Many Types Of Investigation Research Articles

THE USE OF MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE IN THE CRIME INVESTIGATION

Introduction: Investigation of many types of crimes is accompanied by the involvement of health care workers. They, with the help of their special skills in the sphere of medicine, assist the investigator in identification, fixation and caption of evidence. Health care workers take part in many investigative procedures, carry out forensic, psychiatric and other kinds of examinations. The aim: To reveal modern forms of using medical knowledge during the crime investigation. Materials and methods: The abstract is based on the teachings of scholars of forensic physicians, criminologists, the results of our survey of investigators and forensic experts, the results of our generalization of criminal proceedings regarding the investigation of murders, normative and legal acts of Ukraine and other sources. The system of scientific knowledge methods: historical, statistical, questionnaires, generalizations and others, was used during the research. Review: Our research reveals the following forms of using medical knowledge during crime investigation. This is the participation of physicians as specialists in investigative procedures, like the review of the scene, interrogation, investigation experiment, examination, participation in the selection of biological samples for carrying out expert examinations, physicians' assistance in the form of the recreation of the deceased person's face with a view of its identification, also the consultations of physicians - cardiologists, traumatologists, surgeons, forensic experts, etc., carrying out of forensic and forensic and psychiatric examinations, use of medical knowledge in the form of molecular genome research with the view of person's identification. The argumentative issues on the interaction between the investigator and the physician during the review of the scene, interrogation and other investigative procedures, implementation of molecular genome research and certain issues arising in the appointment of forensic and forensic psychiatric examinations are reviewed in the abstract. Conclusions: The use of medical knowledge is necessary for investigation of many types of crimes. The forms of using medical knowledge in the crime investigations such as the participation of physicians as specialists in the carrying out of investigative procedures, the physicians' assistance in the form of the recreation of the deceased person's face with a view to its identification and physicians' consultations are widely spread nowadays. The conduct of forensic, medical and forensic and forensic psychiatric examinations is the most widespread. The use of medical knowledge in the form of genotyposcopic and molecular genome research carried out in order to identify a person during the crime investigations is popular nowadays.

Herbarium specimens reveal the exchange network of British and Irish botanists, 1856–1932

AbstractThe labels on herbarium specimens hold information on the plant collected, but also on the botanist. Recent digitisation allows these data to be used for many types of investigation, including study of the botanists themselves. As a proof of concept, we reconstructed prosopographical networks of botanical exchange that existed in Britain and Ireland in the nineteenth and twentieth century and investigate the nature of these networks and their actors. Data from British Herbaria digitised on Herbaria@home were used to create network diagrams from the names of collectors, determiners, communicators and curators mentioned on herbarium specimens collected from 1856 to 1932. Data from herbarium specimens credibly reconstructed botanical exchange networks. These networks provided metrics on the actors in botanical exchange and can be used to quantify the role of different categories of actor. The botanical networks of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century were shown to be highly connected and d...

Handwriting Identification using Connected Component Analysis and 2D- Discrete Wavelet Transform

Handwriting identification has become a major area for research these days. It refers to the ability of the computer to receive the image of the handwritten character from sources such as paper documents, touch screens, etc and compare it with an existing database. Handwriting and hand-printing analysis is applied to many types of investigation: fraud, homicide, suicide, drug trafficking and clandestine labs, sexual offences, threats and extortion, blackmail, arson, bombings, and theft. It is also implemented in many subjective handwritten exams in cases of discrepancies. This paper is aimed at obtaining a unique and unambiguous approach to do the same using the Discrete Wavelet Transform. Each and every character scribbled is treated as a specific shape and hence its corresponding features are extracted using DWT. These features are used to compare the handwritten characters of various individuals with the database. The algorithm developed in this paper is done using the English script calligraphy and could be comfortably applied to every other script using the same procedure.

