Investment Mode Research Articles

Planes of Immanence: Deleuzian Assemblage as a Mode of Thought in the Theatre of Ricardo Monti

Planes of Immanence:Deleuzian Assemblage as a Mode of Thought in the Theatre of Ricardo Monti Milton Loayza (bio) It may be that to believe in this world, in this life, has become our most difficult task, the task of a mode of existence to be discovered on our plane of immanence today. —Gilles Deleuze1 Introduction: Performance and Immanence Argentine playwright Ricardo Monti belongs to a generation, which includes authors such as Eduardo Pavlovsky and Roberto Sosa, who experienced the revolutionary and utopian impulses of the 1960s and 1970s in Argentina, in conflict with repressive forces that led to the dictatorship of 1976–1983. Since the return of democracy, Monti continues to write a politically and historically engaged theatre; he is considered a major reference for new generations of playwrights. Various scholarly studies of Monti’s theatre (by Monteleone, Pellettieri, and Graham-Jones, for example) are in agreement when establishing that theatrical dynamism, symbolic density, intertextuality, and experimentation with alternative structures are present in his work.2 Four main features characterize his work: the use of metatheatrical devices, the presence of various forms of parody, its reference to past history, and the ambiguity of its narrative resolutions. These highlight Monti’s search for alternative expressions of reality through theatre, as well as the eccentricity of his aesthetics. Nevertheless, identifying these characteristics falls short of pinpointing the source of the work’s impact, its unity, and its specific innovations. One reason for this shortcoming, I argue, is the treatment of the plays as representation, leading to hermeneutic impasses that, even as they are related to Argentina’s conflicted history, do not translate into a unified vision. A Deleuzian approach, where an author uses theatre for a project related to performance instead of representation, will be more efficacious in conveying continuity in Monti’s work. Rather than confronting us with aporias and/or indeterminacy, the plays are performances that draw paths of becoming. Monti believes that as an artist engaged in the bourgeois practice of theatre, he must commit to critique its thought immanently from the inside of that [End Page 79] practice.3 The plays, then, exploit theatre as an image of thought in the Deleuzian sense of “giv[ing] itself of what it means to think, to make use of thought, to find one’s bearings in thought.”4 The Deleuzian concept of immanence, specifically, as Laura Cull has suggested, allows us to “rethink performance itself as a kind of philosophy.”5 The aesthetics of Monti’s plays, the nature of their theatricality, and their ethical/political sense, come into prominence when his dramatic work is understood as a thought experiment that spans the playwright’s career. Like Gilles Deleuze’s theories, Monti’s work concerns contemporary frustration about our mode of investment in the world, whether it may be understood in personal, political, economic, or historical terms. Deleuze understood this crisis as one of the plane of immanence; that is, our capacity to engage our human desire and potentiality in pure becoming with no transcendental end or reference. For Deleuze, it is not an issue of believing in the world but “in its possibilities of movements and intensities, so as once again to give birth to new modes of existence.”6 The search for planes of immanence is a historical task because it is tied to a critique of global capitalism, and to a recognition of the openings and obstacles for revolutionary transformation that globalization offers. Immanence therefore defines practices that engage the state of things as a being in crisis, yet refuse to seek a transcendent path out of the crisis. Instead, this practice chooses to produce more immanence and freedom from the givens in the status quo. In relation to theatre, Deleuze translates the issue of immanence as a rejection of the fixity of representational theatre, which emphasizes perception, while searching for a theatre that takes root in the instability of becoming. This means that theatre must yield to the productivity of desire and thought. Similarly, the plays of Ricardo Monti insist on the theatrical condition of characters and actors, because theatre, unlike the illusions that inform our situation in the world, gives us a better...

المضاربة الشرعية في المجالات الصناعية و دورها في التنمية الاقتصادية = Legitimacy Speculation at the Industrial Feilds and It's Role in Economic Development

Mudharabah is one of the significant contracts in the field of investment activities since Pre- Islamic Period, and it is a kind of combine contracts; which initially started as a deposit, then wakalah given to the mudharib by rab al-mal, then a company in terms of profit sharing. Mudharabah is a mode of Islamic investment which has been practice by Islamic banks for a long time. However, the way in which the Islamic financial institutions practicing it in this modern time make it to be different as it was before; where previously, mudharabah is to be formed between two persons; creditor (rab al-mal) and the worker (mudharib); but in the modern time, it is being practiced by big institutions which deal with many companies, through taking custodies from people in order to be invested in a different kind of investment’s projects for the purpose of gaining profits based on Islamic rules and regulations which is free from prohibited interest.

