Police Investigation Research Articles

Evaluating Visual Analytics for Relevant Information Retrieval in Document Collections

Abstract Retrieving information from document collections is necessary in many contexts, e.g. researchers search for papers on a topic, physicians search for records of patients with a certain condition and police investigators seek relationships between different criminal reports. Finding relevant textual content in a corpus can be challenging in scenarios where the users expect a retrieval process with high recall. Visual Analytics (VA) systems that integrate interactive visualizations and machine learning algorithms are often advocated to support retrieval tasks in such complex scenarios. However, few studies report an end-user perspective on the utility of such systems. We present results from observational studies on VA-supported information retrieval conducted with graduate students and researchers using a system to explore collections of scientific papers. While users have, in general, positive views of the system’s potential to facilitate their retrieval tasks, some faced practical difficulties in using it effectively, and we found considerable variation in their assessment of specific functionalities. Our findings reinforce the potential of VA systems and also the importance of carefully informing users of the underlying conceptual models in such systems and their limitations.

Storytelling with Image Data: A Systematic Review and Comparative Analysis of Methods and Tools

In our digital age, data are generated constantly from public and private sources, social media platforms, and the Internet of Things. A significant portion of this information comes in the form of unstructured images and videos, such as the 95 million daily photos and videos shared on Instagram and the 136 billion images available on Google Images. Despite advances in image processing and analytics, the current state of the art lacks effective methods for discovering, linking, and comprehending image data. Consider, for instance, the images from a crime scene that hold critical information for a police investigation. Currently, no system can interactively generate a comprehensive narrative of events from the incident to the conclusion of the investigation. To address this gap in research, we have conducted a thorough systematic literature review of existing methods, from labeling and captioning to extraction, enrichment, and transforming image data into contextualized information and knowledge. Our review has led us to propose the vision of storytelling with image data, an innovative framework designed to address fundamental challenges in image data comprehension. In particular, we focus on the research problem of understanding image data in general and, specifically, curating, summarizing, linking, and presenting large amounts of image data in a digestible manner to users. In this context, storytelling serves as an appropriate metaphor, as it can capture and depict the narratives and insights locked within the relationships among data stored across different islands. Additionally, a story can be subjective and told from various perspectives, ranging from a highly abstract narrative to a highly detailed one.

Modeling face similarity in police lineups.

Police investigators worldwide use lineups to test an eyewitness's memory of a perpetrator. A typical lineup consists of one suspect (who is innocent or guilty) plus five or more fillers who resemble the suspect and who are known to be innocent. Although eyewitness identification decisions were once biased by police pressure and poorly constructed lineups, decades of social science research led to the development of reformed lineup procedures that provide a more objective test memory. Under these improved testing conditions, cognitive models of memory can be used to better understand and ideally enhance eyewitness identification performance. In this regard, one question that has bedeviled the field for decades is how similar the lineup fillers should be to the suspect to optimize performance. Here, we model the effects of manipulating filler similarity to better understand why such manipulations have the intriguing effects they do. Our findings suggest that witnesses rely on a decision variable consisting of the degree to which the memory signal for a particular face in the lineup stands out relative to the crowd of memory signals generated by the set of faces in the lineup. The use of that decision variable helps to explain why discriminability is maximized by choosing fillers that match the suspect on basic facial features typically described by the eyewitness (e.g., age, race, gender) but who otherwise are maximally dissimilar to the suspect. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

The Role of the Honorary Tribunal of the Notary of the Territory at the Request of Law Enforcement Against Alleged Violations by the Notary

The Honorary Panel of Notaries rejected the investigator's application for approval in the judicial process. The rejection of the case was carried out by testing article 66 of Law Number 2 of 2014 concerning the Position of Notary at the Constitutional Court. This study aims to analyze the role of the Regional Notary Honorary Assembly at the request of law enforcement against alleged violations by notaries, and to analyze the reasons for the refusal of the Regional Notary Honorary Assembly to the application for examination of the Notary by police investigators. The approach method used in this study is normative juridical which is prescriptive. The legal materials used are primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials. The results of this study show that: The role of the Regional Notary Honorary Council in responding to the request of the investigator to present as a witness or suspect in the case that is resolved, the Regional Notary Honorary Council can refuse and or grant the request, very much depends on the objective conditions at the time of the examination of the notary. The reason for the Regional Notary Honorary Council refusal to the investigator's request to present a Notary as a witness or suspect, if from the results of the hearing the examination of the object in the Deed before the Deed was made was carried out in accordance with the standard operating procedures according to theKeyword: the Regional Notary Honorary Council; Law Enforcement; Offense Notary

