Inversion Rule Research Articles

Storage Duration Prediction for Long-Expired Frozen Meat Exceeding State Reserve Time via Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography (SS-OCT) under Low-Frequency Electric Field

Storage duration detection for frozen meat, especially meat exceeding the state reserve time several times, has always been a big challenge in food safety inspection. Under long freezing times, the physical and chemical properties of meat change complexly. In this paper, the SS-OCT detection method under a low-frequency electric field is firstly (to our knowledge) applied to the predict storage durations of long-expired frozen meat. The average normalized cross-correlation (ANCC) is put forward as a comprehensive parameter to reflect both the electric–kinetic and optical properties of meat’s biological changes. A monotonically increasing inversion rule between ANCC and the storage duration of frozen meat is found after investigating 3840 pork samples, the frozen storage durations of which were from 1 to 13 months. To verify the correctness and accuracy of our method, nine groups of long-expired frozen pork samples were investigated. The maximum relative error for their storage durations is less than 5.71%, which means that our SS-OCT method under a low-frequency electric field is promising in providing a rapid on-site storage duration detection method without any complicated laboratory pretreatments for food safety inspection.

Pd-Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation of Cyclobutenes: From Double Inversion to Double Retention.

The Pd-catalyzed allylic alkylation of 3,4-disubstituted, racemic cyclobutene electrophiles exhibits a highly unusual stereoselectivity that allows for controlling diastereo- and enantioselectivity only by the choice of ligand and independent of the configuration of the substrate. In order to shed light on the origin of stereoinduction, we performed a systematic mechanistic investigation, including preparation of various putative Pd-allyl intermediates, 1H/31P NMR reaction monitoring, 2H-labeling studies, ESI-HRMS and 31P NMR analysis of reaction mixtures, and DFT structural computations. The mechanism disclosed exhibits several steps with stereospecificities deviating from the commonly accepted "double inversion rule": oxidative addition was found to follow a stereoconvergent course, giving anti-configured η1-Pd-cyclobutene species as detectable on-cycle intermediates irrespective of the configuration of starting material, while the subsequent nucleophilic attack features a stereodivergent behavior. In stark contrast to their highly reactive anti-analogues, syn-Pd-cyclobutene complexes that can be formed as side products are rendered entirely unreactive by strong internal Pd-O chelation, preventing the formation of undesired product diastereomers.

Subject-Aux Inversion in Children with SLI.

An elicited production study investigated subject-aux inversion in 5-year-old children with specific language impairment (SLI) and 2 control groups, typically-developing 5-year-old children and 3-year-old children matched by mean length of utterance. The experimental findings showed that children with specific language impairment produced subject-aux inversion in yes/no questions significantly less often than either of the control groups. However, the fact that lack of inversion is reflected in the input led to the proposal that children with specific language impairment choose the most economical grammatical option. For main clause wh-questions, children with SLI carried out subject-aux inversion at a rate that was not significantly different from the control groups. This finding suggests that these children have access to hierarchical phrase structure representations for questions and the relevant movement operations. In embedded wh-questions, where subject-aux inversion is not permitted, children with SLI implemented SAI more frequently than the control groups. Our interpretation of this finding is that once children with SLI acquire the subject-aux inversion rule, that they are slower to learn that embedded clauses present an exception to the rule.

Cross-cultural differences in implicit learning of chunks versus symmetries.

Three experiments explore whether knowledge of grammars defining global versus local regularities has an advantage in implicit acquisition and whether this advantage is affected by cultural differences. Participants were asked to listen to and memorize a number of strings of 10 syllables instantiating an inversion (i.e. a global pattern); after the training phase, they were required to judge whether new strings were well formed. In Experiment 1, Western people implicitly acquired the inversion rule defined over the Chinese tones in a similar way as Chinese participants when alternative structures (specifically, chunking and repetition structures) were controlled. In Experiments 2 and 3, we directly pitted knowledge of the inversion (global) against chunk (local) knowledge, and found that Chinese participants had a striking global advantage in implicit learning, which was greater than that of Western participants. Taken together, we show for the first time cross-cultural differences in the type of regularities implicitly acquired.

