Invertebrate Fossils Research Articles

Silurian and Devonian coral zones in the Great Basin, Nevada and California

Charles W. Merriam studied Paleozoic stratigraphy and paleontology of Great Basin rocks for four decades. This culminated in 1973–1974 with the publication of four important monographs on the systematics and biostratigraphy of Silurian and Devonian rugose corals in the area. Merriam died in 1974 before completing work on the Late Devonian corals and without attempting to relate his coral zones to zones based on other biologic groups. Merriam described the rugose corals of 12 coral zones and based his age assignments almost entirely on a comparison of the Great Basin corals with those known from other areas of the world. Analysis of associated invertebrate fossils shows that some of Merriam's age assignments were in error. In this paper, we discuss the relationships of the coral zones to those based on brachiopods, conodonts, and graptolites; we assign three of Merriam's zones to the Silurian, six to the Early Devonian, and three to the Middle Devonian. Merriam designated two additional (higher) zones, but he did not describe the included corals. These two zones are noted, and lists of Great Basin rugose coral genera of Late Devonian age are presented herein to complete this review of the coral succession in a major North American area.

Geologic structure of the South Okhotsk basin near Sakhalin

The region consists mainly of Neogene tuffogenic-sedimentary rocks overlainlocally by a well-developed cover of Quaternary deposits. In a number of places,older rocks crop out among the Neogene deposits. On the basis of the structuralfeatures of the rocks, their composition, and the presence of a large numberof fossil invertebrate burrows, including decapod medium-tailed crayfish, weconclude that the Neogene marine basin was shallow. Formation of the deep-waterSouth Okhotsk basin began at the end of the Pliocene and proceeded mainlyduring Quaternary time. The slope of the basin has a fundamentally similarstructure to that of the shelf. —Authors.

Species diversity in the Phanerozoic: an interpretation

Species diversity among fossil invertebrates of the Phanerozoic is highly correlated with volume and area of sedimentary rocks. The correlations are statistically significant at the 1% level. The relationship holds even in regions (such as Canada) where the area and volume of rock do not increase through time. These results are interpreted as indicating that the apparent number of species is strongly dependent on sampling and that many of the changes in diversity seen in the Phanerozoic are artifactual. Consequently, there is no compelling evidence for a general increase in the number of invertebrate species from Paleozoic to Recent. This conclusion applies primarily to marine organisms. Diversity may have been in dynamic equilibrium throughout much of this time.A few intervals of the Phanerozoic have consistently fewer invertebrate species than would be predicted from the amount of sedimentary rock available for study. The Silurian, Permian, and Cretaceous stand out in this regard. This may result either from lower than normal diversity during these periods or from an unusual abundance of unfossiliferous rocks (evaporites, red beds, etc.).

Species diversity in the Phanerozoic: a tabulation

On the basis of about 70,000 species citations in the Zoological Record, it is estimated that about 190,000 fossil invertebrate species were described and named through 1970. The true figure may be higher because of incompleteness of the Zoological Record or lower because the estimate does not account for synonymy.About 70% of the species were described from USSR, Europe, and North America. About 42% are Paleozoic, 28% Mesozoic, and 30% Cenozoic. In the Cambrian part of the sample, 75% of the species are trilobites. In the Mesozoic and Cenozoic, about 70% are either molluscs or protozoans.When the data are normalized for absolute time, diversity (species per million years) shows a Paleozoic high in the Devonian which is approximately four-tenths of the Cenozoic level.

Earliest calcareous foraminifera

WE present here evidence that early Palaeozoic calcareous foraminifera existed and were relatively complex (multilocular and multiserial) in form but that they have been regarded formerly as calcareous algae. The early part of the invertebrate fossil record during the Cambrian period seems to show a striking contrast between the abundance of highly developed organisms such as the trilobite arthropods and the paucity of simpler forms such as the foraminiferal protozoans. Foraminifera are very small acellular animals with an important role in marine food chains1 and it is reasonable to expect them to have been a significant component of the benthic fauna throughout the Palaeozoic. Yet few foraminifera have been reported from the Lower Palaeozoic and those described from the Cambrian are mainly simple forms with unmineralised tectinous or agglutinated tests2–4. Some more complex agglutinated forms are known from the Upper Cambrian5, but the first generally recognised calcareous foraminifer is the uniserial Saccaminopsis from the late Ordovician4. Consequently, the assumptions that Lower Palaeozoic foraminifera were primitive and mainly non-calcareous have been taken as bases for inferences concerning the early evolution of the group3–4 and the paradoxical, yet apparently inescapable, conclusion has been drawn that Cambrian foraminifera are very scarce.

