Inventory Test Research Articles

Effect of Using Digital Media for Language Learning on Reduction of Anxiety and Boost of Proficiency among Immigrating Students: A Case Study

With its constant advancements, technology has altered teaching and learning in certain ways in the modern era. One of the most widely used technology-based teaching strategies that has been overly popular in recent years is the use of digital media in English language training. Yet, anxiety is one of many emotional states that are significantly impacted by the changes in education brought about by the use of digital media and computer-based learning. Particularly, there is a gap in the literature on the level of anxiety among immigrating students planning to study abroad while trying to learn English in an EFL context. To address these, the current study was formulated to explore the effect of using digital media for language learning on reducing anxiety and boosting language proficiency of immigrant students in Iran. To suit the study objectives, a one-group pretest-posttest design was adopted and using a purposive sampling method, 12 male and female students were finally selected. Beck Anxiety Inventory and World English Placement Test were distributed among them in the pretest to determine their anxiety level, and language proficiency, respectively. A teaching protocol of 10 sessions, each lasting 90 minutes was adopted, and at the end of the experiments, the two instruments were distributed to determine the posttest scores of anxiety and language proficiency. The data were collected and transferred to SPSS Version 27 for further statistical analysis and interpretation. The results proved that the participants had sever anxiety level in the pretest, which was reduced to a significantly lower levels after using digital media for language learning. Moreover, it was found that there was a significant difference in the pretest and posttest scores of language proficiency of the immigrating students after using digital media for learning English, showing a significant improvement. Finally, it was found that there was a significant difference in the mean scores of males’ and females’ anxiety in the pretest but after the experiment, although both males and females showed significant reduction in their level of anxiety compared to the pretest, there was not a significant difference in the mean scores of the two groups. Overall, using digital media can assist in enhancing literacy skills among immigrant students in diverse aspects such as digital literacy, resulting in better literacy outcomes and further literacy development.

Using tree-based models to identify factors contributing to trait negative affect in adults

BackgroundIndividuals with high levels of negative affect (NA) are at an increased risk of experiencing distress and negative self-views. Theoretical models suggest that NA plays a critical role in psychopathology, particularly in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), and is linked to cognitive-perceptual and affective regulation issues.ObjectiveDetermine whether maladaptive cognitive schemas, attributional style, childhood adversity, and lifestyle factors (including alcohol and drug use and physical activity) could effectively predict negative affect (NA) in adults.MethodsA secondary data analysis was performed on a sample of 342 depressed and non-depressed adults. Beta regression and regression tree analyses were conducted to identify the principal risk factors and their interactions. The regression tree model was trained with 5-fold cross-validation on 75% of the sample, with 25% of observations held for testing.ResultsThe findings revealed that the cognitive schemas of disconnection and rejection and impaired autonomy had a significant impact on the likelihood of higher scores on the State Depression Inventory (IDER) test (p < 0.001), as indicated by both beta regression and regression tree analyses. Additionally, childhood adversity emerged as a crucial factor in determining high levels of NA. The regression tree model achieved strong performance metrics, including an R-squared value of 0.77.ConclusionsThis study represents a significant step forward in the understanding of NA, as it considers a broad range of individual factors, such as cognitive schemas, lifestyle, and demographics, to predict its impact on NA, with potential implications for prevention programs aimed at reducing NA.

An Open-Label, Non-randomized, Drug-Repurposing Study to Explore the Clinical Effects of Angiotensin II Type 1 (AT1) Receptor Antagonists on Anxiety and Depression in Parkinson's Disease.