Exploring facilitators, barriers and concerns of police using social media when investigating missing children

Missing person investigations involve the collection of information to ensure the person is located as fast as possible, minimising their exposure to harms. Social media is a valuable source of information in police investigations both to learn about the missing person, and to appeal for information to the public. To ensure social media is used safely and effectively, we must understand the concerns and experiences of investigating officers. In this pilot study, we analysed interviews from 8 experts who investigate missing children to identify the facilitators and barriers of using social media. We also identified concerns raised by officers around both immediate and long-term harm which can befall the missing person because of social media use in these cases. We detail these concerns hoping to motivate further research into their understanding and mitigation. We propose some possible avenues for future work around training and around technological solutions, such as exploring text-based machine learning to parse large volumes of text, flag hateful speech, and remove all instances of appeals to ensure individuals’ right to be forgotten is respected.

Role of Connectors in Corporate Fraud and Corruptions in Era of Circular Economy

This paper examines the role of connectors in a fraud and corruption-prone environment of the circular economy. A qualitative approach and critical perspective were adopted. In the same line of thought, this study drew on narratives of fraud experiences from the Criminalistica Symposium between 2017 and 2022, as well as interviews with forensic accountants, auditing experts, and police investigators, to foment discourse analysis derived from Machiavellian theory. Thematic coding was selected for the presentation of results. Our findings lead us to the conclusion that there are five identified connector roles in an organization. The connectors have the role of mainly influencing acts of corporate fraud and corruption, which have the characteristics of a double-edged sword. Connectors serve as team motivators and sometimes as manipulators, and they also have the role of spearheading negotiations in tumultuous times of employee disorder and employers’ disagreements, almost leading to uneasy truces. Additionally, in a bid to perpetrate fraud, the connector assists in the role of overriding controls. Inasmuch as it bears the trait of acting as an agent of knowledge building by facilitating learning and communication in organizations in a CE environment, this study contributes to the literature showing various roles of connectors in fraud schemes. Finally, bearing the originality, understanding the role of connectors in circular economy fraud and corruption schemes clarifies our path to expected wellbeing in the concept of sustainability in our ways of life in the coming decades attuned to policymakers and regulators.

Esophageal rupture through extreme sadomasochistic practice

We report the case of a woman in her thirties who suffered an esophageal rupture while participating in extreme sadomasochistic practices. After herself seeking help in a hospital for complaints alleged to be from a fall, she was initially diagnosed with several broken ribs and a pneumothorax. The cause of the pneumothorax was later discovered to be an esophageal rupture. When confronted with this atypical injury for a fall, the woman admitted to have accidentally swallowed an inflatable gag, which her partner had afterwards inflated. In addition to the esophageal rupture, the patient also had numerous other externally visible injuries of various ages, reportedly also from sadomasochistic acts. Although an in-depth police investigation was conducted and a “slave contract” was found, the woman’s consent to the extreme sexual practices performed by her life partner could not be substantiated conclusively. The man was convicted for intentional infliction of serious as well as dangerous bodily injury and sentenced to a long term in prison.

Vulnerability, resilience, and rape: Uncovering the hidden work of police officers during rape investigations

Drawing on original empirical data comprising police interviews and case file analysis, this article seeks to better understand the policing responses to cases of rape and specifically, the ways in which officers assist victims in the context of two themes – encouraging engagement with the investigative process and ensuring victim safety and general welfare. This work – which we call ‘hidden work’ as it is often neglected in the research literature – involves victim care, multi-agency working, provision of practical assistance, along with efforts to protect victims from physical and psychological harm. This article reaffirms key observations in the existing literature that emphasise the importance of victim welfare and engagement as part of a police investigation. A focus on victim care can be seen as an end in itself but also as a strategy that may carry benefit to the police themselves in the pursuance of performance goals should a victim remain engaged with the criminal justice process. However, the central argument in this paper is that traditional measures of police performance, such as detection and arrest rates, miss a significant amount of police activity which are important to rape victims and that a broader range of considerations should be factored into discussion of police performance. This is suggested not to diminish or downplay the significance of traditional measures of performance, or indeed to minimise police shortcomings in these areas, but to facilitate a more nuanced discussion of some of the realities of investigative work in the complex field of sexual offences. The article concludes by arguing that much of this hidden work should be included in formal assessments of police performance alongside traditional key performance indicators.