Disconformities in Rocks of Early Late Cretaceous Age in Southeastern Wyoming and North-Central Colorado: ABSTRACT

Upper Cretaceous strata of marine origin, which are commonly called the Frontier and Niobrara Formations in southeastern Wyoming and the main body of the Benton Shale and the Niobrara Formation in north-central Colorado, enclose two widespread disconformities. The position of these disconformities and the duration of the two corresponding hiatuses in this sequence are interpreted from lithologic logs of outcrops and invertebrate fossils collected in the region. The lower unconformity separates a dominantly shale unit of Belle Fourche and Greenhorn age from an overlying dominantly sandstone unit of Carlile age. The hiatus indicates progressively less erosion in a southeasterly direction. From central Natrona County, Wyoming, where the magnitude of the lower hiatus is great st, to eastern Larimer County, Colorado, where the magnitude is least, the age of the rocks directly below the unconformity decreases and the age of the rocks directly above the unconformity increases. The upper unconformity is generally at the contact of the Frontier or Benton and the overlying calcareous shale and limestone of the Niobrara (between beds of Carlile and Niobrara ages, respectively). The corresponding hiatus indicates more erosion in the southeastern part of the region. In contrast to the lower hiatus, the upper hiatus may be absent in central Natrona County and northwestern Carbon County, Wyoming, and seems to be greatest in eastern Larimer County, Colorado. In Natrona and Carbon Counties, the beds underlying the Niobrara are much younger and the basal strata of the Niob ara are older than rocks below and above the unconformity in Larimer County. The variation in the End_Page 915------------------------------ age of the rocks overlying both unconformities seems to indicate slow transgressive marine overlap in the two basins. End_of_Article - Last_Page 916------------

Additional type specimens of fossil invertebrate in the collections of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County

Additional type specimens of fossil invertebrate in the collections of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County

A Skeleton in Triassic Rocks in the Brooks Range Foothills

Fragments of vertebrate fossils are found in beds of the Shublik Formation, which blanketed most of northern Alaska during Triassic time. Although articulated remains are uncommon, one partial skeleton was discovered in 1950 during exploration of Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4. ... This note calls attention to the existence of the skeleton and reports on what has been observed of the vertebrate remains. Figs. 1 and 2 locate the site (68°37'15" N, 157°35' W) on Cutaway Creek (Howard Pass 1:250,000-scale quadrangle) in the geologically disturbed zone of the Brooks Range foothills. It is about 200 miles south of Point Barrow and 35 miles northwest of Howard Pass. Fig. 3 is a photograph of the actual bedding-plane exposure. Most of one side of the rib case is exposed, and some limb structures seem preserved. The exposed parts indicate a skeleton more than 5 feet long. Bone fragments are common in the fine talus weathering off the outcrop. Although no invertebrate fossils were seen on the surfaces of beds containing the skeleton, they are abundant in correlative beds; detailed examination of this or nearby exposures should yield pelecypods that will fix the biostratigraphic level of the vertebrate remains. Some features of the Late Triassic environment can be assessed. A sea of remarkably persistent character extended beyond the length of the present Brooks Range and probably more than twice the width of the present Arctic Slope. A shoreline existed near the present northeast coast of Alaska, but coarse detritus was not carried far southward. The bottom elsewhere was below wave base, and the sediment that settled onto it formed thin deposits, first of anaerobic chert, shale and limestone, then aerobic lithographic limestone. Pectens ... are abundant .... The thin chert beds surrounding the skeleton are correlative with beds elsewhere that contain Halabia of Karnian or early Norian age .... The skeleton is older than 200 million years as shown by K/Ar age determinations on minerals in diabase sills that intrude the Shublik Formation about 20 miles to the east .... Vertebrate fragments previously collected from the Shublik have been identified as follows: from this locality and from limestone near Hardway Creek (68°38'5" N, 156°51' W) about 20 miles to the east - vertebra of a possible ichthyosaur and teeth of a probable Mixasaurus ...; in limestone, chert, and shale on Kiligwa River (68°43'45" N, 158 °26' W) about 25 miles to the northwest - probable caudal vertebra of an ichthyosaur ...; and in limestone at the west end of the Sadlerochit Mountains (69°35'15" N, 145°55'5" W), northeastern Brooks Ranges - vertebral, costal, and jaw fragments of either the Shastasauridae or Ichthyosauridae ichthyosaur family .... Helicopters offer the only practical access to the site, for the nearest lake on which a float plane can land is more than 10 miles away. Transportation for preliminary inspection could probably be arranged with any geologic field party working within a hundred miles of the locality. Collection of the skeleton would require that an outfit be landed near the outcrop by ski plane in the spring and retrieved during the fall or winter. We cannot judge the quality or significance of the skeleton but feel that it should be examined by a vertebrate paleontologist as it could yield valuable information on life in the seas during Triassic time at a present arctic latitude.