The cerebral Renin-Angiotensin System might have a role in anxiety and depression development. We explored the effects of Angiotensin II Type 1 receptor blockers (ARBs) and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-Is) on anxiety and depression in Parkinson's Disease (PD). Four hundred and twenty-three newly diagnosed drug-naïve PD patients were evaluated using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) tests and were monitored at baseline and for up to 3 years. Twelve patients were treated with ARBs and 42 with ACE-Is. ARB-treated patients had lower anxiety STAI scores than those on ACE-Is or drug-free at baseline (17.2 ± 1.3 vs. 21.3 ± 1.3, or 23.8 ± 0.5, respectively, P = 0.021) and during the follow-up (P < 0.01). Depression scores were unaffected by any of the drugs throughout the study. This small sample of ARB-treated PD patients displayed lower levels of anxiety. Randomized clinical trials are warranted.

Association between burnout and quality of care in primary care

To assess the influence of burnout in family physicians on their score on the EQA index. Observational study. SITE: Study conducted in the primary care centers of the Terrassa Health Consortium, in Vallès Occidental, Catalonia. Primary care physicians with a basic care unit were included. Of the 107 family doctors working in the 8 primary care centers of the Terrassa Health Consortium, 73 professionals participated. A self-administered survey was carried out with demographic and occupational elements such as age, gender, length of service at the work center, the MBI and the last self-reported EQA value belonging to the year 2023. Sociodemographic variables were analysed; years of experience and clinical variables such as the EQA, the Maslach test and its dimensions emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation and personal fulfilment. The Maslach Burnout Inventory test was administered. The level of statistical significance considered was 5%. Seventy-threefamily doctors took the Maslach test, 54 (74%) had burnout, of which 21.9% (16) were severe. A statistically significant relationship was found between burnout and EQA (P=.023) and between emotional exhaustion and EQA (P=.013) in the mild and severe categories (P=.003). Family physicians with burnout have a lower EQA value, which is not associated with age, sex or years of experience, but with the emotional exhaustion suffered.

Deterioro cognitivo y ansiedad en adultos mayores: caracterizaciones en una población de latitudes altas del sur

Objective. The study characterized the levels of anxiety and cognitive impairment of older people in the Chilean city of Punta Arenas, exploring possible correlations between both phenomena. Methods. With a descriptive pilot design, 72 older people (60-87 years) residing in Punta Arenas were evaluated using the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) tests to measure anxiety and cognitive impairment, respectively. Results. Women were found to have significantly higher BAI scores than men (9,0 vs 3,5; p = 0,025), without significant differences in MoCA by sex. BAI and MoCA total scores showed an inverse correlation. Those over 70 years of age had a greater probability of altered scores in BAI, and a non-significant trend in MoCA (OR: 2.43; p = 0.066). Men showed higher rates of cognitive deterioration than women, although without statistical significance. Conclusion. Those over 70 years of age showed a greater probability of altered anxiety and a non-significant trend toward greater cognitive deterioration. The results underscore the need for specific interventions to improve mental and cognitive health in this vulnerable population.

Concept inventory test on cellular respiration for senior high school students: An assessment of reliability and validity

Given the complexity of cellular respiration, there is a significant need for effective assessment tools that can accurately gauge students’ understanding, identify misconceptions, and provide educators with actionable insights to improve instruction. Concept Inventory Test (CIT) has emerged as a valuable instrument in science education for this purpose. The aim of this study is to develop a Concept Inventory Test on cellular respiration and assess its reliability and validity. This study employed a mixed-method sequential exploratory approach for each assessment. The study was conducted in a private school in Cebu, targeting the senior high school students. The results of the study showed that the developed Concept Inventory Test’s reliability and validity are made apparent by the process used to gather supporting data, as well as by the findings and observations. Furthermore, this Concept Inventory Test serves a significant instrument for classroom assessment, promotes additional research on students’ critical comprehension, and shows how these diagnostic inventories link to the students’ competencies. However, a greater number of respondents should be taken to account to observe the consistency of the Concept Inventory Test results.

