Value, and Obligation to implies rate can make sense of the21.34 of changes in stock value, the remaining78.66 is made sense of not analyzed by different factors in this review.

Cost efficiency of municipal green bonds’ measures: a marginal abatement cost curves approach

PurposeWith more cities aiming to achieve climate neutrality, identifying the funding to support these plans is essential. The purpose of this paper is to exploit the present of a structured green bonds framework in Sweden to investigate the typology of abatement projects Swedish municipalities invested in and understand their effectiveness.Design/methodology/approachMarginal abatement cost curves of the green bond measures are constructed by using the financial and abatement data provided by municipalities on an annual basis.FindingsThe results highlight the economic competitiveness of clean energy production, measured in abatement potential per unit of currency, even when compared to other emerging technologies that have attracted the interest of policymakers. A comparison with previous studies on the cost efficiency of carbon capture storage reveals that clean energy projects, especially wind energy production, can contribute to the reduction of emissions in a more efficient way. The Swedish carbon tax is a good incentive tool for investments in clean energy projects.Originality/valueThe improvement concerning previous applications is twofold: the authors expand the financial considerations to include the whole life-cycle costs, and the authors consider all the greenhouse gases. This research constitutes a prime in using financial and environmental data produced by local governments to assess the effectiveness of their environmental measures.

Clean cryptocurrency and green assets: a quantile connectedness approach

ABSTRACTCryptocurrencies are popular investment tools nowadays. Recently, with requirements for environmental friendliness, green cryptocurrencies emerged, providing market participants with new sustainable options. The interrelatedness between cryptocurrencies and green financial assets should be comprehensively examined. This article examines spillover effects among major cryptocurrencies, green cryptocurrencies, and green financial assets, based on the latest quantile connectivity framework. Cryptocurrencies are verified as net spillers generally, while green assets are net receivers. Connectedness is stronger in extreme market conditions and is obviously affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia–Ukraine War. Additionally, heterogeneity of green cryptocurrencies is evident, with net spillover direction varying over time and market conditions. The research has reference value for investors, policymakers, regulators, and environmentalists.

Settlement of Bankruptcy Assets in A Form of Crypto Assets Throughout Bankcruptcy Process

AbstractThis research analyzes Crypto Assets as bankruptcy assets in the procedures for settlement by the curator in relation to statutory regulations, as well as the criteria for objects that can be included in bankruptcy assets. Generally, wealth is in the form of objects that can be seen, but the emergence of Crypto Assets in society breaks the stigma that exists in general. Based on bankruptcy practices in Indonesia, the categories or characteristics of objects that can be included as bankruptcy assets belonging to debtors are object that have resale value or economic value. This research is juridical-normative in nature. The results of this research show that crypto assets have met the classification as intangible objects. As bankruptcy assets, Crypto Assets cannot necessarily be used as a means of paying debts to creditors, because in Indonesia Crypto Assets are only allowed as an investment tool. However, Crypto Assets as bankruptcy assets must first be cleared by the curator until they are in the form of rupiah currency through certain stages in accordance with applicable law and regulations.Keywords: Bankruptcy; Bankruptcy Assets; Crypto Assets; Settlement.

