Investment Partnership Research Articles

The asymmetric impact of public–private partnership investment in energy on CO2 emissions in Pakistan

The present study investigates the effect of public–private partnership investment in energy and renewable energy consumption on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, taking into account the critical role of economic growth and trade openness in Pakistan from 1992 to 2019. The linear and nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag models are employed to check the co-integration link between dependent and independent variables, further estimate short-run and long-run associations, and examine the symmetric and asymmetric effects of public–private partnership investment in energy on CO2 emissions in Pakistan. The empirical findings show that public–private partnership investment in energy reduces environmental quality by increasing CO2 emissions. Similarly, economic development and trade openness harms the atmosphere by raising CO2 emissions. On the other hand, renewable energy consumption significantly negatively affects CO2 emissions. In addition, the findings also authenticate the asymmetric link between public–private partnership investment in energy and the environment, as CO2 emissions are caused mainly by positive shocks in public–private partnership investment in energy in the short and long run. This study proposes financing renewable energy projects through public–private partnership is needed for an environmentally friendly future.

SMARTIZATION AND DECARBONIZATION OF UKRAINIAN METALLURGICAL ENTERPRISES AS DIRECTIONS OF INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONDITIONS OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to reveal the features of the innovative development of metallurgical enterprises based on smartization and decarbonization in the conditions of European integration. Methodology of research. General scientific and special methods of economic research were used in the process of conducting the research, in particular: a systematic approach – for highlighting the theoretical aspects of the digital economy, the Internet of Things, eco-modernization and “green” corporate culture; analysis – to reveal the processes of digitization, smartization and decarbonization in the metallurgical industry; interdisciplinary – for considering the problem of innovative development of the metallurgical industry; abstract and logical – when making theoretical generalizations and forming conclusions. Findings. The theoretical aspects of the digital economy, the Internet of Things, eco-modernization and “green” corporate culture are highlighted. The trends of smartization and decarbonization of international and Ukrainian metallurgical enterprises are shown. The trends, problems and needs of the metallurgical industry in the conditions of European integration are highlighted. Enterprises of the metallurgical industry need eco-modernization, “greening” of production and “green” culture, finding investments for decarbonization, increasing competitiveness on an innovative basis, and adapting to the requirements of the European Green Deal. It is proposed to ensure technological development thanks to investments in smart technologies and “green” innovations through investment partnerships with EU countries and Great Britain. It is important to build an innovative HR management system and “green” corporate culture, which affects the improvement of the environmental efficiency of the enterprise. Originality. Possible directions of the metallurgical industry enterprises transformation to a new level of technological development are proposed: 1) investments in smart technologies and “green” innovations through investment partnerships with EU countries and Great Britain; 2) studying the best European practices of transition to green production, taking into account adaptation to Ukrainian conditions; 3) formation of innovative corporate culture through cultural digital transformations and “green” culture at enterprises. Practical value. The proposed recommendations can be used for the strategic directions improvement of metallurgical enterprises development in the conditions of smartization and decarbonization of production. Key words: metallurgical enterprise, smartization, decarbonization, innovative corporate culture, green values, European integration.

ТОРГІВЕЛЬНО-ЕКОНОМІЧНЕ СПІВРОБІТНИЦТВО МІЖ УКРАЇНОЮ ТА БОЛГАРІЄЮ

This article examines the potential for cooperation between Ukraine and Bulgaria in trade, economics, and investment. However, Ukraine has recently faced unprecedented large-scale problems, including a full-scale invasion that has displaced millions of Ukrainians across Europe. Despite these challenges, the authors maintain that trade, economic, and investment partnerships with Bulgaria remain relevant and important for Ukraine's economic and social development. To assess the prospects for future cooperation, the study uses data from various sources, including the National Bank of Ukraine, the Bulgarian People's Bank, the Bulgarian Investment Agency, the Embassy of Ukraine in Bulgaria, and Diia. The authors analyze the investment basis for both countries and highlight the main areas of cooperation between the two nations over the past two years. Firstly, the authors note that the scope of the customs regime is an important consideration in developing economic partnerships between Ukraine and Bulgaria. Since Ukraine is moving towards integration with the European Union, customs cooperation with Bulgaria can facilitate trade between Ukraine and other EU countries. The authors also point out that the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has created additional challenges for economic cooperation between Ukraine and Bulgaria. Secondly, the authors analyze the investment basis for both countries. They note that Bulgaria is among the top 20 countries investing in Ukraine, with investments mainly focused on the energy sector. Ukrainian investments in Bulgaria are mainly in the food and agriculture sector. The authors suggest that expanding investment in these sectors could further promote economic cooperation between the two nations. Overall, the article provides a comprehensive analysis of the potential for trade, economic, and investment partnerships between Ukraine and Bulgaria. The authors argue that despite the challenges facing Ukraine, effective diplomacy is essential for building partnerships with other nations. They suggest that expanding economic and investment cooperation with Bulgaria could have significant benefits for Ukraine's economic and social development.