EFFECTIVENESS OF VIRTUAL REALITY-BASED REHABILITATION VERSUS TRADITIONAL PHYSICAL THERAPY IN IMPROVING MOBILITY AND REDUCING PAIN AMONG CHILDREN WITH LOWER LIMB DISABILITY

Background: Children with lower limb disabilities often face challenges related to mobility, chronic pain, and functional independence, which hinder their ability to participate fully in daily activities. Traditional physical therapy has demonstrated effectiveness in improving these outcomes but often lacks engagement, reducing adherence in pediatric populations. Virtual reality-based rehabilitation offers an innovative and interactive approach to therapy, enhancing participation while providing measurable improvements in physical function and pain management. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of virtual reality-based rehabilitation versus traditional physical therapy in improving mobility and reducing pain among children with lower limb disabilities. Methods: A randomized clinical trial was conducted on 40 children aged 6–16 years at the Children’s Hospital Faisalabad and Allied Hospital Faisalabad from April 2024 to September 2024. Inclusion criteria required participants to have a confirmed lower limb disability, sufficient cognitive ability for VR interactions, and chronic pain (Wong-Baker FACES Pain Scale score ≥3). Exclusion criteria included children classified as GMFCS Levels IV or V, those unable to stand, and those with severe visual impairments or uncontrolled seizures. Participants were randomly allocated into two groups: Group A received virtual reality-based rehabilitation consisting of task-oriented exercises for 30–45 minutes, three times per week for six weeks, while Group B underwent traditional physical therapy focusing on stretching, strengthening, and functional mobility. Outcomes were measured using the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI), Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, Wong-Baker FACES Pain Scale, and Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-66). Data analysis was performed using SPSS Version 20. Results: Significant within-group improvements were observed for all outcomes in both groups (p &lt; 0.001). The VR group showed a mean PEDI score improvement of 7.4 ± 2.5 compared to 3.1 ± 1.7 in the traditional PT group, with a between-group difference of 4.6 (p &lt; 0.001). TUG test times improved by 3.4 ± 1.2 seconds in the VR group versus 1.6 ± 1.0 seconds in the PT group, with a between-group difference of 1.7 seconds (p &lt; 0.001). Pain scores decreased by 3.0 ± 0.9 points in the VR group compared to 1.8 ± 0.8 points in the PT group, with a between-group difference of 1.1 points (p &lt; 0.001). GMFM-66 scores improved by 13.0 ± 2.6 in the VR group versus 6.8 ± 1.7 in the PT group, reflecting a between-group difference of 6.7 (p &lt; 0.001). Conclusion: Virtual reality-based rehabilitation demonstrated superior effectiveness compared to traditional physical therapy in improving mobility and reducing pain among children with lower limb disabilities. These findings support the integration of VR into pediatric rehabilitation for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.

Changes in Exercise Performance in Patients During a 6-Week Inpatient Psychiatric Rehabilitation Program and Associated Effects on Depressive Symptoms.

Background/Objectives: The impact of exercise on affective disorders has been demonstrated in various studies. However, almost no data are available on performance effects. Therefore, this study investigated exercise performance related to the severity of depression symptoms in a pre-post within-subjects design in a 6-week standard inpatient psychiatric rehabilitation program. Methods: A total of 53 individuals (20 female; mean age, 40.98 ± 11.33) with a primary diagnosis of depression performed a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPX) to obtain maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), maximal power output (Pmax), and the first and second ventilatory threshold (VT1, VT2) at the start and the end of the rehabilitation. Degree of depression was assessed by Becks Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Brief Symptom Inventory test (BSI). Overall activity was measured by accelerometer step-counts. Results: Mean total step-count per day during rehabilitation was high (12,586 ± 2819 steps/day). Patients' BDI and BSI at entry were 21.6 ± 8.83 and 65.1 ± 6.8, respectively, and decreased significantly (p < 0.001) following rehabilitation, to 10.1 ± 9.5 and 54.5 ± 11.3, respectively. Pmax and VO2max increased significantly (p < 0.001) from entry values (182.6 ± 58.7 W, 29.74 ± 5.92 mL·kg-1·min-1) following rehabilitation: by 11.91 ± 12.09 W and 1.35 ± 2.78 mL·kg-1·min-1, respectively. VT1 and VT2 showed a similar behavior. An increase in physical performance could predict improvement in BDI (R2 = 0.104, F(1,48) = 5.582, p = 0.022) but not in BSI. Conclusions: The program was associated with improved mental health status in all patients and increased performance in the majority of patients, although increases were small. Since improvements in exercise performance may be positively related to depression symptoms and comorbidities, it is recommended to individualize and tailor exercise programs, which could yield larger effects.