Police Interviewing in Spain: A Self-Report Survey of Police Practices and Beliefs

Over the past decades, the psychological science has accumulated a large corpus of empirical knowledge about police interviews, deception detection, and suspects’ confessions. However, it is unclear whether European police forces’ practices and beliefs are consistent with recommendations derived from this empirical literature. The study described in this report is part of a larger research project examining European police investigators’ practices and beliefs. An online survey was administered to Guardia Civil (n = 89) and Policía Nacional investigators (n = 126). The survey inquired about the length, frequency and electronic recording of interviews, the suspects’ use of their right to remain silent, investigators’ self-reported skills in distinguishing between truthful and deceptive statements, their estimates of the frequency of (false) confessions, and their use of specific interview tactics. The outcomes provide insights into investigators’ knowledge and practices, highlight specific needs, and allow for a comparison between European and North American police forces.

Proses Penyidikan oleh Kepolisian Terhadap Tindak Pidana Perdagangan Orang dalam Aplikasi Whatsapp

To understand the investigation into the crime of trafficking in persons on Whatsapp media and understand the obstacles in police investigations of social media such as WhatsApp. This research uses case studies, namely examining cases and taking data directly on the parties involved in the chance to be investigated. In this study, it was found that the perpetrators of the crime of trafficking in persons did so because of economic problems, and victims of the crime of trafficking in persons were forced to do so because they were entangled in the deceit of the perpetrators, the victim who was a good friend of the victim was deceived and ensnared so that he needed to undergo rehabilitation for the perpetrator's actions. Social media, such as Whatsapp, is a crime that is difficult to trace because the perpetrators of crimes can be outside the jurisdiction of the Pekanbaru Police, but successful investigations and investigations have been carried out due to reports and assistance from public information cooperation. Around and feel disturbed by this criminal act of trafficking in persons. The most common obstacles encountered in these investigative cases include internal barriers consisting of limited jurisdiction areas and cyber mastery constraints. Second, there are external constraints (investigations into victims and lack of public legal concern).

Acute alcohol intoxication and alcohol expectancy effects on women's memory for consensual and non-consensual sexual activity.

To test whether acute alcohol intoxication and alcohol expectancy affects how accurately women remember consensual and non-consensual sexual activity that occurred during an interactive hypothetical dating scenario. A balanced placebo randomized study that varied alcohol dose (mean Breath Alcohol Content; BrAC = 0.06%) and alcohol expectancy prior to participants encoding a hypothetical interactive rape scenario was implemented. Participants could elect to consent to sexual activity with a male partner in the hypothetical scenario. If they stopped consenting, non-consensual sexual intercourse (i.e., rape) was described. Seven days later, participants' memory for consensual and non-consensual sexual activity in the scenario was tested. Memory accuracy, confidence, and feelings of intoxication. A total of 90 females (M age = 20.5, SD = 2.2) were tested regarding their memory accuracy for the consensual and non-consensual sexual activities in the scenario. A multi-level logistic regression predicting memory accuracy for the perpetrator's behaviors during the rape indicated no effect of alcohol intoxication. However, a main effect of alcohol expectancy was found, whereby participants who expected to consume alcohol, compared to those who did not, recalled the perpetrator's behaviors during the rape more accurately. A second regression predicting memory accuracy for consensual sexual activity found no main effects for alcohol intoxication or alcohol expectancy. Participants recalled consensual sexual activity with a high degree of accuracy. Calibration analyses indicated that accuracy increased with confidence level, regardless of intoxication level or alcohol expectancy condition, but that women tended to be overconfident in general. This study provides an important test of how accurately women remember consensual and non-consensual sexual activities. The accuracy of this information is important for forensic medical examinations and police investigations following an allegation of sexual assault. Increased memory accuracy was found for offence details when participants expected to consume alcohol, suggesting there may be important differences in attentional processes (e.g., hypervigilance) depending on whether threat is present. Further research is necessary to investigate memory for sexual violence in real-world settings and to test methods for ascertaining the most complete and reliable accounts.