Flysch Deposits of Antler Foreland Basin, Western United States: ABSTRACT

In Late Devonian and Mississippian times, well-bedded, shallow- to deep-water marine, flysch-like mudstone, siltstone, sandstone, conglomerate, and minor impure limestone were deposited in a subsiding, elongate, structural foreland basin (exogeosyncline) on the continental shelf (Cordilleran miogeocline) End_Page 800------------------------------ east of the Antler orogenic continental margin. The terrigenous detritus was derived from a rising cordillera composed of Devonian and older oceanic rocks that during the Antler orogeny was first deformed and subsequently obducted eastward onto the outer carbonate shelf as the Roberts Mountains allochthon. Significant amounts of westerly derived detritus in Upper Devonian deposits reflect early Antler orogenic activity along the continental margin. Recurring uplift of the cordillera followed Antler obduction, as shown by chert detritus, derived from the allochthon, in Lower and Upper Mississippian deposits. In Late Mississippian time, clastic sediments filled the foreland basin and spread eastward across the carbonate shelf onto the craton. Volume of detritus diminished in latest Miss ssippian to Early Pennsylvanian time, as evidenced by widespread carbonate deposition in the Pennsylvanian. Locally in the early Late Devonian and regionally in the late Late Devonian and Mississippian, western detritus came as a steady influx of mostly clay, silt, and sand debris, and as an irregular influx of conglomeratic debris. Many units exhibit turbidite features--graded bedding, convolute laminae, and sole marks. Some fine-clastic units contain indigenous ichnofossils and displaced fossil invertebrates, fish remains, and terrestrial plant debris; few limestones contain indigenous fossil invertebrates. The sequence and thickness of rocks vary areally, indicating irregular bottom relief which produced a complex system of sediment traps and environments. End_of_Article - Last_Page 801------------

The amino acid composition of some cretaceous fossils

1. 1. Vertebrate and invertebrate fossil specimens and associated matrix samples from the Late Cretaceous Niobrara Formation of Kansas have been analyzed for amino acid content by liquid column chromatography. 2. 2. Detectable quantities of amino acids are found in the insoluble residual protein fractions from each specimen and in the acid soluble (amino acid containing) f fractions also isolated from selected samples. 3. 3. Niobrara bone specimens are similar in residual protein composition to other fossil bones of Jurassic, Cretaceous and Pliocene age from different localities; but they retain approximately twice the total content of amino acids. 4. 4. The total quantity of amino acids recovered from soluble fractions of bone is much less than that found in the insoluble fractions. 5. 5. Significant compositional differences exist between average insoluble and soluble fraction analyses. 6. 6. Insoluble and soluble fractions isolated from chalk matrix samples yield only small amounts of amino acids of undetermined origin.