Development and validation of a concept inventory test in photosynthesis for junior high school students

Photosynthesis is a foundational biological topic which often presents learning difficulties because of its complex processes and common misconceptions. Hence, valid and reliable diagnostic tool is needed to identify misconceptions and eventually guide development of instructional interventions. This study aimed to develop a valid and reliable concept inventory test to assess junior high school students' understanding of photosynthesis. It was developed to identify common misconceptions and provide valuable insights into students' cognitive processes. This 20-item concept inventory test crafted with the aid of a table of specifications was based on Revised Bloom’s taxonomy of cognitive domain and administered to 355 junior high school students. In validation, results displayed high content validity with a mean of 4.85 and an average Aiken’s validity coefficient of 0.96. It also falls in the category moderately difficult with the test difficulty of 0.49, and test discrimination of 0.45. In item classification, 18 items were retained (16 accepted, 2 needs revisions) and while reliability test was employed through Cronbach’s alpha (α=0.70) indicating sufficient measure of good and internal consistency. Distractor analysis was also performed to determine possible source of misconception per item. The concept inventory test is found to be a good classroom test with some items to be improved and offers educators a valuable resource for diagnosing student misconceptions and enhancing their teaching practices.

Role of Overload and Psychoemotional Variables on Health-Related Quality of Life in Informal Caregivers of People with Alzheimer’s Disease

Background: Carers of people with Alzheimer’s disease often have a high degree of commitment and dedication which may also compromise physical and emotional, leisure, and occupational self-care. This study aimed to explore health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and psychoemotional variables in caregivers with and without caregiver overload and its relationship. Methods: A single-measure cross-sectional correlational study was carried out involving 59 informal caregivers of people with Alzheimer’s disease with a mean age of 59.30 (±10.58). The participants completed the adult HRQoL questionnaires (EQ-5D-3L), Zarit Burden Inventory test, General Happiness Questionnaire, Satisfaction with Life Scale, Rosenberg self-esteem scale, Occupational Balance Questionnaire (OBQ-E), International Fitness Scale (IFIS), Family Apgar scale, and Duke-UNC-11 Functional Social Support Questionnaire. Results: A significantly higher level of HRQoL (p = 0.029) in subjective happiness (p = 0.018), perceived social support (p = 0.046), avoidance (p = 0.034), occupational balance (p = 0.002), life satisfaction (p = 0.037), and self-perceived physical fitness (p = 0.021) was found in caregivers without perceived overload. Also, HRQoL was directly associated with self-perceived physical fitness (β = 0.534; p &lt; 0.001) and occupational balance (β = 0.375; p &lt; 0.001) and self-esteem (β = 0.249; p &lt; 0.016). Conclusions: Caregivers who do not perceive overload have better levels of HRQoL and psychoemotional variables, establishing a relationship between HRQoL with self-perceived physical fitness, occupational balance, and self-esteem.

Positional Plagiocephaly Side and Neurodevelopmental Delay: Study on 408 Infants.