Rich Design Research Space

This paper introduces and discusses a Rich Research Space as an inclusive methodological framework and scaffold for research-by-design. The Rich Research Space especially addresses the issue of richness in design processes and design-led research. There is a general trend towards increased complexity in design processes, caused on one hand by the increasing depth and width in the use of design media and methods, and on the other hand by the increasing complexity and interdependency of society due to globalisation. These issues confront the designer-researcher with new challenges. This paper formulates a research strategy for research-by-design in fields that have a high degree of richness in the use of media, the amount of information, and the methods involved. The Rich Research Space concept proposed takes into account the physical, social, and cultural spaces, and the virtual and visual media spaces in which the research-by-design takes place. The concept takes the form of a specific integral approach to design, and a holistic theoretical mindset. It embraces many types of investigation, from analytical to intuitive. The Rich Research Space provides a flexible framework within which the complexity of research-by-design can be interrelated, discussed, and reflected upon. Potentially, it can create a more involved role for the designer-researcher, a role that allows contributions towards the resolution of ever more pressing issues in our society. This approach is currently one of a limited number of possible frameworks that the design professions can utilize in order to make a difference in a world of at times overwhelming complexity. The concept of the Rich Research Space is discussed with reference to an art installation called Barely.Keywords: Research by design, collaborative design, complexity, creativity, research methods.

Conducting Discrete Choice Experiments to Inform Healthcare Decision Making

Discrete choice experiments (DCEs) are regularly used in health economics to elicit preferences for healthcare products and programmes. There is growing recognition that DCEs can provide more than information on preferences and, in particular, they have the potential to contribute more directly to outcome measurement for use in economic evaluation. Almost uniquely, DCEs could potentially contribute to outcome measurement for use in both cost-benefit and cost-utility analysis. Within this expanding remit, our intention is to provide a resource for current practitioners as well as those considering undertaking a DCE, using DCE results in a policy/commercial context, or reviewing a DCE. We present the fundamental principles and theory underlying DCEs. To aid in undertaking and assessing the quality of DCEs, we discuss the process of carrying out a choice study and have developed a checklist covering conceptualizing the choice process, selecting attributes and levels, experimental design, questionnaire design, pilot testing, sampling and sample size, data collection, coding of data, econometric analysis, validity, interpretation and welfare and policy analysis. In this fast-moving area, a number of issues remain on the research frontier. We therefore outline potentially fruitful areas for future research associated both with DCEs in general, and with health applications specifically, paying attention to how the results of DCEs can be used in economic evaluation. We also discuss emerging research trends. We conclude that if appropriately designed, implemented, analysed and interpreted, DCEs offer several advantages in the health sector, the most important of which is that they provide rich data sources for economic evaluation and decision making, allowing investigation of many types of questions, some of which otherwise would be intractable analytically. Thus, they offer viable alternatives and complements to existing methods of valuation and preference elicitation.

An Integrated Genetic Linkage Map with 1137 Markers Constructed from Five F2 Crosses of Autoimmune Disease-Prone and -Resistant Inbred Rat Strains

The rat (Rattus norvegicus) is an important experimental model for many human diseases including arthritis, diabetes, and other autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases. The rat genetic linkage map, however, is less well developed than those of mouse and human. Integrated rat genetic linkage maps have been previously reported by Pravenec et al. (1996, Mamm. Genome 7: 117–127) (500 markers mapped in one cross), Bihoreau et al. (1997, Genome Res. 7: 434–440) (767 markers mapped in three crosses), Wei et al. (1998, Mamm. Genome 9: 1002–1007) (562 markers mapped in two crosses), Brown et al. (1998, Mamm. Genome 9: 521–530) (678 markers mapped in four crosses), and Nordquist et al. (1999, Rat Genome 5: 15–20) (330 markers mapped in two crosses). The densest linkage map combined with a radiation hybrid map, reported by Steen et al. (1999, Genome Res. 9: AP1–AP8), includes 4736 markers mapped in two crosses. Here, we present an integrated linkage map with 1137 markers. We have constructed this map by genotyping F2 progeny of five crosses: F344/NHsd × LEW/NHsd (673 markers), DA/Bkl × F344/NHsd (531 markers), BN/SsN × LEW/N (714 markers), DA/Bkl × BN/SsNHsd (194 markers), and DA/Bkl × ACI/SegHsd (245 markers). These inbred rat strains vary in susceptibility/resistance to multiple autoimmune diseases and are used extensively for many types of investigation. The integrated map includes 360 loci mapped in three or more crosses. The map contains 196 new SSLP markers developed by our group, as well as many SSLP markers developed by other groups. Two hundred forty genes are incorporated in the map. This integrated map should allow comparison of rat genetic maps from different groups and thereby facilitate genetic studies of rat autoimmune and related disease models.

In situ molecular association of dystrophin with actin revealed by sensitized emission immuno-resonance energy transfer.