Profit and loss sharing contracts as a prisoners dilemma: An agent based simulation with game theory application to participative finance

PLS contracts, Like Musharakah in participative finance, represent a practice of profit and loss sharing contracts. It is claimed to be a fair economic mode of investment as it entails the sharing, by the participants, of profits and risks. This mode of financing, however, suffers from asymmetric information in the form of adverse selection and moral hazards. In this Agent based simulation we managed to apply a repeated game theoretical approach to PLS financing using an agent based simulation tool called Net- logo. The purpose is to test whether PLS contracts are representative of a prisoner’s dilemma game. We have identified different parameters which are used to calculate the payoffs of the bank and the enterprise which seeks financing. Each agent in this simu- lation has some strategies that he/she can use through the game. We have managed to run the simulation1000 times for different model parameters under each combination of the agent’s strategies. We have found evidence that PLS contracts are not represen- tatives of a a prisoner dilemma game as mutual cooperation does not lead to a better payoff to the corporation than mutual defection. Over a repeated process, however, we found simulation evidence that the threat by the bank to apply an unforgiving strat- egy towards defection, leads to a cooperative behavior by the corporation through the strategy Tit-for-Tats.

The radical openness of science and innovation: Why uncertainty is inherent in the openness towards the future.

In summer 2015, Carlos Moedas—the new European Commissioner for Research, Science and Innovation—presented his vision for the future of science and innovation in Europe. In doing so, he identified three challenges facing EU member states in the years to come. First, he said that Europe is lagging behind in transferring the results of research into new products and services: too often, new technologies that are developed in Europe are commercialized elsewhere. Second, Europe needs to improve the quality of its research output: although the EU generates more scientific results and publications than any other region in the world, it does not capture a proportional share of high‐impact or highly cited landmark publications. Third, he noted that Europe punches below its weight in international science and science diplomacy: Europe's voice should be more actively raised in global debates. Recent discussions and moratoria about gain‐of‐function experiments in virology or about modifying the human germ line confirm the Commissioner's point: they are mostly initiated and driven by US researchers, and the USA is still the most influential country in terms of international science policy debates. In order to meet these challenges, Commissioner Moedas proposed three strategic priorities: “Open Innovation,” “Open Science” and “Openness to the World” [1]. Open Innovation consists of policy measures intended to speed up the commercialization of research by introducing novel funding sources and modes of investment. Open Science, the Commissioner believes, is the key to increasing excellence, which he hopes will spread from the European Research Council and the Marie Sklodowska Curie Actions programme to the rest of Horizon 2020. Concrete policy measures in this regard are a call for a European Science Cloud Project and support for open access publishing to make the results of research immediately available without any constraints. Finally, Openness to the World …

Intellectual property rights protection, ownership structure and vertically related markets

This article considers the protection of intellectual property rights (IPR) as a determinant of the mode of foreign direct investment. By analyzing wholly owned investment and equity joint venture (JV) in vertically related industries, I find that as IPR protection gets more stringent, the propensity to choose equity JV decreases. Analysis of the firm-level data set from Taiwanese multinational manufacturing enterprises in 2006 lends supports to this result. This article also finds that local welfare increases after entry of a multinational enterprise (MNE) if the local market size is not too large. In addition, after MNE’s entry, further strengthening of IPR is beneficial to the MNE but is detrimental to local welfare.

Modes of Foreign Direct Investment and Patterns of Trade: An Alternative Empirical Approach

AbstractModes of FDI can be clarified by analysing the changing patterns of trade among host, home and third countries. However, most empirical experiments of foreign direct investment (FDI) determinants have been confined to general characteristics of host countries and multinational enterprises' outward investment activities. This may not clearly characterise the specific characteristics of inward FDI in regard to the host country. Thus, we introduce an alternative approach to clarify modes of FDI by investigating the link between patterns of trade and inward FDI. To empirically test whether our approach is applicable, we choose China during the period 1998–2007. We construct a modified gravity equation of bilateral trade while considering spatially lagged interdependence between host, home and third countries. The problem of endogeneity is controlled by applying the system generalised method of moments (GMM) estimation technique. Our findings are consistent with results in existing studies on modes of outward FDI to China and prove that our approach in dealing with the link between patterns of trade and inward FDI has wide applicability to all modes of FDI. We discover there is strong evidence for statistically significant complementarity between bilateral trade and inward FDI within the aggregate trade data. As we decompose the aggregate trade data into final and intermediate goods, we find the motivation concerning export‐platform and complex vertical FDI is very significant. In addition, as we separate the bilateral partners into developing partners and developed partners, we find both bilateral and multilateral linkages are much stronger with developing partners.