Provide data on a cross-sectional study of neurodevelopmental delays in positional plagiocephaly (PP) based on severity and flattening side on early childhood patients. Neurodevelopment of 408 PP in patients with an age range of 3 to 59 months was assessed with Battelle Developmental Inventory (BDI) tests during and after their cranial orthotic treatment. Data obtained were compared with the cranial anthropometric measurements taken the same day the test was made, and results were segregated by flattening side, grouped by diagnosis and severity, segmented by age group, and split by sex. From 3983 patients with positional skull deformities and simple craniosynostosis, 526 patients accepted to participate and took a total of 1261 BDI tests. Premature, patients with neurological diseases, cranial malformations, tests taken when positional skull deformity was corrected, and tests without plagiocephaly were excluded. The resulting database was made of 408 PP patients (300 boys and 108 girls) and 883 BDI tests (345 with left-side plagiocephaly and 538 with right-side plagiocephaly). Significant neurodevelopmental delay in more than one BDI domain on left-side plagiocephaly tests is observed in 76.4% of female and 92.2% of male patients and on right-side plagiocephaly tests in 75.5% of female and 95.5% of male patients. Neurodevelopmental delay difference between flattening sides, when both plagiocephaly sides presented significant delays, ranges from 0.2 to 3 months (BDI domain fine motor, Cephalic Index range ≥85 <100; BDI communication, age group 18-23). Neurological delay may vary depending on plagiocephaly side, thus when evaluating plagiocephaly patients the flattening side should be noted.

Effectiveness of a cervical treatment in wind-instrument musicians with temporomandibular dysfunction: A randomized clinical trial

AimsTo compare the effectiveness of a combined treatment involving manual therapy and postural exercises in wind musicians with temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD). Methods: A randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted among a sample of TMD-affected wind-instrument musician students (NCT05893251), who were assigned to an experimental group (EG) or a control group (CG). Both groups underwent an active cervical postural treatment for 4 weeks, with the experimental group (EG) additionally receiving a cervical therapy protocol. Participants were assessed through the craniofacial pain and disability inventory (CF-PDI) test and maximum mouth opening (MMO). ResultsThe treatment administered to the experimental group (EG) demonstrated higher efficacy compared to the control group (CG) in terms of MMO and CF-PDI scores (p < 0.05). ConclusionA therapeutic program including manual therapy at a cervical level and a program of active postural exercises results to be more effective than solely performing postural exercises on wind musicians with DTM.

Effect of Kinesthetic Learning on Students’ Interest and Achievement in Mathematics

One of the pertinent reasons for poor academic achievement in Mathematics is fundamentally linked to the application of ineffective teaching methods by teachers to impact knowledge to learners. This study adopts a quasi-experimental pre-test post-test research design to examine the efficacy of kinesthetic learning on interest and achievement in Mathematics. Four research questions were raised to guide the study and four hypotheses were formulated and tested at 0.05 level of significance. The sample comprises 101 Junior Secondary School students drawn from two secondary schools in Bekwarra Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria. Two intact classes were randomly selected from each school and assigned to experimental and control group. Data for the study were sourced using a modified Mathematics Interest Inventory (MII) and mathematics achievement test designed by the researchers tagged Students’ Mathematics Achievement Test (SMAT). Data collected were analyzed using mean, standard deviation and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). The findings revealed a high post-test interest cluster mean of 3.10 (above the decision benchmark of 2.50) and also a higher post-test mean achievement score with (Mean = 20.82; Standard Deviation = 3.63) for students in the experimental group compared to the control group. The result also indicated that both male and female students taught mathematics using kinesthetic learning in the experimental group had positive interest and achievement after exposure to the treatment. The test of the hypotheses indicated that there is significant difference in interest and achievement between students taught mathematics using kinesthetic learning and conventional method, whereas there is no significant difference on the interest and achievement of male and female students taught mathematics using kinesthetic learning. The study concluded that kinesthetic learning has a positive effect on interest and achievement in mathematics; and that gender is not a sole determinant of good academic performance or interest in mathematics but teaching method. The study recommended that mathematics teachers should adopt kinesthetic learning or play way method in teaching because of its relevance in improving learners’ interest and achievement.

Comparative evaluation of salivary melatonin levels in patients with bruxism: a case-control study.