A Bias in the Evaluation of Bias Comparing Randomized Trials with Nonexperimental Studies.

In a recent BMJ article, the authors conducted a meta-analysis to compare estimated treatment effects from randomized trials with those derived from observational studies based on routinely collected data (RCD). They calculated a pooled relative odds ratio (ROR) of 1.31 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03-1.65) and concluded that RCD studies systematically over-estimated protective effects. However, their meta-analysis inverted results for some clinical questions to force all estimates from RCD to be below 1. We evaluated the statistical properties of this pooled ROR, and found that the selective inversion rule employed in the original meta-analysis can positively bias the estimate of the ROR. We then repeated the random effects meta-analysis using a different inversion rule and found an estimated ROR of 0.98 (0.78-1.23), indicating the ROR is highly dependent on the direction of comparisons. As an alternative to the ROR, we calculated the observed proportion of clinical questions where the RCD and trial CIs overlap, as well as the expected proportion assuming no systematic difference between the studies. Out of 16 clinical questions, 50% CIs overlapped for 8 (50%; 25 to 75%) compared with an expected overlap of 60% assuming no systematic difference between RCD studies and trials. Thus, there was little evidence of a systematic difference in effect estimates between RCD and RCTs. Estimates of pooled RORs across distinct clinical questions are generally not interpretable and may be misleading.

A Novel Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Cellular Automata and Chaotic System

This paper introduces a novel image encryption scheme based on chaotic maps and toggle cellular automata (TCA). In confusion stage, the proposed scheme utilizes logistic map to construct a nonlinear sequence for scrambling the plain-image. Then in diffusion stage, TCA is constructed by setting up the inversion rule and the image which has been processed by chaotic sequence is encryption again by using the TCA iteration method. Theoretical analysis and experimental results demonstrate the proposed algorithm achieves a high security level and processes good performance against common attacks like differential attack and statistical attack.

Unconscious structural knowledge of tonal symmetry: Tang poetry redefines limits of implicit learning

The study aims to help characterize the sort of structures about which people can acquire unconscious knowledge. It is already well established that people can implicitly learn n-grams (chunks) and also repetition patterns. We explore the acquisition of unconscious structural knowledge of symmetry. Chinese Tang poetry uses a specific sort of mirror symmetry, an inversion rule with respect to the tones of characters in successive lines of verse. We show, using artificial poetry to control both n-gram structure and repetition patterns, that people can implicitly learn to discriminate inversions from non-inversions, presenting a challenge to existing models of implicit learning.

Ultrametric Cantor sets and growth of measure

A class of ultrametric Cantor sets (C, du) introduced recently (S. Raut and D. P. Datta, Fractals 17, 45–52 (2009)) is shown to enjoy some novel properties. The ultrametric du is defined using the concept of relative infinitesimals and an inversion rule. The associated (infinitesimal) valuation which turns out to be both scale and reparametrization invariant, is identified with the Cantor function associated with a Cantor set \( \tilde C \) , where the relative infinitesimals are supposed to live in. These ultrametrics are both metrically as well as topologically inequivalent compared to the topology induced by the usual metric. Every point of the original Cantor set C is identified with the closure of the set of gaps of \( \tilde C \) . The increments on such an ultrametric space is accomplished by following the inversion rule. As a consequence, Cantor functions are reinterpreted as locally constant functions on these extended ultrametric spaces. An interesting phenomenon, called growth of measure, is studied on such an ultrametric space. Using the reparametrization invariance of the valuation it is shown how the scale factors of a Lebesgue measure zero Cantor set might get deformed leading to a deformed Cantor set with a positive measure. The definition of a new valuated exponent is introduced which is shown to yield the fatness exponent in the case of a positive measure (fat) Cantor set. However, the valuated exponent can also be used to distinguish Cantor sets with identical Hausdorff dimension and thickness. A class of Cantor sets with Hausdorff dimension log3 2 and thickness 1 are constructed explicitly.

