Quasigroups Research Articles

On dihedral 2-groups as inner mapping groups of finite commutative inverse property loops

On dihedral 2-groups as inner mapping groups of finite commutative inverse property loops

Realization of Nonlinear Time-Delay Input–Output Equations

In this letter the problem of transforming a nonlinear multi-input multi-output time-delay control system, described by a set of higher order functional differential equations relating system inputs and outputs, into a set of first order functional differential equations, is studied. The globally linearized system equations are described in terms of polynomials in a delay operator and derivative operator. The Euclidean left division of polynomials is used to compute the basis of a certain free submodule of differential 1-forms. The integrability of the submodule is proved to be necessary and sufficient for the solvability of the problem.

Left (Right)-Quasi Neutrosophic Triplet Loops (Groups) and Generalized BE-Algebras

The new notion of a neutrosophic triplet group (NTG) is proposed by Florentin Smarandache; it is a new algebraic structure different from the classical group. The aim of this paper is to further expand this new concept and to study its application in related logic algebra systems. Some new notions of left (right)-quasi neutrosophic triplet loops and left (right)-quasi neutrosophic triplet groups are introduced, and some properties are presented. As a corollary of these properties, the following important result are proved: for any commutative neutrosophic triplet group, its every element has a unique neutral element. Moreover, some left (right)-quasi neutrosophic triplet structures in BE-algebras and generalized BE-algebras (including CI-algebras and pseudo CI-algebras) are established, and the adjoint semigroups of the BE-algebras and generalized BE-algebras are investigated for the first time.

Two Rights of Free Speech

AbstractMy main argument in this paper is that the right to freedom of expression is not a single right, complex as it may be, but spans two separate rights that I label the right to speak and the right to hear. Roughly, the right to speak stands for the right of a person to express freely whatever they wish to communicate to some other persons or to the public at large. The right to hear stands for the right to have free and unfettered access to any kind of content that has been communicated by others. The right to speak and the right to hear are two separate rights, grounded in different kinds of interests. I try to show that this division of rights and their respective rationales can be utilized to explain how we think about some of the limits of the right to freedom of expression, particularly in the context of conflicts between the right to speak and the right to hear, conflicts that are rather pervasive. I also argue, though perhaps less conclusively, that in thinking about the limits of freedom of expression, an exclusive focus on the harm principle would be misguided. There is no reason to deny that speech is often harmful, sometimes very much so, but the prevention of harm is not sufficient to justify legal prohibition, at least not in this case.

The Study on the Value Assessment of Rural Land Contracted Rights in the Mortgage

In the New Normal, the policy of the Three Rights Division has promoted the development and innovation of rural economy. As the release of the special policies of the pilot work of mortgage loans in the rural land contracted rights, the financing stakeholders’ demands on the value assessment of the rural land contracted rights gradually goes stronger. In this context, it is a necessity for the evaluation on the industries’ positive coping with the new development to make a further research on the relevant valuation regulations, the specific application of the assessment techniques in the mortgage loan practice. It is also an important measure for promote the implementation of financial support-to agriculture policy. With this guidance, this paper makes a study on the determination of the value type, the selection of the assessment method, and the calculation of the parameters around the particularities of the value assessment on the mortgage of the rural land contracted rights. And based on this study, it is thought to carry out a guidance practice and provide reference for the relevant pilot institution on the loan pricing.

Statement of Gail Heriot in the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights' Report: Race Neutral Enforcement of the Law?: DOJ and the New Black Panther Party Litigation

In late 2010, the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights released a report entitled Race Neutral Enforcement of the Law?: DOJ and the New Black Panther Party Litigation (An Interim Report). This Statement was part of that report. It discusses accusations that the Department of Justice’s Civil Rights Division failed to execute the law in a race neutral manner in disposing of the litigation over the New Black Panther Party incident in Philadelphia in 2008. The Statement also discusses evidence that the Civil Rights Division has failed to execute the law in a race neutral manner on other occasions, including United States v. Brown, which involved election irregularities in Noxubee County, Mississippi.

Testimony of Gail Heriot, Member, U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Before the Committee on the Judiciary of the U.S. Senate, the 50th Anniversary of the Civil Rights Act of the 1957 and Its Continuing Importance (September 5, 2007)

On September 5, 2007, the author testified before the Committee on the Judiciary of the U.S. Senate about the 50th anniversary of the Civil Rights Act of 1957. The Civil Rights Act of 1957 is known mainly for the two civil rights building blocks it created — the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights and the Civil Rights Division of the Department of Justice. Those two institutions in turn created the foundation for the civil rights legislation of the 1960s.

