Economy Of Pakistan Research Articles

ESTIMATION AND DETOXIFICATION OF AFLATOXINS IN OSTRICH FEED SAMPLES COLLECTED FROM LAHORE, PAKISTAN

Ostrich farming is an emerging agricultural business in Pakistan with high demands for meat, eggs, oil, feathers, and leather. However, the presence of aflatoxins may lead to health hazards to poultry and consumers depending on this industry. A study for aflatoxin contamination was conducted on ostrich feed samples collected from 10 localities of Lahore with an emphasis on storage and handling conditions. The samples were analyzed using thin liquid chromatography. The aflatoxin positive feed samples were then detoxified using 0.5, 1, and 1.5 g bud powder of Moringa oleifera, incubated for 7, 14, 21, and 28 days, and were analyzed again. Results revealed maximum contamination (60%) during summers with an average temperature of 30.88 ºC and minimum (20%) in winters with an average temperature of 17.08 ºC. The major contaminant that found was B1 Aflatoxin. Results were statistically analyzed by applying Paired T–Test which proved the effectiveness of M. oleifera ratio in detoxification of feed aflatoxins. On the basis of this study, it was concluded that M. oleifera buds are an efficient biological agent against aflatoxins in feed. In addition, control of temperature and improvement in storage conditions at the sites can reduce the risks of aflatoxicosis

ANALYZING IMF'S STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMS IN PAKISTAN: UNVEILING TRADE-OFFS AND ECONOMIC DYNAMICS

With a focus on evaluating the trade-offs of IMF's structural adjustment programs in Pakistan, this study strives to shed light on the complex relationship between economic stability and international financial assistance. Through a multi-faceted analysis of available data and expert insights, the paper delves into the impact of IMF's policies on various indicators of economic well-being in Pakistan, providing a nuanced and evidence-based understanding of the country's experience with these programs. Using a combination of data from different sources, the study found that while IMF's Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) have had a positive effect on reducing Pakistan's fiscal deficit, the balance of payments, and inflation, they have also led to significant negative consequences. The study attempts to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the impact of SAPs on the economy of Pakistan while considering the trade-offs between the short-term gains and long-term consequences of these policies. It is also important to consider the broader economic, political, and social context in which these policies are implemented.

Impact Of Terrorism On International Trade In Pakistan

International trade means buying and selling of goods and services. Foreign investments boost up economy and it brings lots of opportunities to develop such economy and thus such opportunity develops an economy. The development of such policies brings more investments and trade related opportunities within and outside the boundaries of the countries. This is only possible if the economy is stable because an investor always wants his investments to be safe and secure. Terrorism is a threat that is harming international trade. Due to terrorism trade in Pakistan had suffered a lot and the business opportunities are decreasing our industrialist are shifting towards other countries. Previous researches have concluded that terrorism is a threat that is affecting adversely the global markets and economy as well. The purpose of this research is to find out the impact terrorism is causing to the economy of Pakistan. The paper has also provided recommendations to cope with such threat. The results are extracted by using Microsoft Excel. Regression analysis has been used to identify the relationship between international trade and cost incurred on Terrorism. The results extracted had identified that cost incurred on terrorism have significant impact on international trade. To cope with the problem of terrorism and enhance international trade recommendations will be stated at the end.

Impact of Foreign Loan on Economic Growth of Pakistan: A Time Series Analysis

This study examines effect of foreign loan on economic growth in Pakistan. The study uses time series data for the period of 1972-2022 and collects data from Economic Survey of Pakistan, SBP and WDI. ADF test results shows that variable inflation is stationary at level, while gross domestic product growth rate, foreign loan, and FDI are stationary at 1st difference. So, the study uses ARDL approach to detect the relationship between variables because integration order mixed. The ARDL model results shows that there is existence of long run relationship among all variables. The study results show that foreign loan has negative, FDI has positive, and inflation has negative effect on economic growth of Pakistan. This study recommends that Pakistan should overcome foreign loan and give friendly environment to foreign investors so that more and more FDI comes to country, that will help to improve economic growth of Pakistan.