NON-ARCHIMEDEAN SCALE INVARIANCE AND CANTOR SETS

The framework of a new scale invariant analysis on a Cantor set C ⊂ I = [0,1], presented recently1 is clarified and extended further. For an arbitrarily small ε > 0, elements [Formula: see text] in I\C satisfying [Formula: see text], x ∈ C together with an inversion rule are called relative infinitesimals relative to the scale ε. A non-archimedean absolute value [Formula: see text], ε → 0 is assigned to each such infinitesimal which is then shown to induce a non-archimedean structure in the full Cantor set C. A valued measure constructed using the new absolute value is shown to give rise to the finite Hausdorff measure of the set. The definition of differentiability on C in the non-archimedean sense is introduced. The associated Cantor function is shown to relate to the valuation on C which is then reinterpreated as a locally constant function in the extended non-archimedean space. The definitions and the constructions are verified explicitly on a Cantor set which is defined recursively from I deleting q number of open intervals each of length [Formula: see text] leaving out p numbers of closed intervals so that p + q = r.

Differences in the types of musical regularity learnt in incidental- and intentional-learning conditions

Several studies have found learning of biconditional grammars only under intentional rule-search conditions (e.g., Johnstone & Shanks, 2001). Memorization of strings merely led to the learning of chunks. We used a musical grammar, a diatonic inversion, that is a type of biconditional grammar. Participants either were required to memorize a set of grammatical tunes (incidental learning), or were asked to search for the underlying rule whilst being given feedback about their performance (intentional learning). The results showed that participants in the incidental-learning condition did not learn the inversion rule and merely acquired explicit knowledge about chunks. However, participants in the intentional-learning condition learnt both the inversion rule and chunks.

Implicit Learning of Nonlocal Musical Rules: Implicitly Learning More Than Chunks.

Dominant theories of implicit learning assume that implicit learning merely involves the learning of chunks of adjacent elements in a sequence. In the experiments presented here, participants implicitly learned a nonlocal rule, thus suggesting that implicit learning can go beyond the learning of chunks. Participants were exposed to a set of musical tunes that were all generated using a diatonic inversion. In the subsequent test phase, participants either classified test tunes as obeying a rule (direct test) or rated their liking for the tunes (indirect test). Both the direct and indirect tests were sensitive to knowledge of chunks. However, only the indirect test was sensitive to knowledge of the inversion rule. Furthermore, the indirect test was overall significantly more sensitive than the direct test, thus suggesting that knowledge of the inversion rule was below an objective threshold of awareness.

Cowie on the Poverty of Stimulus

My paper defends the use of the poverty of stimulus argument (POSA) for linguistic nativism against Cowie's (1999) counter-claim that it leaves empiricism untouched. I first present the linguistic POSA as arising from a reflection on the generality of the child's initial state in comparison with the specific complexity of its final state. I then show that Cowie misconstrues the POSA as a direct argument about the character of the pld. In this light, I first argue that the data Cowie marshals about the pld does not begin to suggest that the POSA is unsound. Second, through a discussion of the so-called `auxiliary inversion rule', I show, by way of diagnosis, that Cowie misunderstands both the methodology of current linguistics and the complexity of the data it is obliged to explain.

Subject-auxiliary inversion errors and wh-question acquisition: 'what children do know'?

The present paper reports an analysis of correct wh-question production and subject-auxiliary inversion errors in one child's early wh-question data (age 2;3.4 to 4;10.23). It is argued that two current movement rule accounts (DeVilliers, 1991; Valian, Lasser & Mandelbaum, 1992) cannot explain the patterning of early wh-questions. However, the data can be explained in terms of the child's knowledge of particular lexically-specific wh-word + auxiliary combinations, and the pattern of inversion and uninversion predicted from the relative frequencies of these combinations in the mother's speech. The results support the claim that correctly inverted wh-questions can be produced without access to a subject-auxiliary inversion rule and are consistent with the constructivist claim that a distributional learning mechanism that learns and reproduces lexically-specific formulae heard in the input can explain much of the early multi-word speech data. The implications of these results for movement rule-based and constructivist theories of grammatical development are discussed.

