Inverse Sense Research Articles

Study of Coexistence of Ferromagnetism and Superconductivity in Single-Crystal ErRh4B4

Neutron diffraction and resistivity measurements on single crystals of ErRh/sub 4/B/sub 4/ have revealed that both superconductivity and ferromagnetic order coexist in this material between 0.71 K and 1.2 K. In this intermediate phase, a linear polarized modulated structure with a wavelength of approximately 100 A is observed. The modulated moment increases faster than the ferromagnetic moment down to 0.71 K and then disappears suddenly, with loss of superconductivity and a transition to a normal ferromagnetic state. This transition is accompanied by temperature hysteresis of about 60 mK. The same hysteresis, in the inverse sense, is exhibited by the ferromagnetic component. The intermediate phase is interpreted as being one of coexisting normal ferromagnetic domains and superconducting sinusoidally ordered domains.

Modulation of fossil fuel production by global temperature variations

An analysis of the fossil fuel production record since 1860 shows that the exponential growth in production is modulated in the inverse sense by variations in global average temperature. Taking this modulation into account shows that the underlying rate of increase is about 25% less than the widely quoted 4.3% annual rate. This modulation may also produce a partially ameliorating feedback if the often predicted carbon dioxide greenhouse effect actually materializes.

The inversion of dynamic systems

A development of Berman's method is described for computing the input of a known system given its output. The method is not restricted to linear systems and allows the state equations to be used in the normal manner, only the output equation or some derivative of it needing to be used in an inverse sense. Differentiation of the measured output is usually required, but this or some similar operation is unavoidable in this type of problem. The method can accommodate non-zero initial conditions and allows one to obtain confidence limits for the computed input.

Inverse theorem in dynamic programming III

Recently Iwamoto [I, 21 has established Inverse Theorem in Dynamic Programming by a dynamic programming method. He has shown that the maximum-value function of the main problem is the inverse function to the minimumvalue function of the inverse problem provided that the objective function and the constraint function satisfy the dynamic programming structure, namely, recursiveness with monotonicity. In this paper we shall investigate a relation between the maximum-point (point which attains the maximum) function of the main problem and thr: minimum-point (point which attains the minimum) function of the Inverse problem as well as the inverse relation between the maximum-value and minimum-value functions. Our approach to and statement of Inverse Theorem II in Dynamic Programming are slightly different from ones in [I, 21. Our inverse theorem claims that the solution (maximum-value and maximumpoint) functions of the main problem characterize the solution (minimum-value and minimum-point) functions of the inverse problem in an inverse sense and vice versa. We also give several corollaries in Section 2. Section 3 is devoted to the illustration of several examples which verify the inverse theorem and its corollaries. The last section comments on related topics [4, 51.

INVERSE DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING II

This paper treats a class of finite-stage dynamic programming (DP) problems whose state space is an interval in the one-dimensional Euclidean space R1. By introducing a notion of “reward space” we can define, in this class, an inverse problem (called the inverse DP) to a given DP (called the main DP), because of the monotonicity and continuity of the reward functions and state transformations. Roughly speaking the inverse DP to the main DP is defined by replacing “max”, “reward functions” and “state transformations” with “min”, “inverse (in some sense) to the state transformations” and “inverse (in some sense) to the reward functions”, respectively, by replacing “terminal reward function” with “inverse to itself”, and by alternating “reward spaces” with “state spaces”, but by letting “action spaces” remain as they are. According to the monotonicity of the reward functions and state transformations we clarify the relation between the main DP and the inverse DP separately for four cases. Our main result is stated as follows. The pair of optimal reward functions and optimal policy for the main DP characterizes, in an inverse sense, the pair of optimal reward functions and optimal policy for the inverse DP, and vice versa (Section 2). Further we show that our DP represents a mathematical programming problem which has the property “recursiveness with monotonicity” in [5] and conversely such a problem can also be represented by our DP (Section 3). The last section is devoted to the illustration of several examples.