Участие Вьетнама в глобальных цепочках добавленной стоимости в условиях их регионализации

The COVID-19 pandemic and US-China confrontation caused a reconfiguration of global value chains. Since multinational companies choose the China Plus One strategy and seek to diversify their production, Southeast Asian economies and particularly Vietnam have been gaining importance. The present paper aims to analyse the participation of Vietnam in global value chains in terms of its relations with the Republic of Korea. It is hypothesised that as a major trade and investment partner, Korea provides significant value added of Vietnamese exports, contributing to the integration of Vietnam into value chains. Using formulas for assessing a country’s participation in global value chains, the study examined statistics from the international Trade in Value Added (TiVA) database, UNCTAD trade data, and national investment statistics of Korea. Regression analysis was performed to confirm the influence of Korea on Vietnamese exports. The conducted research revealed the growing importance of Vietnam in global value chains. Since 2016, Korean foreign direct investment has been affecting the diversification of Vietnam’s participation in industry value chains, demonstrating the importance of Korea in the development of national manufacturing capabilities. The emerging relationship between these two economies indicates a redistribution of industrial capital in East Asia that contributes to the regionalisation of value chains. The obtained findings can be used for further analysis of global value chains, as well as for studying economic development and transformations, shifts in the balance of economic power due to increasing competition between East Asian countries.

Investment climate of countries in conditions of financial instability

The article points out that financial crises are especially dangerous for the investment climate of developing countries or countries with transitional economies. It considers approaches to the interpretation of the concept of «investment climate of a country» and its features. Based on that, the author's own interpretation of this concept is presented as a complex of political, legal, financial, economic, social, institutional, innovative, infrastructural and other conditions of investment activity of recipients and other subjects of the investment system, which affect the investment process, facilitating or impeding it with a purpose of attracting investments into a certain country. It is determined that the main cause of financial instability in recent years has been the Covid-19 pandemic, which has led to a decrease in investment activity, insufficient liquidity of investments and a decline in their attractiveness in many sectors, and a deterioration in the investment climate in the world. It is noted that global financial instability has a negative impact on the countries' investment climate, which is reflected in: a decrease in investor trust in investment objects; increased riskiness of investments; and rising costs of attracting foreign investment to the country. The author analyses changes in the total volume of investments in the world for the period 1990–2021, which indicates a more favourable investment climate in economically developed countries, but it is more affected by financial instability compared to developing countries. It is established that in order to ensure a favourable investment climate in Ukraine, the legislative framework provides guarantees for investors' activities, opportunities for public-private investment partnerships, etc. The author identifies the shortcomings that make the investment climate in Ukraine unfavourable. The list of measures to improve the investment climate of world countries in the context of financial instability is substantiated. It is noted that ensuring an attractive investment climate in the country in crisis conditions is possible only through a targeted investment strategy and a specific system of measures that will provide conditions for economic recovery after the recession.

