Inverse Boundary Research Articles

Physics-informed compressed sensing for PC-MRI: an inverse Navier-Stokes problem.

We formulate a physics-informed compressed sensing (PICS) method for the reconstruction of velocity fields from noisy and sparse phase-contrast magnetic resonance signals. The method solves an inverse Navier-Stokes boundary value problem, which permits us to jointly reconstruct and segment the velocity field, and at the same time infer hidden quantities such as the hydrodynamic pressure and the wall shear stress. Using a Bayesian framework, we regularize the problem by introducing a priori information about the unknown parameters in the form of Gaussian random fields. This prior information is updated using the Navier-Stokes problem, an energy-based segmentation functional, and by requiring that the reconstruction is consistent with the k-space signals. We create an algorithm that solves this inverse problem, and test it for noisy and sparse k-space signals of the flow through a converging nozzle. We find that the method is capable of reconstructing and segmenting the velocity fields from sparsely-sampled (15% k-space coverage), low (~10) signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) signals, and that the reconstructed velocity field compares well with that derived from fully-sampled (100% k-space coverage) high (>40) SNR signals of the same flow.

Inverse boundary problem for a fourth order Boussinesq equation with integral conditions

Inverse boundary problem for a fourth order Boussinesq equation with integral conditions

On one coefficient inverse boundary value problem for a linear pseudoparabolic equation of the fourth order

<abstract><p>In the present work, we consider an inverse boundary value problem for a fourth order pseudo parabolic equation with periodic and integral condition. Using analytical and operator-theoretic methods, as well as the Fourier method, the existence and uniqueness of the classical solution of this problem is proved. By the contraction mapping principle is formulated as an auxiliary inverse problem which, in turn, is reduced to the operator equation in a specified Banach space using the method of spectral analysis.</p></abstract>

Inverse boundary value problem for nonlinear diffusion equation with non-local time-integral conditions of the second kind2

This work deals with the solvability of inverse boundary value problem with time-dependent unknown coefficient for nonlinear diffusion equation. Definition of classical solution for the considered inverse boundary value problem is introduced. By the Fourier method, the problem is reduced to the system of integral equations. Using the contraction mappings method, the existence and uniqueness of the solution of the system of integral equations are proved. Finally, the existence and uniqueness of the classical solution of original problem are proved.

Stable determination of a second order perturbation of the polyharmonic operator by boundary measurements

In this paper, we consider the inverse boundary value problem for the polyharmonic operator. We prove that the second order perturbations are uniquely determined by the corresponding Dirichlet to Neumann map. More precisely, we show in dimension n≥3, a logarithmic type stability estimate for the inverse problem under consideration.

Inverse problems on low-dimensional manifolds

We consider abstract inverse problems between infinite-dimensional Banach spaces. These inverse problems are typically nonlinear and ill-posed, making the inversion with limited and noisy measurements a delicate process. In this work, we assume that the unknown belongs to a finite-dimensional manifold: this assumption arises in many real-world scenarios where natural objects have a low intrinsic dimension and belong to a certain submanifold of a much larger ambient space. We prove uniqueness and Hölder and Lipschitz stability results in this general setting, also in the case when only a finite discretization of the measurements is available. Then, a Landweber-type reconstruction algorithm from a finite number of measurements is proposed, for which we prove global convergence, thanks to a new criterion for finding a suitable initial guess.These general results are then applied to several examples, including two classical nonlinear ill-posed inverse boundary value problems. The first is Calderón’s inverse conductivity problem, for which we prove a Lipschitz stability estimate from a finite number of measurements for piece-wise constant conductivities with discontinuities on an unknown triangle. A similar stability result is then obtained for Gel’fand-Calderón’s problem for the Schrödinger equation, in the case of piece-wise constant potentials with discontinuities on a finite number of non-intersecting balls.

An efficient moving pseudo-boundary MFS for void detection

We consider the method of fundamental solutions (MFS) for the determination of the boundary of a void. In the proposed formulation the location of the pseudo-boundary is not fixed. The MFS discretization of the corresponding inverse geometric boundary value problem yields a system of nonlinear equations in which the coefficients in the MFS approximation, the discrete radii in the polar parametrization, the coordinates of the centre of the void and the expansion and dilation coefficients of the pseudo-boundaries are unknown. For the minimization of the resulting functional we employ the nonlinear least squares minimization routine lsqnonlin from the MATLAB® optimization toolbox . In contrast to previous studies, we exploit the option which enables the user to provide the analytical expression for the Jacobian of the system, and show that, although tedious, this leads to spectacular savings in computational time. The case of multiple voids is also addressed.

An inverse boundary value problem for transverse vibrations of a bar

In this article, we study an inverse problem (IP) for a fourth-order hyperbolic equation with nonlocal boundary conditions. This IP is reduced to the not self-adjoint boundary value problem (BVP) with corresponding boundary condition. Then, we use the separation of variables method, to reduce the not self-adjoint BVP to an integral equation. The existence and uniqueness of the integral equation are established by the contraction mappings principle and it is concluded that this solution is unique for a not-adjoint BVP. The existence and uniqueness of a nonlocal BVP with integral condition is proved. In addition, the fourth-order hyperbolic PDE is discretized using a collocation technique based on the quintic B-spline (QnB-spline) functions and reformed by the Tikhonov regularization function. The noise and analytical data are considered. The numerical outcome for a standard numerical example is discussed. Furthermore, the stability of the discretized system is also analyzed. The rate of convergence (ROC) of the method is also obtained.