Indirect Effect of Earnings Quality in the Linkage between Managerial Ability and Firm Performance: Evidence from an Emerging Economy

Purpose: This paper investigates the associations among managerial ability (MA), earnings quality (EQ) and financial performance of the firm (FP) in the context of Pakistani economy.
 Design/methodology/approach: For testing objectives, the research proposed panel data model based on three earnings quality attributes, such as predictability, smoothness, and conservatism, between the managerial ability and corporate financial performance. For estimation, the study analyzed an unbalanced panel of 219 non-financial listed firms on the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) for 2008-2021. To address the concerns of heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation, the study applied fixed effect regression with robust standard errors clustered at the firm level, as suggested by Newey and West (1987).
 Findings: -The study provides that overall managerial ability enhances earnings quality and firm performance. In addition, it is observed that earnings quality plays a significant role in enhancing the firm financial performance. Furthermore, the findings also indicate that earnings quality partially mediates the linkage between managerial ability and firm performance. These results support the hypothesis that efficient managers enhance the earnings quality, reduce information asymmetries which translates into higher firm performance.
 Research limitations/implications: The current research is limited to the non-financial sector; however, the study findings are undeniably beneficial for corporate managers in the context of developing economies where the managerial skills, quality of earnings and regulatory control is poor.
 Originality/value: -The novelty of the study lies in the managerial ability and performance linkage considering earning quality as a mediator. Standard-setters and regulators can use the study's findings to understand how managerial skills affect corporate practices, accounting standards and behaviour.

Challenges and motivations for women entrepreneurs in the service sector of Pakistan

This study investigates the challenges and motivations for women entrepreneurs in the service sector of Pakistan. Women’s business ownership is widely recognized as a critical component of a healthy economy because it plays a significant role in the production of new jobs and services and contributes to overall economic development. Due to the many challenges that are present in the business world, the percentage of women in Pakistan who start their businesses is extremely low. Nevertheless, some motivators keep people from creating new enterprises. This research is qualitative; it adheres to the interpretivism paradigm. A case study approach has been utilized to investigate the individual motivators and hurdles that affect business ventures in Pakistan. The findings uncovered many significant themes that centered on two different dimensions, motivations and challenges. This study is helpful for policymakers in formulating policies and strategies to remove barriers, address challenges, and give opportunities for women to start their businesses. Additionally, this study will provide direction to entrepreneurs, especially those working in the service sector industry. A further finding of the studies will be useful for women’s empowerment, poverty reduction, and the attainment of sustainable development goals.

A Tale of Two Corporations: A Comparison between Performance of Domestic and Multinational Corporations on Corporate Social Responsibility in a Developing Muslim Country

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), a major strategic tool in sustainable development, environment protection, and ethical alignment has gained considerable amount of attention worldwide. Developing countries, however, are still at the early stage in using CSR and especially for developing Muslim countries, whose CSR concept sometimes are confused with philanthropic responsibilities. This study therefore focuses specifically on a representative developing Muslim country, Pakistan to examine CSR. It piques our research interests that there are differences between multinational corporations (MNCs) and domestic companies in the CSR investment in Pakistan, and we compare how these differences in CSR influencing financial performance, net profits, and assets by using the combined methodologies of qualitative content analysis and quantitative regression analysis to investigate whether the differences are statistically significant drawing on the corporate social model. Analyzing 111 domestic companies and MNCs in Pakistan during 2020, we establish statistically significant differences in financial performance, net profits, and assets. Specifically, we find that domestic companies exhibit lower levels of CSR investment compared to MNCs, and they under-perform in terms of financial performance, net profits, and assets. This study contributes to the literature on CSR and the corporate social model, enhancing understanding of CSR development in numerous developing Muslim countries.

GENERAL DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH MULTI DEPENDENT PANELS: A STUDY OF PAK-US TRADE

The basic purpose of this study to General Diagnostic test for Sustainable Economic Growth Multi Dependent Panels of Cross Section. The two sample models are using “USA import from Pakistan impact on USA economy” and “Pakistan export to USA impact on Pakistan economy” with multi macroeconomic dependent variables of each country for the period of 2012 to 2021 and examine through a new General Diagnostic test of Cross-section diagnostic test (CSDT) that highly recommended for future examination of research data. The Results showing the high impact “Import on US Macroeconomic variables” and “Export on Pakistan Macroeconomic variables” that influencing the country economy. The Cross-section diagnostic test (CSDT) result also indicates each macroeconomic dependent variable of a country highly influenced by import and export. Like Pakistan face balance of payment issue and export helping indicator and USA shortage of agricultural product, dairy and natural resources production, import strengthen the usage (meet the need), standard living and economy. Research implications are very clear import and export of a country is highly significant that meet the need of financial and usage of a country. This study has two main recommendations. First, strongly recommends for Policy maker more focus on exports with the help of country resources and meet the need of country. Second, the study is strongly recommended to research institution, and research scholar the new General Diagnostic test Multi Dependent Panels of Cross Section (for Sustainable Economic Growth) is suggested to use for future examination of research data.