Contributions to the geology and palaeontology of Chiloe Island, southern Chile

During the Royal Society Expedition to southern Chile in 1958 geological observations were made at Chepu and on the San Pedro tableland in the island of Chiloe. The island is composed of schist, Tertiary sediments, fluvioglacial deposits and volcanics. The schist, of uncertain age, forming the basement at Chiloe, is an extension of the schist of the coastal range of southern Chile, and falls in the chlorite zone (greenschist facies). It includes greenschists and altered gabbroic rock as well as normal quartzofeldspathic schist, flat lying at San Pedro but strongly crumpled and folded on the west coast. Tertiary or Quaternary volcanic rocks, of limited distribution, include banded rhyolite, partly spherulitic, and altered vesicular hypersthene andesite. Upper Tertiary sandstone unconformably overlying the schist on the coast south of Chepu contains abundant fossil invertebrates (mainly Mollusca) attributed to the Lower Pliocene. The Chepu assemblage is intermediate in character and apparently in age between the Miocene (Navidad and Ranquil) faunas and the Middle Pliocene (Coquimbo) fauna of Northern and Central Chile, containing persistent Miocene elements together with Pliocene immigrant elements that do not occur together in the better known faunas of more northerly districts. Two new species ofOcenebraand a new subspecies ofAcanthina crassilabrumLamarck are described.

Phosphatic hard tissues of marine invertebrates: Their nature and mechanical function, and some fossil implications

Phosphatic substances are described from hard tissues of species from seven classes of marine invertebrates. Francolite is identified in the species of one class and amorphous calcium- and ferric phosphates, apparently in the form of hydrogels, are recognized as precipitates of species from six other classes. Considering all known phosphatic substances in animal hard parts, it is found that amorphous constituents are far more common in invertebrates than crystalline compounds. The role of amorphous precipitates in providing physical strength to hard parts is examined. Brief comparison is made between phosphate fixation in the phyla spectrum of recent and fossil invertebrates.

Second symposium on Gondwana stratigraphy and palaeontology, South Africa, 1970

T he S outhern H emisphere continents and India are believed to be fragments of a former supercontinent, Gondwanaland, which broke apart in later Mesozoic times. Inevitably, those working in these regions have many problems of common interest, but there are few opportunities for Gondwana geologists to meet for discussion and exchange of information. To remedy this a series of Symposia was proposed, with meetings in each of the major fragments of Gondwanaland. The proposal was made in 1964, at a meeting of the I.U.G.S. Subcommission of Gondwana Stratigraphy held at the International Geological Congress in New Delhi. The First Symposium on Gondwana Stratigraphy and Palaeontology was held in Argentina in 1967, and was so successful that the future of these meetings was assured. The papers given at the First Symposium have been published, the majority in a single large volume published by U.N.E.S.C.O. 1 A smaller number of papers, reviews of the geology of the major regions of Gondwanaland by invited authors, was published by the I.U.G.S. Committee for the study of Geological Documentation. 2 The Second Symposium was held in South Africa in July 1970 by kind invitation of the South African Government, and was organized by the South African C.S.I.R. Scientific papers were given at two sessions, one held in Cape Town, the other in Johannesburg. Plenary papers covered various topics of general interest: Glaciations of Gondwanaland (L. A. Frakes), Palaeomagnetic data from Gondwanaland (K. M. Creer), Continental drift and palaeo-current analysis (J. J. Bigarella), Marine fossil invertebrates of the Gondwana region

Origin of Capitan Formation, Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico and Texas: REPLY

The Capitan Formation originated as a linear organic bank rather than a barrier reef along the Guadalupe Mountain trend. Frame-building organisms, reef cores, and reef-derived detritus or talus are conspicuously absent in the Capitan Formation. Further, the long-standing practice of separating topographically a reef massive (core) unit above and a reef talus or breccia unit below is discounted because the same limestone lithology (mixed organic-skeletal facies) is present above and below the topographic break. The Capitan Formation can be divided into a lower dolomite unit and an upper limestone unit. In both units, the dominant facies is characterized by much silt- and sand-size skeletal debris and to lesser extent by a wide assortment of in-place, generally scattered, invertebrate fossils. Sediment-binding algae probably were important in trapping and binding skeletal debris, thereby permitting the thick buildup of Capitan carbonate sediment.