The Application of Inquiry-Based Interactive Multimedia to minimize Student Misconception on Biotechnology Sucject

Biotechnology includes topic about gene and nuclear cloning is a very challenging subject to study at high school. Without proper Media aid, misconception will more likely to occur among students. The use of Inquiry-based Interactive Multimedia was expected to reduce the misconception about cloning process since it is visualized more clearly. This study was aimed to measure slope misconception of student and to analyze the application of Inquiry-based Interactive Multimedia to minimize student misconception on Biotechnology subject. The research was conducted at MAN 8 Jakarta on May 2012 using a quasi experimental method and pretest-posttest control group design. A total of 40 science students were taken equally from IPA 1 and IPA 2 classes at grade 10 to become experimental and control groups. They were selected by simple random sampling. A test of multiple choice questions with five alternative answers was used as the study instrument. To detect for any misconception, the test result was measured by Certainty of Response Index (CRI). Using this technique, there were 8 % misconception found on the pre-test and 7% on the post-test. As the conclusion, the use of Inquiry-based Interactive Multimedia was effective to minimize student misconception on Biotechnology subject.

Be Careful What You Wish For: Ronald Reagan, Donald Trump, The Assault on Civil Rights, and The Surprising Story of How Title VII Got Its Private Right of Action

This essay reviews the impact of President Ronald Reagan’s policies on civil rights enforcement in the 1980s, as he tried to turn back the clock on civil rights. Reagan devastated the civil rights enforcement agencies, as he pandered to the white nationalists who helped him win election. But Reagan’s attempts ultimately failed, and leave behind an important lesson for President Donald Trump. Reagan’s appointments to and policies at the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), the Department of Justice’s Civil Rights Division, and the Department of Labor’s Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs (OFCCP) seriously damaged civil rights enforcement. But employment discrimination law has survived and continues to be an often-effective tool against racism, misogyny, homophobia, religious hatred, and other forms of discrimination. Title VII cases (and claims under parallel statutes) continue to be a major part of the caseload in federal courts. Why? Because the Civil Rights Act is largely enforced by private civil rights groups and lawyers in private practice who bring cases before independent judges pursuant to a private right of action. Did a progressive Congress have the foresight to recognize that a private right of action would protect the victims of discrimination from future administrations hostile to civil rights, and thus include it in the statute as a check against enforcement agencies captured by civil rights opponents? Hardly. Rather, moderate and conservative Senate Republicans, resigned to the fact that an employment discrimination law was inevitable, and fearful of a powerful federal agency that would restrict business autonomy in the manner of the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), substituted a private right of action for agency adjudication in an attempt to sabotage the effectiveness of Title VII. In 1964, the adoption of a private right of action was widely seen as a great loss for civil rights advocates, turning Title VII from an enforceable law to an ineffectual call for voluntary compliance with anti-discrimination policies. Almost no one foresaw the development of a private bar of plaintiffs’ employment discrimination lawyers. Those who tried to sabotage the enforcement of civil rights through a private right of action should be turning in their graves, having inadvertently given civil rights advocates a powerful tool to resist assaults on civil rights.