Identification of Factors for Investments in Mutual Funds through Banks

The mutual fund industry is at a flux. Things are changing at a very fast pace. If the mutual fund industry does not take its due shape and corrective action, some other modes of investments will supersede it. There are people who have surplus funds to invest. It is the mode of investment that gives better and safe returns, and having liquidity and providing other benefits such as taxes are going to be the decisive factors. In this situation, banks as distribution partners for mutual funds have immense potential. This article explores the factors important for selling mutual funds through banks and how they are associated with one another. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses have been used to find out the results. A structural model is developed to provide the mutual funds industry a direction to their distribution issues using banks as an important selling point.

DSM-5, trouble de la personnalité schizotypique et nosographie psychanalytique structurale française

ObjectivesIn this article, we present the evolution in the diagnostic criteria in the DSM-5 for schizotypal personality disorder, which is included both in personality disorders and in the new schizophrenia spectrum. The different interpretations (categorical versus fully dimensional) of experiences assimilated to psychosis raise important issues in contemporary approaches to mental health. One major aspect of the problem appears to be the development of the paradoxical notions of “healthy”, “benign” or even “happy” schizotypy. We consider the choice of favouring the dimensional approach, setting this alongside the French structural psychoanalytical nosography, and in particular the definition by Bergeret of the schizophrenic character and the notion of suppléances in Lacanian structural psychoanalytical clinical practice. MethodWe reviewed the points in common between the new DSM-5 model and the French structural psychoanalytical model, by way of a comparative study of recent English language publications in the field of schizotypy and some French psychoanalytical clinical studies. ResultsThe two formerly opposing models have drawn considerably closer, with the acceptation of a dimensional perspective in the DSM-5. The choice of a dimensional rather than a categorical approach has undeniably contributed to reducing the gap between the psychiatric classification and French psychoanalytical nosography. Insofar as the new model for personality disorders – still requiring empirical validation – focuses on personality traits and functioning (assessed not only with regard to the self, but also on interpersonal level, approached via the ability for empathy and intimacy), it relies on far more stable aspects than symptoms alone, and at the same time places them on a continuum from normal to pathological. We consider this amounts to genuine progress in the detection and understanding of psychopathology. DiscussionThe DSM-5 can no longer claim to be a-theoretical (despite the long-standing position of its authors). Moreover, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) confirms that the Big Five factorial theory was used to define the field of personality and personality traits. However, the APA forgets to mention the implicit influence of the American psychoanalytical work by Kernberg, published earlier. Indeed the new severity scale for alterations in the functioning of personality in the DSM-5, whether for self or for interpersonal relationships, presents a fair number of similarities with the conceptualisations by Kernberg concerning the degrees of alteration in self and in object relations, established by this author to distinguish levels of severity in different narcissistic pathologies. Nevertheless, we feel that the new options taken up by the APA are curiously contradictory. Although they are closer to the psychoanalytical model in the new conception proposed for personality disorders, they are in some respects surprisingly distant: the paranoia disorder has disappeared and only certain of its indicators are maintained (such as persecutory delusion) in an excessively wide schizophrenia spectrum. This misses the reality of the various levels of dissociation present in psychotic entities, already reported by psychiatric pioneers, like Bleuler and by a large number of contemporary psychoanalytical psychopathologists. These levels are not strictly organised in identical manner on the intrapsychic level, and their clinical symptomatology during decompensation does not take exactly the same form. We suggest that substantially different levels of dissociation, leading to explicitly distinct symptom profiles, provide a spectrum that it would be more legitimate to call “psychosis” rather than “schizophrenia”, whilst maintaining a distinction in the contemporary psychoanalytical model between schizophrenia, paranoid schizophrenia and paranoia. ConclusionThe authors propose a more integrative approach. This would involve symptoms, functioning dimensions and personality traits, by taking into consideration the intrapsychic mechanisms that underpin their expression, despite the difficulties in objectifying these mechanisms. The markers for these mechanisms are linked in particular to the nature of the conflicts experienced by patients, the nature of their distress and dominant defences, as well as their object investment mode and areas of conflict.