Aim: To examine whether there is any difference in the levels of salivary melatonin between bruxism and nonbruxism groups and to compare the stress and anxiety levels between the two groups.Materials & methods: Patients meeting the probable bruxism criteria according to the International Consensus on the Assessment of Bruxism Criteria were included in the bruxism group. The salivary melatonin concentrations of both groups were measured using an ELISA kit. To determine the relationship between stress and bruxism, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) test was used.Results: The bruxism group had a significantly lower night-time salivary melatonin level than the control group (p<0.05). No significant difference was determined between the bruxism group and the control group in respect of the STAI-T scores (p>0.05).Conclusion: The study findings revealed a strong relationship between a low melatonin level and bruxism.

Effects of Psychological Skill Training on Motivation and Anxiety Among Male U-17 Project Football Players

Psychological skills training program is effective in enhancing athletes’ performance, positively influencing cognitive and affective states. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Psychological skill training on motivations and anxiety of psychological variables of male Under 17 football project players. The methodology of the study employed an experimental research design. Thirty (30) male football player participants in the study were selected for the football project. The study subjects were randomly divided into two equal groups, the experimental group (n = 15) and the control group (n = 15). The experimental group had taken Psychological skill training intervention for 8 weeks with 3 sessions per week. Both groups had taken pre-post test and all the subjects participated to standard questionnaires. Motivation was measured using the Sport Motivation Scale (SMS-28) and anxiety was measured using state-trait anxiety inventory test. The data collected from the study subjects was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS, version 25) software by descriptive and inferential statistics, at a significant level of 0.05. Results showed Psychological skill training significantly improved the stated variables motivations and anxiety in the experimental group at (p&amp;lt;0.05). Furthermore, no more significant differences were found in both of the variables in the control group (p&amp;gt;0.05). Based on this finding, it can be concluded that Psychological skill training has a positive impact on the improvement of motivations and anxiety of psychological variables. Therefore, Psychological skill training is suggested for adolescent-age football players to improve psychological preparedness for athletic performance.

Effect of Gender on Students’ Attention and Academic Performance in Analytical Chemistry Using Collaborative-Predict-Explain-Observe-Explain (CPEOE)

This research investigated the possibility of enhancing senior secondary school students’ academic performance irrespective of gender in analytical chemistry concept using Collaborative-Predict-Explain-Observe-Explain (CPEOE). The study adopted a quasi-experimental research design. Analytical Chemistry Attention Inventory (ACAI) and Analytical Chemistry Performance Test (ACPT) were the instruments used for data collection. Cronbach Alpha was used to ascertain the reliability index of ACAI which gave reliability value of 0.87. The internal consistency of ACPT was tested using Kuder-Richardson (KR-21) formula which yielded a reliability value of 0.96. The population was 7,152 SS2 students offering chemistry in Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria. A sample of 157 students drawn from 3 schools in Makurdi Local Government Area of Benue State, Nigeria was selected using multi-stage sampling techniques. Four research questions and four null hypotheses guided the study. The research questions were answered using Mean and Standard Deviation scores while the null hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance using results from Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). The study revealed among others, that there was no significant difference between the mean attention rating of male and female students taught analytical chemistry {F1, 78 = 1.020, P&gt;0.05}. It was also revealed that that there is no significant difference between the mean academic performance of male and female students taught analytical chemistry using CPEOE {F1, 78 = 4.890, P&gt;0.05}. It was recommended among others that since CPEOE is not gender sensitive. Hence, both male and female students should be involved in CPEOE classroom to enhance their attention and academic performance in analytical chemistry. Serving teachers should be encouraged to use CPEOE in teaching analytical chemistry concepts.