CHALLENGES FOR INVESTIGATING ONLINE PROSTITUTION

Cyber crime is a crime with a computer or computer network being a tool, target or place of crime. Included in cyber crimes include online prostitution. The purpose of writing this article is to find out the police's efforts to investigate online prostitution crimes and what are the obstacles and solutions in conducting online prostitution investigations by the police. This paper uses a normative juridical approach in its preparation. the result of the study conducted is that before the police investigators conduct an investigation, an investigation is carried out to find out and confirm the existence of a criminal act of prostitution through social media; after the minutes of the document are completed and declared complete by the public prosecutor, then P21 proceeds. The obstacle faced by the police is the anonymity of the perpetrator. The solution presented is to coordinate with the provider (communication service provider), the social media service provider and, the Bank

The Relevance of police investigation and intelligence to the criminal justice system and its improvement in Brazil

The fifth text, by Almir de Oliveira Junior, revives the importance of police investigation and intelligence activities. In this study, released in August 2012, the author discusses the challenges faced by Brazilian police organizations because of high crime rates. In this context, data collected can be processed through police intelligence activities so that agents can better perform their work.

Afterword – The Relevance of Police Investigation and Intelligence to the Criminal Justice System and its Improvement in Brazil

Afterword – The Relevance of Police Investigation and Intelligence to the Criminal Justice System and its Improvement in Brazil

Tinjauan Sosiologis Terhadap Permintaan Keterangan Saksi Dalam Penyelesaian Kasus Kecelakaan Lalu Lintas

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the factors that hampered witnesses' inquiries in solving traffic accident cases carried out by the Pohuwato Police Traffic Police. To find out and analyze the efforts made by Pohuwato Police Traffic Police investigators if the witness was difficult to provide information about traffic accidents. The method used in this research is empirical legal research method. The results of this study were (1) The factors that hampered the witness's request for testimony in the settlement of a traffic accident case carried out by the Traffic Police of Pohuwato Police: The witness did not want to attend, the witness did not want to give information, the witness lived far away, the witness was not completely know what happened. (2) Efforts made by Pohuwato Police Traffic Police investigators if the witness is difficult to provide information about a traffic accident: Making a notification letter or summons, Pohuwato Police Traffic Police members meet themselves and speak directly to the person being summoned, If the witness called is not found wrong one place, then the summons shall be sent through the village head or hamlet head, the witnesses' summons must of course be done with the correct procedure, calling the witnesses by telephone The suggestion in the results of this study is to facilitate the examination of witnesses, the Pohuwato Traffic Police should use available technology such as video calls through applications such as zoom, google meet or applications that support doing it online. The need to maximize the socialization of socialization about safetty riding or road safety to motorists so that traffic accidents can be reduced and public awareness increases.

Penegakan Hukum Judi Online Chip Domino Yang Dilakukan Oleh Wilayatul Hisbah Ditinjau Dari Qanun No. 13 Tahun 2003 Tentang Maisir

Enforcement of online gambling by Wilayatul Hisbah as stipulated in Article 15 Paragraph (3) in Qanun Number 13 of 2003 concerning Maisir (gambling) states that "In carrying out the coaching function, Wilayatul Hisbah officials who find perpetrators of finger maisir can give warnings and guidance in advance to offender before handing them over to investigators. From this article it can be interpreted that the Wilayatul Hisbah has the authority to arrest the perpetrators of maisir. Even though it has been regulated in such a way, both in statutory regulations, Aceh Qanun Number 13 of 2003, as well as Qanun No. 6 of 2014 concerning Jinayah Law. The Wilayatul Hisbah law enforcement apparatus is still vacillating in carrying out its functions, because there are two investigators in the Maisir Qanun, namely Wilayatul Hisbah investigators (PPNS) and Police investigators. Eradication of gambling is not something that can be easily eliminated, it is necessary to have legal regulations that take strict action against the perpetrators of gambling crimes. Regulations for gambling were originally regulated in Article 542 of the Criminal Code, but based on the provisions stipulated in Article 2 paragraph (4) of Law no. 7 of 1974 concerning Controlling Gambling, has been amended in the criminal provisions in Article 303 bis of the Criminal Code.