Increase in Money Supply Amplifies the Secondary Sources of Finance: Evidence from Pakistani Non-Financial Firms

An increase in money supply is a signal to expand the financing system in the economy; thus, non-financial firms with access to capital markets and financial institutions stand by side and play a significant role in this situation. This study aims to investigate the impact of money supply increases on the capacity of secondary sources of financing and to achieve the goals of expansionary monetary policy. In 2011, 399 non-financial firms were listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange, after excluding those firms that did not provide complete information between our selected periods excluded from the sample. Data from 156 non-financial firms were finally used for analysis. Panel data have been collected from the non-financial firms of Pakistan. After applying the Fixed Effects Model, the results provide evidence that an increase in the money supply in the economy of Pakistan would lead to an enhancement in the financing channels, like trade credit. This study explores the relationship between monetary policy adopted by the central bank and the use of trade credit. Collectively, the results also favor positive relationships between access to the capital market and trade credit patterns. This study recommends that during the time of monetary expansion, firms with better access to financial institutions were more willing to enhance credit sales. For future research, it suggests comparing the use of trade credit during the tight and expansionary monetary policy.

Political Instability and Investment Behaviour in Pakistan

The study investigates the impact of political instability on FDI and private investment in Pakistan from 1990-2019. Control variables include trade openness, inflation, real GDP, and interest rate differential. We have employed Zivot and Andrews stationarity test. The study makes use of the recently introduced dynamic ARDL simulation framework. The long-run results of our first object show the negative association between FDI and political instability. They concern the factors we used as controls, trade openness, real GDP, and interest rate differential boost the FDI inflows, whereas inflation remains insignificant. The short-run result infers that the rate of adjustment is about 25%. As for our second objective, the dynamic ARDL model's long-term findings indicate that political instability deteriorates private investment. As for as control variables are concerned, trade openness and real GDP are positively associated with private investment, whereas interest rates dampen it. Inflation remains insignificant in affecting private investment. Short-run results show that the speed of adjustment is 53% annually. It is suggested that the government is responsible for creating an atmosphere promoting domestic and foreign investment. Investor confidence will be boosted through greater governance, higher institutional quality, and political stability.

Exploring the Relationship Between Tourism and Environmental Degradation in Pakistan's Economy: A Time Series ARDL Modelling Approach

Tourism has received a lot of attention recently, particularly in developing nations that are already dealing with a variety of issues and difficulties. In many parts of the world, there has been a connection between rising tourism and environmental damage. Governments should use economic growth and human activities that increase CO2 emissions, such as energy consumption and tourism, as a proxy for environmental harm in order to limit this. Travel is only one of the damaging behaviors that tourism may engage in that might affect the climate. Global warming and unhealthy air conditions can be exacerbated by networks of transportation. Transit's consequences include environmental disturbance, contamination of the environment, and breathing in pollutants. This study, which spans the years 1997 to 2022 uses Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) models to examine the long-term cointegrating causal connection among environmental deterioration and tourism. The projected results demonstrate how Pakistan's efforts to stop environmental deterioration are hampered by tourist. GDP and energy consumption are two other important variables that have a long-term, favorably biased connection with carbon emissions. The report advised that lawmakers create a model framework for rules that would oblige the federal government to spend its money in carbon-free or ecotourism enterprises in order to protect a sustainable environment. Moreover, tourism significantly affects the country's economy. Since tourism degrades the environment, regulators must consider both the sector's good and bad effects. In order to protect the environment and encourage sustainable tourism growth in Pakistan's economy, this paper proposes policy recommendations.

POTENTIAL, CHALLENGES, AND PROSPECTS FOR PAKISTAN'S BLUE ECONOMY

The value of water and oceans in fostering inhabitation and facilitating trade and economic connectivity is immense. Sea-trade has historically played a crucial role in building a state's economic power. Pakistan, with over 1000 km of coastline and an extended Exclusive Economic Zone covering 290,000 sq.km, possesses abundant marine, fisheries, mineral, and energy resources that can generate significant revenues. Additionally, Pakistan's geo-oceanic position offers vast opportunities for sea-based activities like transportation, tourism, shipbuilding, port facilities, and renewable energy. This paper highlights the challenges and prospects of Pakistan's Blue Economy, providing policy recommendations for its development.