Аналіз сучасних інструментів інвестування у відновлювальну енергетику України

This article examines the investment tools within the renewable energy sector in Ukraine. As the world struggles with climate change, the transition to sustainable energy sources has become a global goal. Ukraine, in its pursuit of a greener and more environmentally responsible future, has seen the growth of its renewable energy sector. However, this growth has met challenges, demand-ing the development of strategic solutions. Companies operating in the renewable energy market are now increasingly aware of their social mission in contributing to the achievement of sustainable development goals. The transformation of the energy landscape reveals the necessity of collabora-tion between various stakeholders, including governments, local authorities, banks, investment funds, and households, whose role is critical in financing renewable energy projects. As financial markets evolve and concepts of ownership adapt to the changing landscape, a need to create inno-vative investment instruments tailored to the unique demands of the renewable energy sector emerges. This enables participants in the financing process to access a wide array of investment op-tions. Among these options, "green bonds" have become a particularly effective instrument for fi-nancing renewable energy projects. The study discussed in the article highlights the numerous ad-vantages associated with “green bonds”. These advantages include legislative provisions ensuring the targeted utilization of funds raised through green bonds and their high liquidity in developed fi-nancial markets. However, for the widespread implementation of “green bonds” in financing re-newable energy projects in Ukraine, a series of legislative and organizational improvements is cru-cial. These improvements should encompass both changes in legislation and the development of the domestic financial market. Overcoming these barriers is essential for bringing Ukraine closer to the successful achievement of its sustainable development goals. This transition to sustainable ener-gy not only contributes to the global climate change mitigation but also positions Ukraine as a re-sponsible and forward-thinking player in the international effort to create a more sustainable and environmentally conscious future.

TÜRKİYE’DE KATILIM BANKALARI VE KONVANSİYONEL BANKALAR ARASINDAKİ REKABET ÜZERİNE NİCEL ARAŞTRMA

Participation banks, which carry out transactions based on an interest-free banking model, form fund pools through current and participation accounts. These funds are made available to the economic decision units that need financing or tend to save by using a profit share approach. The interest-free finance system, which is a risk-sharing model, has a significant function in minimizing possible instability. The essential motivation of this study is to measure the level of competition between participation banks and conventional banks in the presence of households. For this purpose, quantitative research was carried out with the participation of 1145 people in the NUTS-2 region of the Turkey Statistical Regional Units Classification, with an error margin of ± 2.90% and a 95% confidence interval . The results of the research indicate that the savings preferences of the households are in favor of traditional instruments, the search for an interest-free investment tool continues, the interest sensitivity of the households in terms of financial external dependency, and the brand awareness of participation banks is low. It has been determined that the low level of awareness of participation banks is a significant disadvantage in competition with conventional banks.

ФОРМУВАННЯ ІНСТИТУЦІЙНОЇ ПІДТРИМКИ РОЗВИТКУ ЦИРКУЛЯРНОЇ ЕКОНОМІКИ ТА ЇЇ СТАЛОГО ФІНАНСУВАННЯ В ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОМУ СОЮЗІ

Досліджено інституційні й фінансові інструменти регулювання розвитку циркулярної економіки в ЄС. Цілі сталого розвитку визначено як основу Нового європейського консенсусу з розвитку. Спираючись на ґрунтовний аналіз нормативно-регуляторної бази ЄС, встановлено відсутність уніфікованого підходу до інтерпретації циркулярної економіки та її характерних ознак, а також принципів циркулярності економічної діяльності. Охарактеризовано потенціал циркулярної економіки в набутті країнами – членами ЄС ознак конкурентоспроможності.Запропоновано визначення циркулярного переходу як динамічного процесу втілення сукупності намірів із зміни сутності й форм здійснення бізнес-моделей з метою коригування якісних і кількісних характеристик моделей зростання й розвитку, що супроводжується становленням альтернативних механізмів реалізації економічних відносин на принципах циркулярності. Виявлено, що розвитку циркулярної економіки сприяє активне використання інструменту державно-приватного партнерства і зелених закупівель, що передбачає впровадження вимог до екологічних характеристик товарів, робіт і послуг, а також нових методів оцінки вартості їх життєвого циклу. Проаналізовано роль циркулярної економіки в цілепокладанні Європейського зеленого курсу та ідентифіковано інвестиційні інструменти розбудови кліматично нейтральної економіки в ЄС. Виокремлено трансформаційну роль переходів у політиці ЄС, які передбачають адаптивне управління змінами при стратегуванні соціально-економічного розвитку.Оцінено внесок Таксономії ЄС для сталої діяльності в акумулювання фінансових ресурсів, які направляються на підтримку розвитку циркулярної економіки. Встановлено, що Політику згуртованості ЄС можна використовувати для управління циркулярним переходом у разі, якщо її реалізація забезпечуватиметься завчасним упровадженням інституційних, законодавчих і політичних правил і процедур, які уможливлюватимуть фінансування перехідних процесів у ЄС. Відсутність програм фінансування циркулярного переходу в Україні має бути врахована при розробці програм повоєнної відбудови України, що відбуватиметься на засадах сталого розвитку.