A novel method was developed to detect molecular associations of dystrophin with actin in cryostat muscle tissue sections by combining resonance energy transfer technology with immunohistochemical techniques. This method takes advantage of the long phosphorescent lifetime of terbium chelates, a property that enables the accurate determination of energy transfer in biological tissues by lifetime measurements of sensitized emission. After a brief excitation pulse, terbium chelates emit for milliseconds after the intrinsically high autofluorescence of biological specimens has decayed to negligible levels. Rat skeletal muscle tissue sections were labeled with both anti-dystrophin monoclonal antibody conjugated to a terbium-based resonance energy transfer donor and anti-actin tetramethylrhodamine phalloidin as an acceptor. Resonance energy transfer between the two probes indicated that the distance separating the probes is within 10 nm (about the size of an IgG2b antibody molecule). The fraction of antibodies that participated in resonance energy transfer was estimated to be 80-90% because of the close agreement between the quenching of donor phosphorescence and the efficiency of resonance energy transfer revealed by lifetime measurements of sensitized emission by tetramethyl-rhodamine phalloidin. Sensitized emission was detectable only when both anti-dystrophin antibody and tetramethyl-rhodamine phalloidin were present. These results indicate that actin and dystrophin are closely associated within the cell. This method is potentially applicable to the investigation of many types of intracellular associations.

Transthoracic needle biopsy.

Percutaneous fine-needle aspiration biopsy is a relatively simple invasive procedure with good patient acceptance, low morbidity, and almost negligible mortality. It provides a diagnosis of pulmonary, hilar, and mediastinal masses quickly and accurately, thus eliminating many laboratory tests, saving hospital days, and thereby saving time and money. Percutaneous fine-needle aspiration biopsy should be performed early in the investigation of many types of intrathoracic lesions.

Transthoracic Percutaneous Lung Biopsy

Percutaneous fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the lung is a relatively simple invasive procedure with good patient acceptance, low morbidity, and almost negligible mortality. It provides a diagnosis of pulmonary, hilar, and mediastinal masses quickly and accurately, eliminating many laboratory tests and saving hospital days, thereby saving time and money. Percutaneous fine-needle aspiration biopsy should be performed early in the investigation of many types of intrathoracic lesions.

The Development of Allopurinol

The Clinical Research Unit (CRU) program of the National Institutes of Health, developed in the late 1950s, proved to be an important innovation in the use of public funds to support medical research. The establishment of these units led to a material improvement in the quality, convenience, and feasibility of many types of investigation involving human subjects. Their contribution in one area is illustrated by studies that led to the development of allopurinol as an agent to control the production of uric acid in gout and hyperuricemia in man. The route by which this drug was developed was serendipitous, and ultimate success depended on the fortuitous collaboration of individuals with biochemical, pharmacologic, and medical research interests working with substantial institutional support. Historically, the importance of medical research in public health and national defense matters gained recognition slowly for nearly a century before it attracted major support from either private or

A high-voltage test generator for insulation testing

The authors describe the successful development of a variable-frequency test generator suitable for testing rotating electrical plant with voltages up to 31 kV (peak) (22 kV RMS) over a frequency range DC to 1 kHz subject to the current limit of 100 mA (peak). The design, which is based on a high-voltage class A/B amplifier in a totem-pole configuration with nonlinear control, uses a fibre optic system to provide electrical isolation and is capable of supplying a range of waveforms subject only to rating limitation. This makes the generator a valuable research tool permitting many types of investigation including the effect of distortion on measurements obtained from the standard 0.1 Hz generators.

The Haicheng, China, earthquake of 4 February 1975; the first successfully predicted major earthquake

AbstractThe earthquake of magnitude 7.3 that occurred near the town of Haicheng in north‐east China on 4 February 1975 was the first major earthquake anywhere in the world known to have been predicted with enough certainty for people to have been warned, and measures taken for civil protection. These steps were successful in keeping the number of casualties small. This paper describes a visit to the affected area seven and a half months after the earthquake, and discussions with Chinese scientists about their successful prediction methods. The prediction resulted from the synthesis of many types of investigation, but the main methods used for long‐, mid‐ and short‐term prediction appear to have been based on studies of seismicity, deformation and foreshocks respectively.

The Haicheng, China, earthquake of 4 February, 1975

The earthquake of magnitude 7.3 that occurred near the town of Haicheng in northeast China on 4 February, 1975 was the first major earthquake anywhere in the world known to have been predicted with enough certainty for people to have been warned, and measures taken for civil protection. These steps were successful in keeping the number of casualties small. This paper describes a visit to the affected area seven and a half months after the earthquake, and discussions with Chinese scientists about their successful prediction methods. The prediction resulted from the synthesis of many types of investigation, but the main methods used for long-, mid-, and short- term prediction appear to have been based on studies of seismicity, deformation, and foreshocks respectively.