Jim Crow Terminals: The Desegregation of American Airports by Anke Ortlepp

Reviewed by: Jim Crow Terminals: The Desegregation of American Airportsby Anke Ortlepp Martin T. Olliff III Jim Crow Terminals: The Desegregation of American Airports. By Anke Ortlepp. Politics and Culture in the Twentieth-Century South. (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2017. Pp. xii, 207. Paper, $26.95, ISBN 978-0-8203-5121-6; cloth, $74.95, ISBN 978-0-8203-5093-6.) Anke Ortlepp, professor of British and American history at the University of Kassel, has written this slightly mistitled book about airports governed by de jure racial segregation almost exclusively in the American South. She adds to civil rights movement literature that until now has focused on Jim Crow railcars, tramways, and buses by outlining the rise of racially segregated southern airports in the years after World War II and the multiple lines of successful resistance to Jim Crow at these physical symbols of modernity and middle-class status. In many ways, Ortlepp's account of airport desegregation conforms to the familiar narrative of racial segregation and resistance: Jim Crow occurred in physical spaces and drew resistance in the post–World War II United States from organized and individual activists as well as some travelers who were simply fed up. Resisters protested at the segregated facilities and sued airport authorities and concessionaires. Local officials and airport managers used states' rights arguments, subterfuge, intransigence, and prevarication to forestall these challenges to the "southern way of life" (p. 19). In other important ways, however, Ortlepp's story differs from those of other segregated facilities because almost all air passengers were interstate travelers, airplane seating itself was not segregated, and the federal government played a much more direct role in funding and regulating airports than it did bus terminals and lunch counters. Such complications exposed Jim Crow airports to federal regulations and Department of Justice desegregation lawsuits. [End Page 790] Ortlepp devotes two chapters to private resistance. Chapter 3 details direct action against Jim Crow airports that emerged in the wake of successful challenges to segregation in the 1950s. Led by the Congress of Racial Equality and local groups, these protests mirrored the Freedom Rides and lunch counter sit-ins that occurred at approximately the same time. Chapter 4 employs case studies to detail NAACP-assisted lawsuits aimed at airports and contractors, usually restaurants. Although airport facilities were managed by municipalities and subject to local laws, the Civil Aeronautics Administration, succeeded by the Federal Aviation Agency, oversaw the airlines that used the terminals and provided funding to construct them. Thus, civil rights advocates pursued changes through federal regulations and even federal legislation. Ortlepp follows the twists and turns of multiple federal antisegregation actions: Michigan congressman Charles C. Diggs Jr.'s 1955 airport survey; regulatory interpretation; and attempts by senators in the 1960s, including Jacob K. Javits of New York, to secure racial equality through the Federal Airport Act, committee investigations, and amendments to appropriations bills. More compelling and successful in securing racial equity were lawsuits brought by the Department of Justice's Civil Rights Division against airports that used Federal-Aid Airport Program funds to build illegally segregated facilities or that ignored court orders in private suits. Ortlepp examines federal suits against Montgomery and Birmingham, Alabama, and New Orleans and Shreveport, Louisiana, but her treatment of these cases is uneven. She discusses the first three in satisfying detail but gives Shreveport very short shrift, an odd oversight as she twice notes that Shreveport's was the last U.S. airport to desegregate. Ortlepp opens a particularly interesting line of inquiry by examining the physicality of Jim Crow airport facilities through the lens of spatial analysis. Although she does well in analyzing segregated airports, she misses an opportunity to provide a sufficiently thorough theoretical or historiographical foundation so that scholars may apply her ideas to other segregated spaces. Nevertheless, Jim Crow Terminals: The Desegregation of American Airportsis an important and accessible book that examines resistance to Jim Crow in an area that has escaped scholarly attention. At the same time, Ortlepp has left enough intriguing traces for other historians to extend her work. Martin T. Olliff III Troy University Copyright © 2018 The Southern Historical Association

Cryptography Using Quasi Group and Chaotic Maps

Cryptography Using Quasi Group and Chaotic Maps

Management Costs as a Manifestation of Transaction Costs in Hierarchical Structures for the Coordination of Production and Exchange Processes

According to the assumptions of representatives of institutional economics, enterprises as market institutions exist due to the existence of transaction costs in the processes of market exchange. The hierarchical structures of enterprises limit their occurrence and thus they are by definition more effective than the coordination of exchange by a market mechanism. The creation and maintenance of such structures also bring about costs. These are generally management costs, some of which are transaction costs. They result from imperfections of internal processes, information asymmetry, the division and establishment of property rights, opportunistic behaviour or specific resources involved in these processes. The article looks at the problems of management costs perceived from the institutional point of view, as transaction costs and an indication of the broad applicability of this approach, especially in the context of new phenomena and processes based mainly on modern technologies and the mechanisms of co-creating value. The considerations are of a conceptual character and are based on the achievements of various scientific disciplines.

Visceral subpleural hematoma of the left diaphragmatic surface following left upper division segmentectomy