A third-order weighted nonlinear scheme for hyperbolic conservation laws with inverse Lax-Wendroff boundary treatment

Cartesian grids are often used in applications due to the simplicity of grid generation and the efficiency of discretization algorithms. However, for problems with curved boundaries, grid points are often away from the boundaries, leading to the issue of imposing boundary conditions. Recently, it was shown that the inverse Lax-Wendroff (ILW) boundary treatment is very useful for addressing this issue. While most of the investigations focus on the WENO schemes for hyperbolic conservation laws, we present in this paper a new third-order weighted nonlinear scheme, which is based on the framework of weighted compact nonlinear schemes. We show that the scheme is applicable directly on Cartesian grids by using the ILW boundary treatment. To demonstrate the linear stability of the scheme, both the method of eigenvalue analysis and the Gustafsson-Kreiss-Sundström (GKS) theory are employed and analyzed in details. Some numerical tests are also performed to show the accuracy and validity of the proposed method.

A high order moving boundary treatment for convection-diffusion equations

In this paper, a new type of inverse Lax-Wendroff boundary treatment is designed for high order finite difference schemes for solving general convection-diffusion equations on time-varying domain. This new method can achieve high order accuracy on Dirichlet boundary conditions with moving boundary. To ensure stability of the boundary treatment, we give a convex combination of the boundary treatments for the diffusion-dominated and the convection-dominated cases. A group convex combination of weights is carefully designed to avoid zero denominator, resulting in a unified algorithm for pure convection, convection-dominated, convection-diffusion, diffusion-dominated and pure diffusion cases. In order to match the time levels when constructing values of ghost points in the two intermediate stages of the third order Runge-Kutta method, we propose a new approximation to the mixed derivatives at the boundaries to ensure high order accuracy and to improve computational efficiency. In particular, we extend the boundary treatment to the compressible Navier-Stokes equations, which satisfies the isothermal no-slip wall boundary condition at any Reynolds number. We provide numerical tests for one- and two-dimensional problems involving both scalar equations and systems, demonstrating that our boundary treatment is high order accurate for problems with smooth solutions and also performs well for problems involving interactions between viscous shocks and moving rigid bodies.

An inverse problem for the minimal surface equation

We use the method of higher order linearization to study an inverse boundary value problem for the minimal surface equation on a Riemannian manifold (Rn,g), where the metric g is conformally Euclidean. In particular we show that with the knowledge of Dirichlet-to-Neumann map associated to the minimal surface equation, one can determine the Taylor series of the conformal factor c(x) at xn=0 up to a multiplicative constant. We show this both in the full data case and in some partial data cases.

Transport of Organic Volatiles through Paper: Physics-Informed Neural Networks for Solving Inverse and Forward Problems

Transport of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) through porous media with active surfaces takes place in many important applications, such as in cellulose-based materials for packaging. Generally, it is a complex process that combines diffusion with sorption at any time. To date, the data needed to use and validate the mathematical models proposed in literature to describe the mentioned processes are scarce and have not been systematically compiled. As an extension of the model of Ramarao et al. (Dry Technol 21(10):2007–2056, 2003) for the water vapor transport through paper, we propose to describe the transport of VOCs by a nonlinear Fisher–Kolmogorov–Petrovsky–Piskunov equation coupled to a partial differential equation (PDE) for the sorption process. The proposed PDE system contains specific material parameters such as diffusion coefficients and adsorption rates as multiplication factors. Although these parameters are essential for solving the PDEs at a given time scale, not all of the required parameters can be directly deduced from experiments, particularly diffusion coefficients and sorption constants. Therefore, we propose to use experimental concentration data, obtained for the migration of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) through a stack of paper sheets, to infer the sorption constant. These concentrations are considered as the outcome of a model prediction and are inserted into an inverse boundary problem. We employ Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) to find the underlying sorption constant of DMSO on paper from this inverse problem. We illustrate how to practically combine PINN-based calculations with experimental data to obtain trustworthy transport-related material parameters. Finally we verify the obtained parameter by solving the forward migration problem via PINNs and finite element methods on the relevant time scale and show the satisfactory correspondence between the simulation and experimental results.

A density property for tensor products of gradients of harmonic functions and applications

We show that linear combinations of tensor products of k gradients of harmonic functions, with k at least three, are dense in C(Ω‾), for any bounded domain Ω in dimension 3 or higher. The bulk of the argument consists in showing that any smooth compactly supported k-tensor that is L2-orthogonal to all such products must be zero. This is done by using a Gaussian quasi-mode based construction of harmonic functions in the orthogonality relation. We then demonstrate the usefulness of this result by using it to prove uniqueness in the inverse boundary value problem for a coupled quasilinear elliptic system. The paper ends with a discussion of the corresponding property for products of two gradients of harmonic functions, and the connection of this property with the linearized anisotropic Calderón problem.