INVERSE DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING

This paper treats a class of finite-stage dynamic programming (DP) problems whose state space is an interval in the one-dimensional Euclidean space R1. By introducing a notion of “reward space” we can define, in this class, an inverse problem (called the inverse DP) to a given DP (called the main DP), because of the monotonicity and continuity of the reward functions and state transformations. Roughly speaking the inverse DP to the main DP is defined by replacing “max”, “reward functions” and “state transformations” with “min”, “inverse (in some sense) to the state transformations” and “inverse (in some sense) to the reward functions”, respectively, by replacing “terminal reward function” with “inverse to itself”, and by alternating “reward spaces” with “state spaces”, but by letting “action spaces” remain as they are. According to the monotonicity of the reward functions and state transformations we clarify the relation between the main DP and the inverse DP separately for four cases. Our main result is stated as follows. The pair of optimal reward functions and optimal policy for the main DP characterizes, in an inverse sense, the pair of optimal reward functions and optimal policy for the inverse DP, and vice versa (Section 2). Further we show that our DP represents a mathematical programming problem which has the property “recursiveness with monotonicity” in [5] and conversely such a problem can also be represented by our DP (Section 3). The last section is devoted to the illustration of several examples.

Equivalent cardiac generators: Two moving dipoles and moving dipole and quadripole

Two advanced models of equivalent cardiac generators were formulated and tested. The first model consists of two moving dipoles in a bounded spherical volume conductor. The second model consists of a simultaneous moving dipole and quadripole in an identical bounded spherical medium. The development of these models evolves from the derivation of the potential function for a dipole, a quadripole and an octapole in a homogeneous medium with a spherical dielectric boundary using a Taylor series expansion of a potential function due to two point current sources. The nonlinear models were tested in an inverse sense using ideal data and an existing nonlinear estimation scheme. Preliminary results indicate that such models may potentially be useful for characterization of the cardiac generator.

High potassium and low potassium erythrocytes in cattle.

1. The K and Na concentrations in red blood cells (R.B.C.) of 251 animals of the Simmenthal breed and thirty-two animals of other cattle breeds were measured. [Na](cells)+[K](cells) was 89.4 m-mole/l. cells. [K](cells) varied between 7 and 70 and [Na](cells) varied in the inverse sense between 15 and 87 m-mole/l. cells.2. The frequency distribution of animals according to K content of R.B.C.S, which could best be fitted by two superimposed Gaussian curves, suggests that there are two distinct types of cells (high K (HK) cells and low K (LK) cells). Animals with HK cells were considerably less frequent than animals with LK cells.3. Differences in breed, age or sex do not account for the difference in cation content of R.B.C.S.4. Cold stored or PCMBS-treated HK cells show a more vigorous cation pump activity than equally treated LK cells.5. At a Na concentration of 100 mM and a K concentration of 10 mM isolated haemoglobin-free membranes prepared from HK cells exhibit a higher activity of Na+K stimulated (ouabain inhibitable) ATPase activity per mg of protein than membranes from LK cells.

Selection for Differential Productivity Among Juvenile Maize Plants: Associated Net Photosynthetic Rate and Leaf Area Changes1

Genetic divergence among juvenile maize (Zea mays L.) plants was obtained and evaluated after 6 cycles of selection for high and low stalk volume within the ‘Jarvis’ population. Similar results were obtained for two‐replicate‐selection groups. Selection process modified stalk and leaf production primarily and root production secondarily. Net photosynthetic rates as measured were not associated with differential productivity except in an inverse sense. The principal correlated response to selection was leaf area. In addition to 30% greater leaf area, the high selections had lower chlorophyll level, percent dry matter, net photosynthetic rate, respiration rate, and Hill reaction rate as compared to the low selections. The higher net photosynthetic rates for the low selections, as compared to the highs, held for environmental conditions resulting in low or high photosynthetic rates. The data supported the principal hypothesis for this study that variation in net photosynthetic rates did not play a major role in determining differential productivity within the adapted population. The primary genetic control for productivity in this population appeared to involve the genetics of systems other than photosynthetic.

Reaction of Coal with Nitrogen in a Microwave Discharge

The reaction between nitrogen and coal in microwave discharge system at low pressure was studied, using two Japanese coals, 4 Canadian coals and a spectroscopic carbon.HCN, CO and small quantities of (CN) 2 were the main gaseous products. Although reactivity-expressed as a function of total gaseous product yieldtended to vary in an, inverse sense with coal rank, (CN) 2/HCN ratio generally increased with rank. The Japanes coals yielded slightly more product gas and higher (CN) 2/HCN ratios than the Canadian coals, possibly because of their greater content of low molecular weight volatile matter which can easily react with active nitrogen in the gas phase. The reaction of several model hydrocarbons under similar conditions suggests that in low-rank coals the aliphatic structure was largely, while in high-rank coals some of the aromatic structure was affected. Activation energies for formation of HCN and (CN) 2 increased sharply above 230°C, probably due to an interaction of volatile matter with active nitrogen superimposing itself upon the normal surface reaction.