BackgroundPulmonary visceral subpleural hematoma is rare. We report visceral subpleural hematoma of the left diaphragmatic surface following left upper division segmentectomy. This very rare case was difficult to distinguish from thoracic abscess.Case presentationA 68-year-old man with hypertension had undergone video-assisted thoracoscopic left upper division segmentectomy for suspected lung carcinoma. Deep vein thrombosis of the lower leg was identified and edoxaban, a so-called novel oral anticoagulant, was started on postoperative day 7. The chest drainage tube was removed on postoperative day 12 because of persistent air leakage, but fever appeared the same day. Computed tomography revealed a cavity with mixed air and fluid, so antibiotics were started on suspicion of abscess. Computed tomography-guided drainage was attempted, but proved unsuccessful. Fever continued and surgical investigation was therefore performed. Visceral subpleural hematoma was identified under the diaphragmatic surface of the left basal lung. We excised the pleura, then performed drainage and applied running sutures. The parenchyma and visceral pleura were covered with polyglycolic acid sheet and fibrin glue. Edoxaban was restarted on postoperative day 12 of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and no recurrence of hematoma has been revealed.ConclusionsVisceral subpleural hematoma after thoracic surgery is extremely rare. Furthermore, correct diagnosis was difficult and surgery offered a good diagnostic and therapeutic procedure.

A Sugiyama-Like Decoding Algorithm for Convolutional Codes

We propose a decoding algorithm for a class of convolutional codes called skew Reed-Solomon convolutional codes. These are convolutional codes of designed Hamming distance endowed with a cyclic structure yielding a left ideal of a non-commutative ring (a quotient of a skew polynomial ring). In this setting, right and left division algorithms exist, so our algorithm follows the guidelines of the Sugiyama’s procedure for finding the error locator and error evaluator polynomials for Goppa block codes.

The use of forensic DNA analysis in humanitarian forensic action: The development of a set of international standards

DNA analysis was first applied to the identification of victims of armed conflicts and other situations of violence (ACOSV) in the mid-1990s, starting in South America and the Balkans. Argentina was the first country to establish a genetic database specifically developed to identify disappeared children. Following on from these programs the early 2000s marked major programs, using a largely DNA-led approach, identifying missing persons in the Balkans and following the attack on the World Trade Center in New York. These two identification programs significantly expanded the magnitude of events to which DNA analysis was used to help provide the identity of missing persons.Guidelines developed by Interpol (2014) [1] related to best practice for identification of human remains following DVI type scenarios have been widely disseminated around the forensic community; in numerous cases these guidelines have been adopted or incorporated into national guidelines/standards/practice. However, given the complexity of many humanitarian contexts in which forensic science is employed there is a lack of internationally accepted guidelines, related to these contexts, for authorities to reference. In response the Argentine government’s Human Rights Division in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Worship (MREC) proposed that the United Nations (UN) should promote best practice in the use of forensic genetics in humanitarian forensic action: this was adopted by the UN in Resolutions A/HRC/RES/10/26 and A/HRC/RES/15/5. Following on from the adoption of the resolutions MREC has coordinated, with the support of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), the drafting of a set of guidelines (MREC, ICRC, 2014) [2], with input from national and international agencies. To date the guidelines have been presented to South America’s MERCOSUR and the UN and have been disseminated to interested parties.

The Effect of the Constitutionalisation of the EU's Legal Framework on European Integration

This paper discusses the effect of the constitutionalisation of the EU’s legal framework on European integration. The first section deals with the evolution of the Treaties as a pathway towards increasing legal integration. The second section discusses the EU’s evolving constitutional doctrine. The remaining sections provide supportive evidence to back up the previously introduced arguments, drawing on a number of important issues such as division of competences and human rights, leaving an input for further research on the impact of Brexit on the matter.

CLASSIFICATION OF LAND RIGHTS OF UKRAINIAN CITIZENS

The article is devoted to the classification of land rights of Ukrainian citizens. Separation and differentiation of land rights is made by the following criteria: the subordination of land rights; all conditions which are necessary and sufficient for obtaining land rights; the functional direction of land rights. The classification of land rights of Ukrainian citizens was defined as means of establishment of links between their individual land rights, and as means of determining the coherent picture of their diversity. The use of subordination of land rights as the conditional classification criterion has allowed to determine basic land rights (those that form the core of the legal status of all subjects in public lands relations) and derivatives land rights (those that reveal the content of basic land rights and are the means of their realization). This classification makes it possible to understand the connection between land rights and the integrity of the system which they form. It is offered to classify land rights of Ukrainian citizens depending on the all conditions which are necessary and sufficient for obtaining them, which allow to specify individual land rights of Ukrainian citizens to define their features and determine the range of social relations in which these land rights can be realized. According to this criterion, the land rights of Ukrainian citizens could be conditionally divided into general land rights (those that belong to all citizens of Ukraine) and specific land rights (those relating solely to agricultural land and obtained by citizens of Ukraine only under certain conditions and therefore not belonging to all Ukrainian citizens). It is concluded that the conditional division of the land rights of Ukrainian citizens on their functional direction on material, procedural and processual land rights allows to define the interconnection of land rights of Ukrainian citizens and the integrity of the legal mechanism of their regulation, protection and defence. The classification of Ukrainian citizens land rights made it possible to understand the integrity of the system, which they form and indicate that there are groups of land rights, implementation of which is mandatory. Towards the end of the article it is concluded that the legal protection of land rights of the subjects of the legal land relations can be achieved through the legislative definition of their legal capabilities, through the appropriate procedural ensuring of the realization of such possibilities, and thanks to the fixation of their judicial and extrajudicial protection guarantees.