Analyzing the Asymmetric Effects of Green Finance, Financial Development and FDI on Environment Sustainability: New Insights from Pakistan Based Non-Linear ARDL Approach

This research examines the Asymmetric Effects of Green Finance, Financial Development, Financial technology, economic growth, foreign direct investment, and financial development on environmental sustainability. It accomplishes this by applying the Asymmetric Autoregressive Distribution of Lag (NARDL) approach on information obtained from Pakistan from 1997 to 2022. The Data is collected from the Economic Survey of Pakistan and WDI. By analyzing these factors' intricate dynamics within the context of Pakistan, the study seeks to ascertain the short- and long-term effects on environmental sustainability. Using the NARDL paradigm, we address the nonlinearities and asymmetric effects that may exist in this Model. Our findings demonstrate that Pakistan's attempts to protect the environment are aided or hindered by green finance initiatives, technology advancements, economic growth trends, FDI, and financial development. The study investigates how these linkages evolve over time, which aids in developing methodological and policy recommendations for promoting environmental sustainability across the country. This study adds to the body of previous research, Businesses, legislators, and other interested parties attempting to reconcile environmental protection with economic expansion in a world-changing world will find the results to be an invaluable resource. Policymakers should prioritize the development of green financial instruments, support sustainable economic growth, draw in foreign investments with an environmental focus, and use innovations to address the urgent problem of reducing carbon emissions and promoting a more sustainable future for Pakistan. The limitation of the study is that determining the validity of observed trends may be difficult because data for some variables may only be available for a brief period of time.

The challenges to the mega infrastructure of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor in Pakistan

This article provides an argument for amending the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) in the 1973 Constitution of Pakistan. That will ensure accountability, reduce criticism of corruption, and secure Chinese investment in Pakistan. The study’s main question is why CPEC does not have constitutional protection in Pakistan, which is more investment than Pakistan’s annual budget. CPEC should reduce the sense of deprivation and inequality within Pakistan and ensure its transparency in various aspects. The CPEC Amendment can establish parliamentary oversight and reduce the deprivations of the provinces by electing members on a National Economic Council (NEC) formula and a regional basis. Furthermore, it can provide some basic constitutional framework for upcoming governments regarding heavy investment in infrastructure. The constitutional provisions of the flagship project can serve as an example for BRI member countries.

Structural transformation and political economy: A new approach to inclusive growth.

The "Jobless growth" of Pakistan's economy and its acquaintances with frequent changes in different governments in power (both democratic and military regime) and its influence on economic growth persuades to conduct a qualitative analysis of the structural transformation on the disaggregated level to determine whether or not it has any connection or impact on different sectors of the economy. The fundamental objective of this study is to (a) explore how sectoral transformation has affected economic development and employment, as well as their relationships, and (b investigate how these dynamics have impacted the generation of sustainable employment in the economy. For this reason, the study takes sectoral transformation into account. The study applies the sectoral employment Elasticity technique for this objective. The results of our evaluation indicate that the economy functions better under military regimes than it does during democratic periods. The cause might be anything, but our goal is to determine the employment elasticity of Pakistan's main political powers. As an agriculture-based economy, most of the population relies on the agriculture sector; hence, its decline highlights the need for reforms. If this sector doesn't grow by creating additional jobs, it will lose its employment power.

Impact of Pre, During and Post COVID-19 on Stock Returns Empirical Evidence from Selected SAARC Countries

The COVID period was declared the worst phase for all the nations in the world, and it influenced human health as well as the entire financial system of the countries. Coronavirus has created uncertainty in the global market, education systems, businesses and financial market. For the first in history, the stock market of SAARC countries was drastically impacted for the most extended period due to the coronavirus. Among eight countries, the economy of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka was incredibly hit because of the larger population and the inability to implement proper lockdown among these nations. This study analyses the pre-during-post effect of COVID-19 on selected SAARC countries of stock. The main objective of this research is to know how COVID-19 influences these stock indices in the three mentioned periods. For this study, secondary data was collected from the www.investing.com website for BSX, PSX, CSX and DSX indices. This research is mainly based on the daily closing price of indices. To find the returns of these four indices, the data were treated in Microsoft Excel. In addition, descriptive statistics and multiple mean comparison tests were done to analyse the different results. According to the result of descriptive statistics concerning the market and COVID-wise, returns of Bombay, Colombo, and the Pakistan stock exchange were positive over the period. According to the result of Multiple Mean comparisons in terms of COVID-wise, among the four stock indices, Bombay and Pakistan stock returns are positive, and market-wise, no statistical difference occurs in the average return value of pre-COVID, during-COVID, and post-COVID.

SALE PRICE COMPARISON OF SAGGIAN FLOWER MARKET: A CASE STUDY

In order to reach the required standard, an effort has been made to cover all facets of the flower business in this paper, including the current environment and potential future developments. The sale and price of various flowers, including gladioli, cut roses, tuberose, gruss an teplitz, and marigolds, are presented in this study as well as the current state of the Saggian flower market. This article makes it easier for people to decide whether to launch a flower business in Pakistan. In Pakistan, the flower industry has grown significantly since previous years, however this growth is insufficient to meet customer demand. Compared to the winter season, production drops throughout the summer. This article provides a summary of the annual sales and projected rates of various flowers in the Saggian Flower Market.