General formulation of the vibrational kinetic energy operator in internal bond-angle coordinates

A general formulation of the vibrational kinetic energy operator expressed in internal bond-angle coordinates is presented. This formulation is based on Podolsky’s expression for the covariant form of the Laplace–Beltrami operator. When a valid set of internal bond-angle coordinates is employed, it is possible to adapt a systematic approach to solve for the Jacobian determinant governing the coordinate transformation from Cartesian coordinates. In the general case of an arbitrary N-atom system, this Jacobian always factorizes to a simple form. This allows one to evaluate all the terms that contribute to V̂′, the effective potential that arises from transforming the kinetic energy operator to internal coordinates. We discuss restrictions on the choice of internal vibrational coordinates that may be included in a valid set. We then provide tabular information from which the vibrational kinetic energy operator for any molecular system can be constructed directly with no matrix inversion or chain rule manipulation required.

Inversion Errors in Arabic Number Reading: Is There a Nonsemantic Route?

This article reports on a mildly aphasic patient with major disorders in reading, writing, and number processing. His predominant error type in reading aloud Arabic numbers and in matching heard numerals with Arabic numbers was the violation of the inversion rule of the German Arabic number reading system. According to this rule most of the two-digit numbers or numbers in the final and prefinal position of longer digit strings have to be read beginning with the final digit (e.g., 26 → sechsundzwanzig (literally translated: six-and-twenty)). It is argued that AT's inversion errors (e.g., 26 → zweiundsechzig (literally translated: two-and-sixty)) are not consistent with the predictions of single route models of Arabic number reading but are in agreement with proposals of a visually based asemantic reading routine in addition to a semantically mediated reading routine.

Rheological and morphological study of the phase inversion in reactive polymer blends

The morphology and melt rheological properties were characterized for a polymer blend where the viscosity ratio was changing with time. The reactive phase, an ethylene methyl acrylate (EMA) copolymer containing a diol, was blended in the melt with linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE). Dual continuity was found for the initial morphology of the reactive blends over a broad range of composition in contradiction with the phase inversion rule: Φ A η B = Φ B η A. The influence of blending conditions and annealing on the initial morphology was studied. For a blend where the LLDPE phase is initially dispersed in EMA, the torque and normal force measured in the parallel plate geometry go through a maximum when the morphology becomes co-continuous.

Linguistic exploitation of syntactic databases: The use of the Nijmegen Linguistic Database program By Hans van Halteren and Theo van den HeuVEL (review)