Desiring the Singapore story: affective attachments and national identities in Anthony Chen's Ilo Ilo

In 2013, Anthony Chen's Ilo Ilo/Pa ma bu zai jia became the first Singaporean film to win an award at the Cannes Film Festival. Set in Singapore during the 1997 Asian financial crisis, the film portrays the lives of an ordinary middle-class family and their Filipino maid, Teresa. This article explores the affective ties to the ‘Singapore Story,’ an authoritative narrative of the city-state's nation-building history and progress determining (economic) success. Drawing on Lauren Berlant's notion of ‘cruel optimism,’ I argue that the film's main characters are dangerously attached to the idea of living the Singapore story. I further contend that Teresa's migrant domestic labor, which both sustains and troubles the Singapore story, exposes for audiences issues of loss, absence and dislocation. Employing Kathleen Stewart's notion of ‘ordinary affects,' the characters' everyday interactions and bonds formed through the figure of Teresa manifest her outsider status and the undesired costs of maintaining the Singapore story, such as dysfunctional family relations and other social issues attributed to foreign domestic workers. Using affect theory to examine Singaporean cinema, this paper interrogates what constitutes Singapore's national identity by tracking the modes of affective investment in the Singapore story.

What explains the performance of Chinese exporting firms?

Drawing on the entry mode (EM) literature and the strategic tripod framework, we examine whether firm performance is influenced by its outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) mode, controlling other firm-, industry- and institution-specific factors. It is found that employing OFDI does not improve an exporting firm’s performance. This is not surprising as anecdotal evidence shows that many Chinese firms with OFDI have been making loss in the host country. This may indicate exporting firms employ OFDI to seek complementary and strategic resources/assets, not to improve immediate firm performance. Furthermore, firm performance is influenced by strategic assets, including technology-based capabilities and brands, at the firm level, industry entry barriers at the industry level and the home and host country institutional support at the country level.

The Study of Investment Pattern of the People of Bhavnagar District

Investment is a term frequently used in the fields of economics, business management and finance. It can mean savings alone, or savings made through delayed consumption. Investment is an activity that is undertaken by those who have savings. Savings is the excess of income over expenditure. However, all savers need not be investors. For example, an individual who sets aside some money in a box for a birthday present is a saver, but cannot be considered an investor. On the other hand, an individual who opens a savings bank account and deposits some money regularly for a birthday present would be called an investor. The motive of savings does not make a saver an investor. However, expectations distinguish the investor from a saver. The saver who puts aside money in a box does not expect excess returns from the savings. However, the saver who opens a savings bank account expects from the bank and hence is differentiated as an investor. The expectation of return is hence an essential characteristic of investment. An investor earns/expects to earn additional monetary value from the mode of investment that could be in the form of physical/financial assets. A bank deposit is a financial asset. The purchase of gold would be a physical asset. Investment activity is recognized when an asset is purchased with an intension to earn an expected fund flow or an appreciation in value.

Outward FDI of Polish firms: The role of motives, entry modes and location factors

JEEMS Journal of East European Management Studies , Seite 328 - 359

An Empirical Study on ‘Mutual Fund’ as an Investment Avenue (A Case Study on Selected Mutual Fund Companies)

In the post-economic reform era the concept Systematic Investment Plan has emerged as a new tool for investment. Stock market plays a very vital role in developing economy like India. Investment through the mutual fund has become one of the investment avenues for the small investors and also attracting the rural people in recent years. Investors usually perceive that all capital market investment avenues are risky. Based on objectives and risk bearing capacities, investors go for different investment alternatives. Among the various investment possibilities, mutual fund seems to be viable for all kind of investors as it is considered to be a safer mode of investment. This study is an attempt to understand the performance of share market and to analyse the correlation of performance of mutual funds with market indices like Sensex and Nifty. As a part of this study, data is collected regarding performance of mutual funds and stock market for the last year 2007–2008, 2008–2009 and 2009–2010. Top five mutual fund (growth) and 10 index funds are taken as sampling. Thus, it is analysed by using statistical tools such as arithmetic mean, standard deviation, correlation and testing hypotheses.

Optimization Simulation of Heuristic Algorithm in Supply Chain Based on Least Squares Support Vector Machine

This paper uses VB software and accounting information transparency to improve BOT investment mode and establishes computer accounting algorithm using the form of software programming. It also uses the least squares SCF criterion to improve this algorithm and gets the BOT investment accounting information platform after the optimization. The platform mainly focuses on openness of accounting information transparency and account investment efficiency and economic benefit of BOT investment mode using the form of computer array computing. At last, through the calculation, this paper concludes the convergence curve of risk aversion and economic efficiency and analyzes the benefits of BOT investment in risk management and supply chain which provides a theoretical reference for the study of accounting information transparency.