Оценка результатов внедрения гибридных моделей развития сферы социальных услуг в регионах России

In order to overcome the uneven consumption of social services and eliminate social development imbalances, Russian regions require measures to increase the output of such services with the existing resource base. To this end, the present study built a correlation model of the output indicator and parameters of the development intensity for regions characterised by hybrid models of social services. Data on state orders to private producers of social services, data on funds allocated for investment in fixed assets, including public-private partnership infrastructure projects, and data on grant funds directed to socially-oriented non-profit organisations for the period 2013-2020 were analysed. The obtained results show that adaptive redistribution of resources within hybrid models positively correlates with the output in most regions. Thus, a unidirectional positive relationship between changes in the sum of state orders to private producers and total output is characteristic for 34 Russian regions. A positive correlation between the output of social services and public-private partnership investment is observed in 64 regions. Grant support to socially-oriented non-profit organisations positively affects the output in most regions; this impact is significant for 51 regions. Simultaneously, the possibility of obtaining government funds by private producers is crucial for ensuring the growth of the output of social services. These findings largely contradict the original goal of developing a hybrid model, which is to attract private capital to the social sector in order to reduce budget expenditures for social services. The feasibility of the hybrid model, considering the provision of private participants with government funds, should be examined directly at the regional level.

The unique Vietnam trade-economic guide

The review is given to the handbook Vietnam Trade and Investment Partner a unique publication that combines the deep knowledge of Vietnam and a business approach that takes into account the interests of Russian entrepreneurs working or planning to work in Vietnam. The authors paid great attention to almost all sectors of the Vietnamese economy, analyzing their problems and assessing the prospects for their development, and also spoke about Vietnam's relations with the main partner countries and international economic organizations. The book provides information about the organization and conditions of doing business in Vietnam. This guide will be very useful to all Russian entrepreneurs who are already working in the Vietnamese market, and especially to those who are going to do so.

Economic growth, renewable and nonrenewable electricity consumption: Fresh evidence from a panel sample of African countries

Energy transition has imposed a policy priority dilemma between economic growth and global warming mitigation. Existing studies in Africa have examined the impact of energy sources on growth but overlooked the differences across countries and regions. This study seeks to achieve two research objectives. First, it examines and compares the impact of renewable electricity consumption (REC) and nonrenewable electricity consumption (NREC) on growth in 51 African countries between 1980 and 2018. The study uses the recent panel estimators of cross-sectional dependence, slope heterogeneity, and cointegration. For the short and long-run marginal effects, the pooled mean group estimator is used. Second, the analysis is extended to account for the heterogeneous effects of energy among African countries in four regional economic communities (EAC, COMESA, SADC, and ECOWAS). Here, we use the random-coefficients linear regression and kernel-based regularized least squares machine learning algorithm. The findings are as follows: (1) there is cointegration amongst the variables, (2) for the entire sample, both REC and NREC have positive and significant effects on growth, but NREC has an enormous impact, (3) the marginal effects of REC and NREC differ across African regions. Given the energy transition dilemma, there is a need for public-private partnership investments to bring a balanced mix between NREC and REC. In addition, the heterogeneity effect suggests that a one-size-fit-all policy designed to increase growth through REC may not yield the same outcome in Africa. Therefore, while policies should speak to the common global agenda, there is a need to internalise and localise the strategies in each country and/or region.

CHINA-PAKISTAN ECONOMIC CORRIDOR AND GEOSTRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT IN THE MIDDLE EAST

Regional connectivity is one of the aims of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). Positive effects of CPEC will be felt throughout the region, including in Iran, Afghanistan, the Central Asian Republic, and beyond. Improved roads, rail, air transportation, more frequent and free exchanges of growth, people-to-people contact, increased understanding through academic, cultural, and regional knowledge, increased trade and business activity, increased production and movement of energy for more efficient business operations, and increased cooperation based on a win-win model will all contribute to a more connected and integrated region. The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is an important step toward regionalizing the global economy. It created a framework for harmony, growth, and mutual benefit. The China–Pakistan Economic Corridor represents future prosperity, stability, and peace in the area. We analyses how CPEC will impact China's economic and geopolitical ties to the Middle Eastern countries, focusing on the Gulf Cooperation Council states (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates) and Iran. Most of these nations rely heavily on commerce with China and export great amounts of oil and natural gas to China. These countries are also crucial investment partners for China because of the large amounts of money generated from oil exports.