Linearized boundary control method for an acoustic inverse boundary value problem

We develop a linearized boundary control method for the inverse boundary value problem of determining a potential in the acoustic wave equation from the Neumann-to-Dirichlet map. When the linearization is at the zero potential, we derive a reconstruction formula based on the boundary control method and prove that it is of Lipschitz-type stability. When the linearization is at a nonzero potential, we prove that the problem is of Hölder-type stability in two and higher dimensions. The proposed reconstruction formula is implemented and evaluated using several numerical experiments to validate its feasibility.

Inverse two-phase nonlinear Stefan and Cauchy-Stefan problems: A phase-wise approach

We develop a novel phase-wise sequential numerical approach based on the method of fundamental solutions (MFS) for inverse two-phase nonlinear Stefan and Cauchy-Stefan problems in one dimension (1D). By treating each phase independently, the inverse two-phase nonlinear Stefan problem splits into two single-phase inverse problems: an inverse nonlinear boundary identification problem and an inverse linear one-phase Stefan problem. Along with the reconstruction of boundary data, the simultaneous reconstruction of the boundary and initial data is also considered. Numerical investigations show the robustness and efficiency of the proposed method in reconstructing the data.

Simultaneous recoveries for semilinear parabolic systems

In this paper, we study inverse boundary problems associated with semilinear parabolic systems in several scenarios where both the nonlinearities and the initial data can be unknown. We establish several simultaneous recovery results showing that the passive or active boundary Dirichlet-to-Neumann operators can uniquely recover both of the unknowns, even stably in a certain case. It turns out that the nonlinearities play a critical role in deriving these recovery results. If the nonlinear term belongs to a general C 1 class but fulfilling a certain growth condition, the recovery results are established by the control approach via Carleman estimates. If the nonlinear term belongs to an analytic class, the recovery results are established through successive linearization in combination with special complex geometrical optics solutions for the parabolic system.

The Born approximation in the three-dimensional Calderón problem

Uniqueness and reconstruction in the three-dimensional Calderón inverse conductivity problem can be reduced to the study of the inverse boundary problem for Schrödinger operators −Δ+q. We study the Born approximation of q in the ball, which amounts to studying the linearization of the inverse problem. We first analyze this approximation for real and radial potentials in any dimension d≥3. We show that this approximation satisfies a closed formula that only involves the spectrum of the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map associated to −Δ+q, which is closely related to a particular moment problem. We then turn to general real and essentially bounded potentials in three dimensions and introduce the notion of averaged Born approximation, which captures the exact invariance properties of the inverse problem. We obtain explicit formulas for the averaged Born approximation in terms of the matrix elements of the Dirichlet to Neumann map in the basis of spherical harmonics. To show that the averaged Born approximation does not destroy information on the potential, we also study the high-energy behavior of the matrix elements of the Dirichlet to Neumann map.

Updating the Landweber Iteration Method for Solving Inverse Problems

The Landweber iteration method is one of the most popular methods for the solution of linear discrete ill-posed problems. The diversity of physical problems and the diversity of operators that result from them leads us to think about updating the main methods and algorithms to achieve the best results. We considered in this work the linear operator equation and the use of a new version of the Landweber iterative method as an iterative solver. The main goal of updating the Landweber iteration method is to make the iteration process fast and more accurate. We used a polar decomposition to achieve a symmetric positive definite operator instead of an identity operator in the classical Landweber method. We carried out the convergence and other necessary analyses to prove the usability of the new iteration method. The residual method was used as an analysis method to rate the convergence of the iteration. The modified iterative method was compared to the classical Landweber method. A numerical experiment illustrates the effectiveness of this method by applying it to solve the inverse boundary value problem of the heat equation (IBVP).

Recovery of the unknown coefficients in a two‐dimensional hyperbolic equation

In this paper, an inverse boundary value problem for a two‐dimensional hyperbolic equation with overdetermination conditions is studied. To investigate the solvability of the original problem, we first consider an auxiliary inverse boundary value problem and prove its equivalence to the original problem in a certain sense. We then use the Fourier method to reduce such an equivalent problem to a system of integral equations. Furthermore, we prove the existence and uniqueness theorem for the auxiliary problem by the contraction mappings principle. Based on the equivalency of these problems, the existence and uniqueness theorem for the classical solution of the original inverse problem is proved. Some discussions on the numerical solutions for this inverse problem are presented including some numerical examples.

Design of Optimal Coils for Deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation.

In this work, a stream function inverse boundary element method (IBEM) has been used for designing different deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS)coils to activate the prefrontal cortex and the temporal lobe have been set as the target regions. In addition, the performances of these coils have been described and the electric field induced by them has been obtained by using a computational forward technique. These results show that the stream function IBEM is an ideal approach to design optimal dTMS coils capable of producing deep stimulation in the target brain regions. Clinical relevance - The design problem proposed here can be used to produce efficient dTMS stimulators for neurological disorders, which can overcome some of the currently existing limitations of the most common devices employed in TMS.