An exploration and importance-performance analysis of bus rapid transit systems’ service quality attributes: Evidence from an emerging economy

Bus rapid transit (BRT) systems have emerged as efficient, convenient, and cost-effective solutions to meet customer transport needs. Since their advent in developing countries, a plethora of research has examined the service quality attributes of such systems that contribute to customers' overall satisfaction. Yet, there have been some methodological gaps that have limited understanding of what maximizes customer satisfaction with the service quality of the BRT system. This current study intends to fill such gaps and examines drivers of explicit and derived customer satisfaction with BRT systems in the emerging economy of Pakistan. In-depth interviews were first conducted to identify key service quality dimensions for BRT customers from four major Pakistani cities. A structured survey was then used to collect data from a total of 481 respondents (useable responses) using the Qualtrics platform. Data were analyzed via gap analysis, importance-performance grid, and regression analyses in SPSS to identify service quality elements that derive BRT customer satisfaction. These three data analysis techniques produced varying findings regarding service quality dimensions needing improvement to increase satisfaction. This study provides critical insights to improve the customers' BRT experience and some theoretical contributions for future researchers.

QPCR Assay as a Tool for Examining Cotton Resistance to the Virus Complex Causing CLCuD: Yield Loss Inversely Correlates with Betasatellite, Not Virus, DNA Titer.

Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) is a significant constraint to the economies of Pakistan and India. The disease is caused by different begomoviruses (genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae) in association with a disease-specific betasatellite. However, another satellite-like molecule, alphasatellite, is occasionally found associated with this disease complex. A quantitative real-time PCR assay for the virus/satellite components causing CLCuD was used to investigate the performance of selected cotton varieties in the 2014-2015 National Coordinated Varietal Trials (NCVT) in Pakistan. The DNA levels of virus and satellites in cotton plants were determined for five cotton varieties across three geographic locations and compared with seed cotton yield (SCY) as a measure of the plant performance. The highest virus titer was detected in B-10 (0.972 ng·µg-1) from Vehari and the lowest in B-3 (0.006 ng·µg-1) from Faisalabad. Likewise, the highest alphasatellite titer was found in B-1 (0.055 ng·µg-1) from Vehari and the lowest in B-1 and B-2 (0.001 ng·µg-1) from Faisalabad. The highest betasatellite titer was found in B-23 (1.156 ng·µg-1) from Faisalabad and the lowest in B-12 (0.072 ng·µg-1) from Multan. Virus/satellite DNA levels, symptoms, and SCY were found to be highly variable between the varieties and between the locations. Nevertheless, statistical analysis of the results suggested that betasatellite DNA levels, rather than virus or alphasatellite DNA levels, were the important variable in plant performance, having an inverse relationship with SCY (-0.447). This quantitative assay will be useful in breeding programs for development of virus resistant plants and varietal trials, such as the NCVT, to select suitable varieties of cotton with mild (preferably no) symptoms and low (preferably no) virus/satellite. At present, no such molecular techniques are used in resistance breeding programs or varietal trials in Pakistan.

Analyzing the Influence of Exchange Rate Dynamics on Foreign Direct Investment in Pakistan: A 13-Year Analysis

Background: In the economic development of Pakistan, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) plays a crucial role while the exchange rate has been determined as an important factor influencing the FDI inflows. Research Aim: This research paper explores the multifaceted relationship between changes in exchange rate and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Pakistan aiming to shed the light on complex dynamics at play. Methodology: Through the data analysis from 2010 to 2022 and empirical studies this study identifies a significant relationship between the change in exchange rate and FDI. The test of Linear Regression and Pearson’s Correlation were applied to test the data through SPSS software. Results: The results of the correlation exhibited that there is a positive relationship between change in Exchange rate and FDI, while the R-square in the regression analysis showed about 58.1% impact of the independent variable on the dependent variable. It is apparent from the study that the depreciation and appreciation of the Pakistani currency relative to major international currencies affects the decision of the investors. Conclusion: This paper concludes with a set of recommendations for the Government of Pakistan with the aim of creating a conducive environment for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) by considering stabilizing the exchange rate as a key factor. Further, this research will help provide valuable insight and pathways for the policymakers and investors in forming the decision-making and policy for the development and sustainable growth of the economy of Pakistan.