The effect of public–private partnership investment, financial development, and renewable energy consumption on the ecological footprint in South Asia and the Pacific region

The improvement of environmental quality has become a major challenge for all countries. Against the strategic background of environmental protection, this study investigated the role of public–private partnership investment (PPPI) in energy and transport, financial development, and renewable energy on ecological footprint (EF) in South Asia and the Pacific region, utilizing the autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) model spanning the time 1990–2017. The outcomes of the ARDL show that PPPI in energy and transport has a significantly positive effect on the EF in the full sample and Pacific region in the long run. Financial development has a positive impact on the EF in South Asia and the Pacific region in the long term. Renewable energy causes a significant and negative impact on the EF in the full sample in both time periods, and only in the short run in South Asia. As for the panel granger causalities test, PPPI in energy and transport and renewable energy has a negative causal relationship with the EF. The results also reveal that there is a unidirectional negative and positive causality from financial development to the EF in the long term in South Asia and the Pacific region, respectively. On the basis of the analysis, corresponding recommendations are proposed.

Fiscal Pressure and Public–Private Partnership Investment: Based on Evidence from Prefecture-Level Cities in China

Public–private partnership (PPP) policy is essential to alleviating the local government debt burden and improving resource allocation efficiency. This paper empirically examines the impact of fiscal pressure on PPP investment in Chinese prefecture-level cities from 2014 to 2019 using the ordinary least-squares (OLS) module. Moreover, we also investigate how fiscal pressure influences PPP investment and test the influenced mechanism from other perspectives. The results show the following. (1) Fiscal pressure on the government has a significant positive effect on PPP investment at the prefectural level. (2) The marketization process is the mediated effect of the relationship between fiscal pressure and PPP investment. Fiscal pressure will stimulate the regional marketization process, thus promoting PPP investment. (3) Fiscal pressure has a significant positive effect on PPP investment in the middle region, while the effect is not significant in the eastern and western regions. Meanwhile, the effect is not significant in central cities, but there is a significant positive effect in ordinary cities. (4) The effect of fiscal pressure on PPP investment is not significant in the private reward mode of government payment, but there is a significant positive effect in the mode of user payment and feasibly insufficient subsidies. Our studies could also provide practical suggestions for sustainable development of PPP policy and solving the fiscal pressure of the current economic recession under the COVID-19 pandemic.

Green finance development and environmental sustainability: A panel data analysis

This study considers five regions, i.e., South Asia, South-East Asia, China, Middle Eastern countries, and European countries, and took their data for 15 years. This study makes a significant contribution to the literature by examining the impact of green finance on environmental sustainability. Green finance development is represented by GDP, investment in renewable energy sources, investment in research and development (R&D) for eco-friendly projects, and public–private partnership investment in renewable energy projects. Green financing development in the chosen panel exhibits a distinct geographical cluster effect, with significant regional variances. The most important influencing elements are regional GDP, regional innovation level, and air quality, whereas the degree of financial development and industrial structure optimization are insignificant. The degree of financial development and industrial structure optimization are related to the amount of green finance development mostly via spillover effects. The degree of financial development has a positive spillover impact, but industrial structure optimization has a negative spillover effect. This study reveals that an increase in the production of energy from renewable sources, an increase in R&D, and the evolution of public–private partnership investment in renewable energy reduce CO2 emissions. It is evidenced that green finance in renewable energy sources is necessary to achieve environmental sustainability. There is a strong need to increase green finance in renewable sources to target the minimization of global CO2 emissions. There should be cross-border trade of renewable energy between regions/countries to mitigate CO2 emissions globally. Moreover, this study ranks the regions based on environmental sustainability, which may help researchers and decision-makers to entice foreign direct and private investment in these regions. The implications of the findings of the study suggest that environmental sustainability benefits greatly from green financing and investing in renewable energy sources through public–private partnerships, which represents one of the best ways to ensure environmental sustainability.

StoneRidge Investment Partners v. Scientific Atlanta: A Test of Auditor Litigation Risk

StoneRidge Investment Partners v. Scientific Atlanta: A Test of Auditor Litigation Risk