Major determinants of Bitcoin price: Application of a vector error correction model

Research in recent years has shown that Bitcoin is a virtual asset that is used as a medium of exchange and investment tool other than shares and bonds, the development of the digital era has opened up opportunities for Bitcoin to be chosen as part of an investor’s portfolio. The focus of this study is to examine the impact of nine key determinants on Bitcoin price. The data used in the study are daily data starting from January 1, 2018 to January 1, 2022. The main data source is taken from Investing.com, and the estimation method applied is the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). The main finding shows that Bitcoin Volume impacts Bitcoin Price negatively, which is in line with the demand theory. Another finding is related to the substitute effect of Ethereum Volume, Litecoin Volume, and Gold Volume, each of which influences Bitcoin Price positively, suggesting that these three commodities are substitutes to Bitcoin. In contrast, whereas Oil Volume has an insignificant effect on Bitcoin price in the short term, it has a negative significant impact in the long term. In addition, LQ45 stock index Volume influences Bitcoin Price positively in the short term, suggesting that LQ45 stock index and Bitcoin substitute for each other. Moreover, Google Trends impacts Bitcoin price positively in the long term. In terms of the income effect, either the Indonesian GDP or US GDP has a strong positive effect on Bitcoin price in both the short and long term.

Private Equity and LBOs: An Efficient Investment Tool Needing Regulation

Private equity funds are becoming more and more significant in the national economy and their role in the development of a country's economy has become increasingly important as a promising new financial draw in the global financial markets in recent years. Private equity firms were established in the US and expanded quickly behind the decade's brisk economic growth. This paper analyzes the pros and cons of private equity and leveraged buyouts, combining case studies, the legal basis and experience of various countries and government regulation, to discuss the problems of private equity investment, clarify the responsibilities of the government, improve relevant laws and regulations, and encourage the private equity market's growth.

INVESTMENT TOOLS FOR DOMESTIC INNOVATIVE BUSINESS SUPPORT AT REGIONAL AND LOCAL LEVELS

In the study, the focus of attention is drawn to local economic development and the use of two fairly important and systematic factors for such purposes, such as innovative entrepreneurship and investments in the development of local innovative business. From such positions, the purpose of the study is to substantiate effective investment tools for supporting and stimulating the development of domestic innovative business at the regional and local levels. Interrelationships are proved and the algorithm of tasks (which should turn into events) is shown, from stimulating the development of entrepreneurship, improving its investment support and activating innovative activities to strengthening the investment and innovation component of Ukraine’s economic security. The goal of such a policy has been determined – the formation of sufficient financial and investment resources for the purpose of increasing the volume and pace of innovative activity of innovative business entities. It was established that the leading investment instruments (and measures within their limits) that should be implemented for the following purposes should be defined: investment-infrastructural (with measures of public-private partnership in the field of implementation of innovative technological projects, financial leasing and outsourcing to attract technical technological base for R&D, creation of industrial investment and innovation parks, development of infrastructure for financing innovation activities, creation of investment and innovation clusters, other associations, activities of local economic development agencies); credit (using local bond loans for research and development, guarantees for innovation investments, bank lending for innovative projects); grant (with local grant innovation programs, involvement of international technical assistance); creation of specialized investment funds (with crowdfunding measures and the use of revolving funds); budgetary investment support (local target programs for supporting innovative activities, tax incentives for innovations, inter-municipal cooperation in the innovative and technological sphere, budgets for participation in innovative socially significant projects); entrepreneurial (with measures for the development of local innovative entrepreneurship, attracting investments of labor migrants, investment cooperation of small businesses with large enterprises in the innovation sphere).