Euphemisms and Cultural Sensitivity in Tzintzuntzan

The word euphemism comes from Greek euphemismos which in turn derives from euphemizein, meaning use a good or auspicious word for an evil or inauspicious one. Kany, in his excellent book on American-Spanish euphemisms, defines as the means by which a disagreeable, offensive, or fearinstilling matter is designated with an indirect or softer term (1960:v). Euphemisms serve many functions. An important use is to permit discussion in mixed company of topics which, for reasons of delicacy, are thought best not discussed by standard terminologies. Quite apart from sex, euphemisms also facilitate discussion of subjects which cause discomfort or apprehension. Euphemisms may also be used in an inverse sense, to call attention to or to emphasize tabooed topics (Read 1964). Euphemisms are to be differentiated from slang, which may be jargon or cant of members of a particular calling or class of society, or popular and usually ephemeral modes of expression widely used in a society, viewed variously by its speakers as avant garde, clever, imaginative, or amusingly grotesque, but not necessarily offensive, and thus suitable for use in mixed company. Slang may, of course, also be seen as obscene and offcolor, to be used only by members of same sex. The analysis of euphemisms is a highly useful analytic tool for anthropologists, since they point way to sensitive areas of culture, topics which informants may studiously avoid in direct conversation, or which they might deny to be disturbing. In contemporary United States, for example, euphemistic usages emphasize that such topics as old age and death, toilet training and toilet habits, some aspects of illness, excessive use of alcohol, and sex are sensitive or disturbing areas. Elderly people do not become old; they become senior citizens. It is not necessary to

Power Technologies and the Advance of Science, 1700-1825

The science of thermodynamics was one of the major intellectual achievements of the nineteenth century, and the origins of its basic principles must therefore be of great interest to the historian. The first two principles to be established were the statement of the mechanical equivalence of heat (Mayer and Joule) and the postulation by Sadi Carnot of an idealized heat engine which, when working in a precisely specified manner on a cycle that can be performed in the inverse sense, must obtain the maximum possible work from a given fall of heat from a furnace to a cold body, or condenser.' Carnot noticed that the cold body is as necessary for the production of work as the furnace: he thus imposed in advance an important limitation on the then unformulated doctrine of the mechanical equivalence of heat: work can be obtained only when heat flows from a hot to a cold body. It is hardly less important for the historian of science and technology to have some idea of the circumstances that led to the formulation of

PARTICLE SIZE OF BEER TURBIDIGENS AND ITS INFLUENCE ON NEPHELOMETRY

Since it can be deduced from the theory of light scattering that nephelometric estimates of turbidity must be strongly affected by the particle size of the material responsible for the turbidity, it is of interest to ascertain experimentally the quantitative importance of this factor in the nephelometry of beer hazes. A simple and reproducible method has been applied for providing a measure of the particle diameter of beer turbidigens; it has been shown that while these particles are of the same order of magnitude as the wavelength of visible light, their size varies considerably from one beer to another. Concurrent estimates of absolute turbidity, nephelometric turbidity and particle diameter on the permanent haze in a variety of beers have proved that nephelometric estimates of turbidity are in fact very sensitive, in the expected inverse sense, to variations in particle size. For the materials examined, and using instruments calibrated against formazin standards, nephelometric estimates may vary, in relation to true turbidity, from 25% too high with the smaller particles to 70% too low with the larger.

On the Economical Life of Incandescent Tungsten Filament Lamps

Cost of light obtained from an incandescenttungsten filament lamp, consists of the renewalcost of the lamp and the energy cost consumedby the lamp. The former decreases by using along burning lamp or a low efficiency lamp, while the latter to the contrary. The economicallife can be determined by knowing the lifeefficiencycharacteristic together with the ratioof the renewal cost to the energy cost perK.W.H. and it is shown that the economicallife depends simply on the ratio of the renewalcost to the electrical energy cost per K.W.H. inthe same sence and on the size of the lamp in the inverse sense.