Are FTA’s making the World Less Free? A Case Study of TPP

Abstract On January 23, 2017, right after assuming presidency, US President Donald Trump did good on his promise and signed the executive order that withdrew USA from the very agreement that it commenced the negotiations for: Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP). The unratified multinational trade agreement encompassed 12 countries which accounted for %40 of the world’s GDP and over 800 million people. On a broader scope, TPP is often affiliated with two other trade deals; Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) and Trade in Services Agreement (TiSA) both of which in terms of content resemble a lot that of TPP. Given the fact that TTIP and TiSA are not complete and not entirely disclosed with the public, we shall be exclusively focusing on TPP. TPP has been subject to many controversies. But particularly the notion that TPP would enable corporations to sue governments in private arbitration tribunals over lost profits has drawn much attention. In this article we shall be investigating whether there is some truth to these allegations. Providing reference from the articles of the agreement, we shall be discussing the qualities of TPP’s judicial reforms. But firstly, in order to introduce the reader to the subject; we will be providing with some context, to properly frame the subject, and with some information about the nature of these agreements. Secondly, we shall be addressing our main issue. In addition, we will be questioning the framework within which the agreements are officially presented. Finally, a conclusion that compromises the author’s assessment of the case will be provided.

Partner supply mediates elevational gradients in the outcome of ant‐hemipteran mutualistic associations

AbstractAimAlong elevational or latitudinal gradients, the dynamics of mutualistic interactions may be driven by shifts in partner abundance, themselves driven by changes in environmental factors. We test the hypothesis that partner abundance mediates the frequency of associations and investment incurred by partners while associating.LocationWestern and Eastern slopes of the Andes of Ecuador.TaxonAnts (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) and treehoppers (Hemiptera, Membracidae).MethodsUsing a combination of visual surveys and sucrose baits, we scored the abundance of ants, treehoppers, and their associations at 500‐meter intervals along two 4000 m elevational gradients in the equatorial Andes (three locations per elevation interval, two 70 m transects per location). We used the size of the treehopper aggregations and of the ant worker force involved in the associations as proxies for the investment partners incur in the interaction. We analysed our data using GLMM with transects as units of analyses and locations as random effects.ResultsWe show that the number of ant‐treehopper aggregations declined with elevation, in parallel with a decline in the abundance of both partners, but with ants declining at a faster rate. Despite this, the numbers of ants and treehoppers within individual aggregations increased with elevation, but this time with the number of treehoppers in the aggregations increasing at a faster rate.Main conclusionWe suggest that this elevational gradient in the size of ant‐treehopper aggregations arises from consumer resource‐dynamics, where the partner in short supply elicits greater investment from the other. Within the range of elevations where the interaction is possible, the observation that a smaller proportion of treehopper species engage in mutualism at higher elevations further suggests decreasing benefits of the associations with elevation. Our study suggests that the geography of abundance and supply, and its consequences on cost and demand of services, may dictate the outcome of mutualistic interactions along gradients, with possible implications for the maintenance of biological diversity.

Implementation of the 'Kimberley Mum's Mood Scale' across primary health care services in the Kimberley region of Western Australia: A mixed methods assessment.

The Kimberley Mum’s Mood Scale (KMMS) was co-designed with Aboriginal women and healthcare professionals to improve culturally appropriate screening practices for perinatal depression and anxiety. This paper describes the implementation of the KMMS across the remote Kimberley region of Western Australia from January 2018 to December 2021. We used the Dynamic Sustainability Framework to progress the implementation and assess at the intervention, practice setting and ecological system level using a mixed methods approach to analyse implementation. Rates of administration and results of screening were described using a retrospective audit of electronic medical records. Analyses of KMMS training registry, stakeholder engagement and sustainability initiatives were descriptive. KMMS acceptability was assessed using qualitative descriptive approaches to analyse patient feedback forms (n = 39), healthcare professional surveys (n = 15) and qualitative interviews with healthcare professionals (n = 6). We found a significant increase in overall recorded perinatal screening (pre-implementation: 30.4% v Year 3: 46.5%, P < 0.001) and use of the KMMS (pre-implementation: 16.4% v Year 3: 46.4%, P < 0.001). There was improved fidelity in completing the KMMS (from 2.3% to 61.8%, P < 0.001), with 23.6% of women screened recorded as being at increased risk of depression and anxiety. Most healthcare professionals noted the high levels of perinatal mental health concerns, stress, and trauma that their patients experienced, and identified the KMMS as the most appropriate perinatal screening tool. Aboriginal women reported that it was important for clinics to ask about mood and feelings during the perinatal period, and that the KMMS was appropriate. Aboriginal women consistently reported that it was good to have someone to talk to. This study demonstrates that innovation in perinatal depression and anxiety screening for Aboriginal women is possible and can be implemented into routine clinical care with the support of a sustained multi-year investment and strong partnerships.

The Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Inward FDI in Vietnam

Using monthly inward foreign direct investment (FDI) data for the period from January 2020 to September 2021, our study aims to investigate how the COVID-19 burden (cases and deaths) and policy responses of Vietnam and 40 investment partners affected Vietnam’s FDI attraction. Estimates for the baseline models as well as for different types of income levels show that Vietnam’s COVID-19 burden negatively affects its inward FDI, while no evidence reveals the effect of investment partners’ COVID-19 burden. We find that Vietnam’s COVID-19 cases negatively affect its inward FDI from the European region, while no evidence reveals an effect from the Asian region. When including policy responses in the estimation, we find a disadvantageous impact of investment partners’ COVID-19 cases and deaths as well as Vietnam’s COVID-19 deaths on Vietnam’s inward FDI. In general, the effects of COVID-19 cases are significantly lower than those of COVID-19 deaths. Estimates show that stringent measures in Vietnam and investment partners negatively affect FDI flows into Vietnam, while containment and health measures have a positive effect. The study suggests that efforts should focus on reducing the number of COVID-19 deaths rather than the number of COVID-19 cases, minimizing the application of stringency measures by Vietnam and investment partners, applying health methods, and expanding trade agreements networks.

What Lies Beneath: Mediators of Public Support for International Economic Cooperation

The current public backlash against several trade agreements has triggered a vivid discourse about the impact of top-down communication of such initiatives on public opinion. Findings from previous work on the impact of issue frames provide distinct expectations about the influence of different types of messages on people’s opinion. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying the impact of message cues on opinion formation. In this article, we shed light on one potential mechanism that mediates issue framing effects: individuals’ emotional reaction. By means of a survey-embedded experiment conducted in the United States and Germany, we expose respondents to different frames about the benefits and risks of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership agreement. The results show that frames have a significant effect on public opinion, but frames that emphasize losses seem more persuasive than frames promoting the gains from the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership. Complementing our empirical investigation, with a causal mediation analysis we find that framing effects are indeed mediated by people’s emotional responses to the frames.

Some ways to modernise and increase the efficiency of trade and investment flows between the European Union and South East Asian Countries

Abstract Since the beginning of the covid-19 pandemic, the European Union’s economic and sociopolitical strength has been subjected to a harsh test as all societal actors, in very specific ways, were obliged to keep the virus from spreading out of control, minimise the economic damage and ensure timely and urgent treatment for covid-19 patients while also managing social unrest and the rise of Eurosceptic rhetoric. As is characteristic for the modern trading landscape, supply chains have also been negatively affected by the pandemic, with figures plummeting sharply in 2020 with varying rates of recovery in 2021. Analysis of the current global geoeconomic context and the European Union’s external trade and investment partnerships suggests that it could benefit from focusing its attention on one of the world’s fastest growing economies, namely the South-East Asia region. In the present paper, we investigate the extent to which trade reliance on China and/or the United States, economic complexity, political uncertainty and number of dominant foreign trade partners have influenced the economic performance of the European Union and South-East Asia during the pandemic. The results and the implications thereof are discussed in the broader context of a possible paradigmatic change in the European Union’s foreign trade.

Healthy Communities Delaware:: Accelerating Place-Based Efforts to Improve the Vital Conditions for Health, Well-Being and Equity.

Healthy Communities Delaware (HCD) is a place-based initiative to improve health, well-being and equity across Delaware. HCD is a network of community-based and investment partners working to create thriving communities through improvement in the vital conditions. Vital conditions are the components of communities that we all need, all the time, to thrive and reach our full potential-- humane housing, a thriving natural world, lifelong learning, meaningful work and wealth, reliable transportation, basic needs for health and safety, and a sense of belonging and civic muscle. HCD invests in communities through community-based organization partners, who work to improve the vital conditions in their communities, informed by data and resident priorities. The key tenets of the Healthy Communities Delaware approach--place-based, community-driven, equity-focused and improving the vital conditions—work together to create more communities of opportunity across Delaware.