Successful lung-sparing resection of synchronous pleural mesothelioma and contralateral lung cancer

BackgroundMalignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an uncommon malignant tumor, and its synchronous occurrence with primary lung cancer is extremely rare. Here, we report the first surgical case of synchronous MPM and contralateral lung adenocarcinoma. Extrapleural pneumonectomy (EPP) combined with surgery for contralateral lung cancer may not be tolerated, and a lung-sparing procedure including pleurectomy/decortication (P/D) can be an alternative to achieve complete resection.Case presentationA 69-year-old male with right MPM and lung adenocarcinoma in the left upper lobe presented. Two lesions were judged to be synchronous MPM and lung cancer that were both potentially resectable clinical stage I diseases, and complete resection of both tumors was successfully achieved with right P/D following left upper division segmentectomy.ConclusionsP/D, not EPP, is a less invasive surgical procedure for MPM with curative intent and can be performed in combination with contralateral lung resection.

ALTERNATING CUSTODY AS SEEN BY FATHERS CLAIMING CUSTODY OF THEIR CHILDREN

The article presents findings of empirical analysis concerning the opinions on alternating custody expressed by fathers claiming custody of their children after a divorce. One form of custody that is currently gaining more and more popularity is known as alternating custody, which allows both parents to maintain contact with their child after a divorce. Nowadays, growing interest in this form of custody can be observed in many countries, including Sweden, Canada, Norway, Australia and Poland, all of which have amended regulations and introduced alternating custody to the already-existing sole and joint custody. Changing perceptions of the father’s role and his importance in the process of upbringing have triggered discussions on alternating custody among interested parties, representatives of scientific circles, and family judges. It should be emphasised that men themselves have been undergoing a transformation and they now want to be involved in their child’s life to the same extent as mothers. The study discusses the popularity of this form of custody in Poland and assesses its weak and strong sides. It also focuses on the conditions necessary for the implementation of this form of custody that is based on division of parental rights and duties and the child living with one parent and then spending similar amount of time with the other. The studies revealed that alternating custody is considered unpopular and infrequently implemented. Fathers participating in the survey recognized its importance for maintaining close bond with the child. However, they also expressed some concerns as far as the child’s sense of stability is concerned. The majority of the respondents declared the willingness to implement alternating custody after a divorce as they considered it a chance to provide the child with healthy conditions for his/her development and to maintain close contact with the child. The respondents also perceive this type of custody as a chance to be an involved, not a secondary parent.

Empirical Study of China’s Provincial Carbon Responsibility Sharing: Provincial Value Chain Perspective

Against the background of global warming, China has vowed to meet a series of carbon emissions reduction targets and plans to launch a national carbon emissions rights trading market by 2017. Therefore, from the provincial value chain perspective, using input-output tables from China in 2002, 2007, and 2010, this study constructs models to calculate the CO2 emissions responsibility of each province under the production, consumption, and value capture principles, respectively. Empirical results indicate that Shandong, Hebei, Jiangsu, Guangdong, and Henan bear the most responsibility for CO2 emissions under the three principles in China, while Hainan and Qinghai have the least responsibility. However, there is a great difference in the proportion of carbon emissions responsibility for each province during the same period under different principles or different periods under the same principle. For consumption-oriented areas such as Beijing, Tianjin, Zhejiang, Shanghai, and Guangdong, the production principle is more favorable, and the consumption principle is more beneficial for production-oriented provinces such as Hebei, Henan, Liaoning, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, and Shaanxi. However, the value capture principle strikes a compromise of the CO2 emissions responsibility of each province between the production and consumption principles, and it shares the CO2 emissions responsibility based on the actual value captured by each province in the provincial value chain. The value capture principle is conducive to the fair and reasonable division of CO2 emissions rights of each province by sectors, as well as the construction of a standardized carbon emissions rights trading market.