Comparison of tree-based machine learning algorithms in price prediction of residential real estate

Residential real estate is regarded as a safe and profitable investment tool while also meeting the basic human right to housing. The fact that there exists a large number of parameters both affecting the value of a house and varying based on place, person, and time makes the valuation process difficult. In this regard, accurate and realistic price prediction is critical for all stakeholders, particularly purchasers. Machine learning algorithms as an alternative to classical mathematical modeling methods offer great prospects for boosting the efficacy and success rate of price estimating models. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the applicability and prediction performance of the tree-based ML algorithms -Random Forest (RF), Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM), AdaBoost, and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost)- in house valuation for Artvin City Center. As a result of the study, the XGBoost and RF algorithms performed the best in estimating house value (0.705 and 0.701, respectively) as determined by the Correlation Coefficients (R2), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) metrics. Thus, it can be said that ML algorithms, particularly XGBoost and RF, perform satisfactorily in residential real estate appraisal even with modest amounts of data and that the success rate grows as the amount of data increases.

Virtual assets in the context of global economic instability

Virtual assets, such as crypto-currencies, have become the object of significant interest in the conditions of global economic instability, when people are looking for alternative investment opportunities and means of saving funds. One of the reasons for the growing popularity of virtual assets in such conditions is their independence from traditional financial markets and the potential for diversification of the investment portfolio. In times of economic instability, such traditional assets as stocks and bonds can be highly dependent on market fluctuations. Instead, virtual assets can be a way for investors to preserve their funds and even make a profit. At the same time, the market of virtual assets is extremely risky. It is known for its volatility, which can lead to significant losses for investors. Therefore, the investment strategy, which provides for the distribution of assets to reduce risk, is optimal in conditions of economic instability. Virtual assets can play an important role in diversifying an investment portfolio, reducing overall risk, as these assets can respond to market events independently of traditional assets. The aim of this research is to determine the possibilities of using virtual assets in conditions of global economic instability. General scientific and special methods are applied: observation, description, comparison, analysis and synthesis. Data on prices of virtual assets and stock indices in online environments TraadingView and CoinMarketCap were used. The benefits of using virtual assets based on blockchain technology (using bitcoin as an example) in conditions of global economic instability are considered. A comparative analysis of the price of bitcoin with leading stock indices affecting the global economy was carried out. The main advantages and disadvantages of using virtual assets as investment tools and the prospects for their use in this area are determined.

Comparison of commodity prices by using machine learning models in the COVID-19 era

Commodity products such as gold, silver, and metal have been seen as safe havens in past economic crises. This situation increases the interest in commodity products. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, quarantine decisions and precautions have caused an economic slowdown in stock markets and consumer activities. This inactivity in the economy has led to the COVID-19 recession that started in February 2020. Because of the increase in the number of COVID-19 cases, the difficulty of physical buying-selling transactions has shown that commodity products can be a safe investment tool. Based on the fact that machine learning approaches gained importance in commodity price prediction, the main goal of this study is to understand whether machine learning methods are meaningful for commodity price prediction even in extraordinary situations. To measure commodities’ price volatility, a data set obtained from Borsa İstanbul is separated into pre-COVID-19 and COVID-19 periods. Daily prices for gold and silver commodities, from July 2018, which is before the ongoing COVID-19 recession, to October 2021 are used. The performances of the machine learning models were compared with MAE, MAPE, and RMSE metrics. The findings of this study point out that the LSTM model has more accurate predictions, especially in the pre-COVID-19 period. When considering the COVID-19 period only, SVR produces the best prediction results for the gold commodity and LSTM has the best prediction results for the silver commodity.