Penegakan Hukum terhadap Tindak Pidana Perdagangan Orang di Polda NTB

This study aims to determine how to the criminal law enforcement act of human trafficking at the NTB Regional Police and to find out what are the obstacles in law enforcement the criminal act of trafficking in persons at the NTB Regional Police. The type of research used is empirical legal research methods, with statutory, conceptual, and sociological approaches. Based on this research, the investigation of human trafficking in the NTB Police is carried out in two stages, namely investigation and investigation. The investigation stage starts from receiving a Notification of the Return of Indonesian Citizens/PMI to receiving a case delegation letter from the National Police Headquarters, then the investigation starts from making an investigation warrant to making a notification of the progress of the investigation results (SP2HP). The internal obstacle experienced by the NTB Regional Police investigators is that the investigator cannot detain overseas agents who are involved in the criminal act of trafficking in persons because they do not know the agent's whereabouts. Meanwhile, external constraints can be seen from the legal factors themselves, law enforcement factors, supporting facilities or facilities, and community factors.

Extent of Forensic Practices of Police Investigators: A Basis for Enhancement Plan

In criminal investigations, the Directorate for Investigation and Detective Management – Police investigators are required by Philippine National Police orders to conduct forensic science-based crime scene investigations. In order to ensure that every government employee adheres to the accepted belief that public office is a public trust, it is challenging to assess the work of police detectives performing crime scene investigations using forensic technology. This essential value of forensic science in police investigations is undeniable. This study discusses the scope of police forensic methods in ballistics, photography, and dactyloscopy, specifically in the Province of Antique. These issues regarding the scope of practices in conducting investigations and forensic examinations are expressed via a survey questionnaire and a series of statistical tests. In addition, the report outlines the difficulties experienced by these Philippine National Police investigators. The results of the study found that police investigators had a high level of forensic experience with ballistics and photography. Further, results revealed low level of forensic experience with dactyloscopy.. Therefore, Police investigators, among many solutions, may consider the following to be of great help: 1-attending relevant seminars and trainings involving dactyloscopy, and 2- specifying budget allocation for lacking equipment.

Evaluating Child Interviews Conducted by Child Protective Services Workers and Police Investigators

Abstract High-quality interviews that follow best-practice guidelines are the best means available to frontline child protective service (CPS) workers and specially trained police officers to investigate and detect abuse and maltreatment. In Norway, the CPS and police are trained in the same interview method. In the current quantitative study, we investigate sixty-five interviews conducted by the CPS of children ages 4–8 years and seventy-two interviews conducted by the police of children ages 3–6 years. Our analysis shows that the CPS workers presented more open-ended invitations and fewer suggestive questions than the police officers. However, the CPS also asked more option-posing questions. Still, this finding may indicate that CPS workers come closer than police officers to follow best practice guidelines when they conduct child interviews. It should be noted that the police are also trained in an extended interview method, unlike the CPS workers. The number of open-ended invitations was sparse in both samples. Differences in the span of children’s ages in the two samples and different legal frameworks may have affected the findings. Implications for interview training are discussed.

Critical memory and anti-racist media: An analysis of the transnational political subjectivity of BLM-DK

ABSTRACT When a young Danish-Tanzanian man was brutally murdered in Denmark, the Danish division of Black Lives Matter (BLM-DK) followed closely the journalistic coverage of the police investigation. BLM-DK posted 37 memes and commented links in the six months following the murder. Drawing on theories of critical memory, black publicity, and African American resistance that produces a genealogical counter-public this article explores the question of how BLM-DK’s textual and visual social media content concerning the murder addressed and helped mobilise a counter-public. In particular, the article investigates the convergent nature of the posts and the insistence on transnational political subjectivity. The article employs discursive analyses and produces detailed visual discursive readings of selected posts by BLM-DK.