Microcalorimetry as a potential tool in the study of antibody-antigen reaction systems incorporating a cellular element

The applicability of microcalorimetry to the study of immunological reaction systems incorporating a cellular element has been explored, particularly as a possible alternative parameter to the measurement of histamine release in ‘in vitro’ immediate hypersensitivity systems involving the interaction of antigen (allergen) with cell (basophil)-bound antibody. Other simpler immunological systems have been investigated, including soluble and particulate (i.e. erythrocyte) antigen-antibody reactions as well as the alkaline denaturation reaction of IgG and the non-immunological release of histamine from rat mast cells. A differential technique was employed throughout, to balance out as far as possible nonspecific heat effects. The heat changes recorded in soluble antigen-antibody systems were readily reproducible, unlike those resulting from erythrocyte-anti-erythrocyte antibody interaction. Preliminary studies revealed the heat changes occurring on reaction of actively and passively sensitised human leucocytes (i.e. basophils) with specific antigen (allergen) to be always endothermic; but the corresponding amounts of histamine liberated specifically were too small to permit a valid comparison with the heat change data. In general, evidence has been obtained to suggest that microcalorimetry could become a useful tool in the investigation of many types of immunological reaction; but there is still scope for refinement of the commercially available instrument, particularly with regard to the close balancing of the thermopiles when precise differential studies are to be undertaken.

Electrophysiological application of the living extracorporeal bovine eye.

Seaman and others (1965; 1969; Lutcher et al., 1969) have developed an experimental preparation, “The Living Extracorporeal Bovine Eye”, for direct observation of intravascular coagulation phenomena. In this article, metabolic activity of the extracorporeal eye during perfusion was proved by demonstrating oxygen utilization, carbon dioxide elaboration, and glucose consumption while these activities were abolished by cyanide. If this preparation could be maintained for long periods, it would be of great advantage in many types of investigation, and below we describe modifications of Seaman’s method directed to that end.

Towards the Establishment of a Pure Culture Collection of Hepaticae

Fifty-eight species in 36 genera have been es- tablished in pure culture. Techniques are described for the isolation of spores and for the culture of the plants. During the past several years an increasing number of publica- tions have appeared dealing with the pure culture of bryophytes and with experiments based upon such cultures. There now exists a scat- tered but considerable mass of information dealing with this subject and, with the development, in recent years, of several types of ef- ficient constant environment chambers, it now seems both possible and desirable to expand such studies. In 1961 I began to examine the possibilities and problems in- volved in the establishment of a pure culture collection of hepatics which might subsequently supply experimental material for many types of investigation. With some modifications, the isolation tech- nique described by Iverson (1957) was employed successfully and the collection currently includes the 58 species in the 36 genera listed below. Each name is followed by its culture collection number and a note on the source of the isolate.

Constructing phantom heads for radiation research

We have described the construction of a phantom head which consisted of a human skull encased in a plastic “skin” made in the shape of the human head. Soft tissue was simulated effectively when the plastic head-shaped container was filled with water. Plastic foam was used to exclude the water from the passages that, in the head, normally are filled with air. Phantoms of this type are ideally suited for many types of investigation of the x-radiation used in dentistry.

A Chick Embryo Technic for Intravenous and Chemotherapeutic Studies.

SummaryA chick embryo technic is described which possesses certain advantages over reported methods. The technic is applicable to many types of investigation. Quantitative data are presented on the distribution of sulfathiazole and promin the fertile egg.§

CULTURE OF HUMAN MARROW

In previous articles, two methods 1 for the culture of human marrow in bulk were described in a preliminary way and some of the problems that offered promise of solution by marrow culture were outlined. Details of the procedure and of the composition of the mediums were not given because little was then known about them. It is our purpose in this article to describe a technic of marrow culture, which has proved simple and entirely satisfactory for many types of investigation, in sufficient detail so that any one trained in bacteriologic, chemical and hematologic technic can use the method. It early became evident that there was no such thing as one set of ideal conditions for marrow culture, because growth consists of three distinct phases. These phases are multiplication either by mitotic or by amitotic division, which corresponds to hyperplasia; increase in cell size, which corresponds to hypertrophy in