Catalog of Type Specimens of Invertebrate Fossils: Conodonta

Catalog of Type Specimens of Invertebrate Fossils: Conodonta

Origin of Capitan Formation, Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico and Texas

The Capitan Formation originated as a linear organic bank rather than a barrier reef along the Guadalupe Mountain trend. Frame-building organisms, reef cores, and reef-derived detritus or talus are conspicuously absent in the Capitan Formation. Further, the long-standing practice of separating topographically a reef massive (core) unit above and a reef talus or breccia unit below is discounted because the same limestone lithology (mixed organic-skeletal facies) is present above and below the topographic break. The Capitan Formation can be divided into a lower dolomite unit and an upper limestone unit. In both units, the dominant facies is characterized by much silt- and sand-size skeletal debris and to lesser extent by a wide assortment of in-place, generally scattered, invertebrate fossils. Sediment-binding algae probably were important in trapping and binding skeletal debris, thereby permitting the thick buildup of Capitan carbonate sediment.

New Evidence for Dating Carboniferous Flysch Deposits of Ouachita Geosyncline, Arkansas and Oklahoma: ABSTRACT

Ammonoids and other invertebrate fossils from the Stanley Shale, Jackfork Sandstone, and Johns Valley Shale provide new information on the ages and correlations of these three stratigraphic units. The Stanley Shale is Late Mississippian (Chesterian) in age through most of the Ouachita Mountains region, except for a basal part, approximately 75 ft thick, of probable Meramecian age. In Saline and Perry Counties, Arkansas, Pitkin Limestone fossils, most of them in reworked boulders, are present about 500 ft below the top of the Stanley. Near Little Rock, Arkansas, ammonoids in the upper part of the Stanley represent the Reticuloceras tiro zone of the lower Hale. The Jackfork Sandstone is of Early Pennsylvanian (Morrowan) age in Arkansas, but near Talihina, Oklahoma, its basal plant-bearing beds are of Late Mississippian (Chesterian) age. Cymoceras, an early Morrowan ammonoid genus, has been recognized in the lower part of the Jackfork near Amity, Arkansas. The Game Refuge Formation of Harlton at the top of the Jackfork has yielded Morrowan brachiopods and trilobites in Atoka County, Oklahoma. The Johns Valley Shale contains indigenous ammonoid assemblages representing the Branneroceras branneri, Axinolobus modulus, and Diaboloceras neumeieri zones. These three zones are present also in the type section of the Bloyd Shale, indicating a direct equivalence of the two formations. Masses of Caney Shale in the Johns Valley, some of them enormous, as well as boulders of Lower Ordovician to Lower Pennsylvanian rocks, were introduced largely by turbidity flow and gravity gliding. End_of_Article - Last_Page 719------------