BOOK NOTICES 869 also an appendix containing a glossary, references , and index. The book is poorly written and edited and somewhat difficult to understand. Examples are frequently unglossed, which may make the data difficult to understand unless one already knows the language. There are also minor problems with the content. For instance, the author asserts that 'there is ample reason to believe' that language parsing operates from left to right, 'considering that we write in that direction' (157 and also n. 53), without mentioning the existence ofwriting systems such as those of Arabic and Hebrew. There is also a statement that English has no Inversion rule of the type responsible for sentences like German Im Garten liegt eine Puppe 'In the garden lies a doll', overlooking examples such as Joseph E. Emonds' At none of the beaches are the lifeguards alert (A transformational approach to English syntax . New York: Academic Press, 1976, p. 28). 'Eurogrammar' is an odd term for Germanic and Romance, since it implies that all European languages belong to these two groups. As for the overall purpose, the author claims that translators, for example, will benefit from access to this type of work, and cites studies to support this claim. However, I can't imagine the wider audience profiting from the work, apart from the data. I expect it to be much more useful to theoretical syntacticians, including comparativists and typologists. The real strength of the book lies in the large quantity of data it presents, and it is valuable for this reason alone. [Carolyn Harford, Michigan State University.] Linguistic exploitation of syntactic databases : The use of the Nijmegen Linguistic Database program. By Hans van Halteren and Theo van den HeuVEL. (Language and computers : Studies in practical linguistics , 5.) Amsterdam & Atlanta, GA: Rodopi, 1990. Pp. 207. Cloth $33.50. The Nijmegen Corpus is a body ofrecent British English prose approximately 140,000 words long. It is distinguished from other English corpora such as Brown and Lancaster-Oslo/Bergen by the fact that it has been given a full syntactic analysis in tree form. The incorporation ofthis corpus with detailed operational software constitutes the Nijmegen Linguistic Database (abbreviated LDB). This book is a detailed manual of instructions in the use of LDB for various kinds oflinguistic analysis made possible by the ability to specify all kinds of grammatical constituents for comparison, frequency counts, and other statistical operations. The book is divided into two sections, a 'Tutorial Part' of four chapters and a 'Reference Part' of two, plus a brief bibliography and full index. As the subtitles indicate, the Tutorial Part is a 'how-to' section, taking the reader step by step through various processes of using the LDB, and the Reference Part is a description of the powers of the software—what it can do when properly used. There is inevitably considerable overlap between the two parts, since various aspects of the programs are treated in each, though from different points of view. Presumably the authors' intent was for readers to work their way through the Tutorial Part, preferably with the LDB on a minicomputer, and to use the Reference Part to check on various functions and refresh their memories on how to use them. A demonstration diskette, furnished with the book, gives the user the option of watching an automatic demonstration or taking part in an interactive one. The syntactic analysis is in effect an immediate constituent structure, with some provision for discontinuous constituents but otherwise displaying surface structure. Every sentence (or 'utterance') is in the form of a tree, with the root node to the left and numbered branches indicating constituents ending in 'leaves', the ultimate words. In the case of long sentences, the display may be scrolled vertically and horizontally . Provision is made to focus on any node, which is highlighted on the screen and described in terms of its components. Two modes of viewing the structure are provided, the 'tree view' and the 'pattern view'. The latter gives the major components by function and category. Thus the pattern CAT = 'NP' FUN PREM' FUN = 'POM' describes a noun phrase containing a premodi- 870 LANGUAGE, VOLUME 68, NUMBER 4 (1992) fier and a postmodifier, as in...

Learning how to ask: patterns of inversion in yes-no and wh-questions.

ABSTRACTThis study attempts to determine whether subject–auxiliary inversion occurs in yes–no questions before wh-questions and whether non-inversion errors (when daddy will come home?) are a characteristic feature of the acquisition of wh-questions. The data consist of the yes–no and wh-questions of 18 children, aged 2;5 to 3;0 with an mlu range of 2.66–4.26. Findings do not support previous claims that inversion is acquired in yes–no questions before wh-questions. Rather, a significant number of children were found to use an optional inversion rule in both question types. This fact appears to account for the finding that non-inversion errors are a characteristic feature of the acquisition of wh-questions.

The Acquisition of Tag Questions

DENNIS, MAUREEN; SUGAR, JUDITH; and WHITAKER, HARRY A. The Acquisition of Tag Questions. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1982, 53, 1254-1257. A tag is a question added to a declarative statement to indicate uncertainty or to request confirmation (e.g., Sally likes candy, doesn't she?; He is not going home, is he?). 50 normal children (10 each at 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 years of age) were tested for the ability to produce tag questions. Overall tag production improved from 6 to 8 years but not thereafter. The various tag rules-pronoun, verb, polarity, and inversion-were acquired at different ages: pronoun and verb manipulations improved over the age-range tested, but the polarity rule was mastered by only half the oldest subjects and the inversion rule was well established in half the youngest group. The data suggest that linguistic skills involving simultaneous manipulation of various surface-structure syntactic features are acquired late in language development.

The Smith form, the inversion rule for 2×2 matrices, and the uniqueness of the invariant factors for finitely generated modules

The Smith form, the inversion rule for 2×2 matrices, and the uniqueness of the invariant factors for finitely generated modules