Societies and Academies

PARISAcademy of Sciences, July 21.—M. Daubrée In the chair,—The following papers were read:—Theory of the simple pendulum with conical oscillations, regard being had to the rotation of the earth, by M. Villarceau. He concludes that other causes than gravity and the earth's rotation intervene.—Various thermo-chemical data, by M. Berthelot. This relates to formation of diamylene, and heat of fusion and specific heat of glycerine.—Remarks on the last communication of M. Bouquet de la Grye, by M. Ledieu. He doubts the possibility of determining, even approximately, the influence of the sun and the moon on atmospheric pressure.—The last three epidemics of plague of the Caucasus, studied with regard to epidemiology and prophylaxy, by M. Tholozan. These epidemics appeared in 1804–18, 1828–30, and 1840–43. He remarks on the inefficacy of means expected to be effectual for staying the progress of the disease.—M. Schwann was elected correspondent in Medicine and Surgery, in place of M. Rokitanski.—Astronomical observations and measurement of an arc of parallel in Algeria, by M. Perrier. The arc embraces 10. The triangulation is destined to serve for basis and control of the vast system covering Entrope.—Anaesthesia by means of protoxide of nitrogen mixed with oxygen, and employed under pressure, by M. Bert. One operation, by M. Labbe, is described, and sixteen, by M. Pean, referred to. The superiority of the method is chiefly shown in the instantaneousness of the sleep and awaking. There is hardly any nausea. The excess of pressure varied between 0.15 m. and 0.22m.—Researches on the causes of reinvasion of phylloxerised vineyards, by M. Boiteau.—M. Colladon announced the death of M. Favre,.contractor of the Saint Gothard tunnel.—Discovery of a small planet by Mr. Peters at Clinton (N. V.), on July 17, 1879.—On a generalisation of periodic functions and on certain linear differential equations, by M. Picard.—Hydrodyiiamic experiments with vibrating bodies, and imitation, in an inverse sense, of the forces of electricity and magnetism, by M. Bjerknes. He describes a modified form of his former apparatus.—On a phenomenon similar to that of Peltier, by M. Bouty. This relates to the experiment with metallised thermometers as electrodes, referred to elsewhere.—On the capacity of voltaic polarisation, by M. Blondlot. The following law is deduced from observations:—For a given electrode and a given electrolyte the initial capacity does not depend on the direction of polarisation.—Action of magnetism in motion on static electricity, by M. Lipprnann. This action results rigorously from the existence of the inverse phenomenon, which Mr. Rowland's experiments have demonstrated; and this reversibility is a consequence of the impossibility of perpetual motion. Further, static electricity has a proper mechanical inertia, simply added to that of the electrified body.—On the laws of variations of atmospheric electricity deduced from regular observations made at the Moncalieri Observatory, by M. Denza. Inter alia, there are two principal daily maxima, a few hours after sunrise and sunset. The monthly electric tension reaches a maximum in February, a minimum in September. In twelve years negative electricity appeared with rain and snow, at least in 50 per cent, of the cases. The electric tension generally diminishes with the altitude.—Researches on explosive substances, by MM. Nobel and Abel.—Experimental researches on decomposition of gun-cotton in a closed vessel, by MM. Sarrau and Vieille. The pressure, heat, and volume and composition of the gases, are: indicated. The latter are simple and few.—On the employment of sulphuretted hydrogen by the dry method in analyses, by M. Carnot. This mode of sulphuration has advantage's, in many cases, over that of fusion with sulphur.—On the transformation of hydrocellulose into pulverulent pyroxyles, by M. Girard.—Action of fluoride of boron on acetone, by M. Landolph.—On the determination of urea, by M. Mehn.:—On iron reduced by hydrogen, by M. Moissan.—Electric excitation of the point of the heart, by MM. Dastre and Morat. A series of closely successive currents may have on the heart the effect of a continuous current.—Note on the physiological action of brom-hydrate of conine, by M. Prevost.—On the biliary secretion, by M. Picard. There are two differences between this and 'the renal secretion:—(1) An arterial system furnishes urine, a venous system bile; (2) In the biliary secretion certain substances formed in the liver are carried away by the outward movement of the liquid.—Action of the principal poisons on Crustacea, by M. Yung. Strychnine and nicotine act with extreme violence; curare is less active than with vertebrates; sulphate of atropine never caused death; digitaline renders the heart's movements slower, &c.