Late Paleozoic Glaciation: I, South America

Research Article| June 01, 1969 Late Paleozoic Glaciation: I, South America LAWRENCE A FRAKES; LAWRENCE A FRAKES Geology Department, University of California, Los Angeles and Santa Barbara, California Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar JOHN C CROWELL JOHN C CROWELL Geology Department, University of California, Los Angeles and Santa Barbara, California Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information LAWRENCE A FRAKES Geology Department, University of California, Los Angeles and Santa Barbara, California JOHN C CROWELL Geology Department, University of California, Los Angeles and Santa Barbara, California Publisher: Geological Society of America Received: 30 Apr 1968 Revision Received: 17 Dec 1968 First Online: 02 Mar 2017 Online ISSN: 1943-2674 Print ISSN: 0016-7606 Copyright © 1969, The Geological Society of America, Inc. Copyright is not claimed on any material prepared by U.S. government employees within the scope of their employment. GSA Bulletin (1969) 80 (6): 1007–1042. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1007:LPGISA]2.0.CO;2 Article history Received: 30 Apr 1968 Revision Received: 17 Dec 1968 First Online: 02 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation LAWRENCE A FRAKES, JOHN C CROWELL; Late Paleozoic Glaciation: I, South America. GSA Bulletin 1969;; 80 (6): 1007–1042. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1007:LPGISA]2.0.CO;2 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyGSA Bulletin Search Advanced Search Abstract Glacial activity is recorded in rocks of Early, Middle and Late Carboniferous and Early Permian(?) age in Argentina and Bolivia, and in Carboniferous and Permian(?) strata of the cratonic Parana basin in Brazil, Uruguay and Paraguay. Direct evidence for glaciation in the four Andean basins consists of a single striated floor and common striated clasts in diamictites and associated strata. Many Andean diamictites are intercalated in sequences which contain marine invertebrate fossils and turbidites. There is abundant evidence in the form of sandstone inclusions showing soft sediment deformation that subaqueous mass movement took place during deposition. These rocks are therefore interpreted as resedimented till. Pebbly shale and varvelike rocks formed from ice rafting in marine and lacustrine environments. The glacial impress is slight in the continental facies as developed in fluvial strata of the Rio Blanco basin.The dominant feature of the glacial Itararé Subgroup of the eastern border and of the Aqui-dauana Group of the western border of the Parana basin is fluvial reworking of diamictite during intervals between glacial advances. This extensive reworking has removed much primary evidence of glaciation but the presence of about 30 striated floors and surfaces within the sequence is unequivocal. Subaqueous mass movement and ice rafting also took place.Ice centers apparently developed in rugged highlands within the Andean orogenic belt. Alpine or piedmont glaciers, or both, flowed downward onto narrow shelves, and till then moved into the marine portions of the basins by mudflow and sliding. The continental portions of the basins lay generally eastward of the marine areas and a topographically mature terrane still farther east was affected only slightly by glaciation, presumably because it was distant from glacial centers and lay at a relatively low elevation.Continental glaciers of eastern South America probably radiated from centers located in South West Africa before separation of the continents, flowing northwestwardly onto the Brazilian shield and thence into the Paraná basin. Three separate lobes of ice occupied the Uruguayan shield, parts of Paraná and Santa Catarina states, and the state of São Paulo. A marine seaway occupied the basin center at times and was succeeded by a large body of fresh water at the time of glaciation of the western border of the basin. The southern portion of the Asunción arch was a glacial source which yielded debris northeastwardly from the western border after glaciation ceased in the east.The Paraná sequences suggest 10 distinct ice advances separated by fluvial activity that may represent interglacial periods. This extensive glaciation resulted because the region was in high latitudes (as indicated by paleomagnetic data) through much of the Carboniferous and the Early Permian. The restricted glaciation of the Andean region was more closely controlled by elevation, possibly because of its position in somewhat lower latitudes. This content is PDF only. Please click on the PDF icon to access. First Page Preview Close Modal You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

Application of Information Theory to Paleontologic Problems: I. Taxonomic Diversity: ABSTRACT

Information theory deals with the relative frequencies of nominal classes by treatment of average uncertainty, [EQUATION] where pi is the relative frequency of the ith class, connected with observation of the system. Applied directly to proportions of the taxa in a collection, the equation yields a diversity measure. One may then generate an equitability measure E=s^prime/s, where s^prime is the number of taxa necessary to yield the observed diversity if the proportions of taxa were random and s is the observed number of taxa. Applied to foraminifer data from Sabine Lake, La.-Tex., diversity/equitability parameters define salinity gradients more clearly than the presence of particular taxa. Similarly, where applied to invertebrate fossils from the Mississippian of Scotland, these parameters make it possible to subdivide a transgressive sequence in finer detail than an analysis of ta onomic composition. Interpretations in terms of community structure are not justified, but empirical treatment of contemporaneous and successional patterns appears to be a useful paleoecologic tool. End_of_Article - Last_Page 706------------

Book Reviews

Muscle—Studies in Biology no. 11. D. R. WILKIE. Pp. 64, 28 figs, 4 plates. London: Edward Arnold, Ltd, 1968. 7s. 6d. Reviewed by R. M. Jarman Senior Science for High School Students. Part 3 Biology. Edited by H. MESSEL et al. Pp. 320, 130 figs. University of Sydney, Nuclear Research Foundation, 1966. 42s. 6d. Reviewed by W. D. Richardson A Guide to Invertebrate Fossils. F. A. MIDDLEMISS. Pp. 128, 27 figs. London: Hutchinson Educational Ltd, 1968. 15s. Reviewed by B. G. Gardiner Origins of Modern Biology. U. LANHAM. Pp. xii+273. New York and London: Columbia University Press, 1968. 67s. 6d. Reviewed by W. B. Yapp Translocation in Plants—Studies in Biology no. 10. M. RICHARDSON. Pp. 59, 32 figs, 4 plates. Edward Arnold Ltd, 1968. 7s. 6d. Reviewed by J. W. Hannay Principles of Physical Chemistry for Biology and Pharmacy. L. SAUNDERS. Pp. x+438, 140 figs. London: Oxford University Press, 1966. 63s. Reviewed by A. S. G. Curtis