The Effects of Political Risk on Different Entry Modes of Foreign Direct Investment

Although numerous studies document the effect of political institutions on foreign direct investment (FDI), few works in the political economy literature have investigated the link between political institutions and the mode of entry chosen by investors, be it mergers and acquisitions, joint ventures, or greenfield investments. Using panel data for 111 developing countries covering 1980–2006, we find that countries with political institutions that uphold good governance tend to attract higher levels of mergers and acquisitions, as opposed to joint ventures and greenfield investments, because such institutions help to mitigate the special risks faced by merger and acquisition investors. Our findings provide a nuance for understanding the different effects of political institutions based on the particular mode of entry.

Agricultural Water Conservation Cost Control Mechanism of the Pre-Coastal City Based on Design Innovation

Water-saving irrigation is the livelihood of the people to solve the problem of coastal city agriculture water shortage of water conservancy projects. To investigate the situation of the construction of agricultural water-saving facilities in Tianjin, first ,this paper analyzes the using costs, including running maintenance costs. According to the life-cycle cost theory, it is an important means to control using costs in the infrastructure construction engineering design stage. Then the paper will analyze the complexity of the demand of urban water-saving irrigation and propose that designing innovation is the key to control the complex using costs. Finally , the paper will analyze The effect of investment and financing model of design innovation process. On the one hand, the mode of investment and financing will help to solve the construction funding gap; On the other hand, it will affect water-saving cost pre-control in different degrees.

Barriers to Franchising in Saudi Arabia

Franchising has rapidly grown in Saudi Arabia since 2005, yet a small number of the large companies dominate the market with mostly foreign brands. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the barriers that Saudi small and medium enterprises and startups face when striving to become franchisors or franchisees. These barriers are investigated through the use of semi-structured interviews with people who belong to the franchise community either as administrators, franchise committee members, franchise developers, franchisees–franchisors, or prospective franchisees and franchisors. The results of this study show that there are several barriers standing against using franchising as a mode of expansion and investment by small and medium enterprises and startups, such as lack of legal, financial, institutional, marketing, development, and educational services support, and other key factors related to international franchisors' preferences and domestic franchising.

Foreign Direct Investment Modes and Local Backward Linkages

We study a multinational enterprise’s (MNE) choice of foreign direct investment (FDI) mode in a vertically related market with local input sourcing. We show that the vertical structure of the market and its features play a crucial role for the MNE.s decision: backward linkages, enhanced upstream bargaining power, use of non-linear contracts, and interim unobservability of contract terms favor cross-border acquisition relative to greenfield investment. We also show that while a cross-border acquisition reduces welfare, greenfield investment can be welfare-improving. These results suggest that policy should distinguish among FDI modes as well as among markets with more or less dependence on backward linkages.

Mode of International Investment and Endogenous Risk of Expropriation

AbstractThis paper analyzes the relationship between the mode of international investment and institutional quality. Foreign investors from a capital‐rich North can either purchase productive assets in a capital‐poor South and transfer their capital within integrated multinational firms or they can form joint ventures with local asset owners. The South is ruled by an autocratic elite that may use its political power to expropriate productive assets. The expropriation risk lowers the incentive to provide specific capital in an integrated firm and distorts the decision between joint ventures and integrated production. We determine the equilibrium risk of expropriation in this framework and the resulting pattern of international production. We also analyze as to how globalization, which is reflected in a decline in investment costs, influences institutional quality.

Foreign direct investment and knowledge transfer in Laos

The Laos government has supported a policy towards foreign direct investment (FDI) since 1988. The investment-related laws and regulations have been amended and improved from time to time in order to create more and more favourable business and investment environment in the country, as well as to better facilitate the inflow of FDI. Hence, this case study is to compare the modes of investment of the multinational corporations investing in Lao People's Democratic Republic. The multinational corporations selected include Charoen Pokphand Laos, Huawei Laos and Hoang Anh Gia Lai Attapue. This article has demonstrated the different modes of FDI that these three companies selected as their business strategies when starting to do business in Laos. It has found that green field investment is likely to support agribusiness more whereas branch is good in supporting up-to-date technology in countries with a low technology development. Each selected mode focuses strongly on the potential for cost saving as well as on solving the problem of low productivity and low labour skill of the host country. To sum up, the host country must make a decision on whether to attract resource-seeking or non-resource-seeking FDI.