Understanding Newton's Third Law: A Study of Prospective Physics Teachers' Knowledge Structure

This research aims to explore the ability to understand concepts and the characteristics of the knowledge structure of prospective physics teachers regarding Newton's Third Law. This research was conducted on 26 Physics Education students in their first year who had received material on Newton's Laws. The instrument used is the Force Concept Inventory (FCI) test instrument. Using four multiple-choice questions accompanied by reasons, the quantitative data source comes from students' choice of answers. In contrast, the qualitative data source comes from students' reasons for choosing answers, which are used to see the characteristics of knowledge structures. The data analysis technique used is descriptive statistics to present a picture of the ability to understand concepts and the level of character of the knowledge structure of prospective teachers. The results show that the concept understanding ability of prospective physics teachers has an average of 67.31 and is classified as sufficient. The knowledge structure characteristics of prospective physics teachers at the expert level is 62.50%, the beginner level is 14.42%, and the intermediate level is 24.04%. These results show that the ability to understand the concept of Newton's Third Law and the characteristics of knowledge structures have a coherent influence. Prospective teachers with the characteristics of an expert knowledge structure can solve physics problems using correct physics principles. These findings require further research to explore the factors influencing understanding concepts and characteristics of prospective teachers' knowledge structures and more effective teaching strategies.

Hardiness as a Mediator of the Relationship Between Revenge Motivation of Forgiveness and Depression Among Emerging Adults

Depression, like other psychological disorders, is dynamic. To achieve complete level of healing is a challenge in itself for survivors. Guilty feeling, emotional exhaustion, unfinished conflict or problems with other people, and or even stressful events, can turn into depression. The aim of this research is to examine the role of hardiness as a mediator in the relationship between revenge motivation of forgiveness and depression in depth, in order to be able to overcome the problems that arise when an event threatens to occur. The participants in this research were 140 college students from campus X, the majority of whom were female. The sampling technique in this research uses incidental sampling. Hardiness and Forgiveness are variables that contribute to a person's level of depression. In this study, depression is the dependent variable, forgiveness is independent variable, and hardiness is intervening variable. The research measuring tools in this study used the Beck Depression Inventory test, the Resilience scale, and the Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory (TRIM R) scale. The data analysis techniques used in this research are Multiple Linear Regression and Path Analysis techniques. Based on the analysis data, hardiness plays a role in helping revenge motivation of forgiveness reduce depression, where the direct and indirect effect are significant. Amounting to 37.9 % contribution of the mediation model in this study to depression.

Age-Related Development During Predictors and Clinical Neurodiagnostic Criteria of Cognitive Impairment in the General Medical Network

Background: prevalence, severity and heterogeneity of cognitive impairment in elderlies along with limited therapy options determine the relevance of the problem of timely diagnostics of cognitive disfunction. The purpose of this study is to identify a combination of the most informative patterns that allow a differentiated approach to the diagnosis of age-related cognitive impairment. Patients and methods: 213 patients were examined (99 patients 50–65 years old, 114 patients over 65 years of age) of “Federal Centre for High Medical Technologies” of Russian Ministry of Health (Kaliningrad). All patients complained for impaired mental performance, memory and attention. A neuropsychologic testing was conducted using next scales: Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI-20) and additional cognitive impairment tests. For statistical analysis, machine learning algorithms, Python programming language, and Pandas and SciPy libraries were used. Results: for patients in the 50–65 age category, high relevance was found for executive dysfunction, decreased attention span, fatigue, anxiety, and endocrine system disorders. For patients over 65 years of age, significant features were semantic aphasia, perceptual and memory impairment, hyperlipidemia, history of ischemic stroke, and obesity. A significant negative correlation for the age index was found with the parameters of depression and anxiety; a positive correlation was found with the index of physical asthenia, disorders of perception, memory and semantic processing of information. Conclusion: the results demonstrate prevalence of cognitive dysfunctions in elderly patients. The tests assessing visual perception and semantic information processing can be of interest in early degenerative cognitive impairments diagnosis in elderly age. Discriminant analysis of a wide range of age-related variables will allow to make more effective aging trajectories prediction without any time-consuming diagnostic methods.

Male Social Work Students: Common Dispositions, Motivations, Experiences and Barriers impacting their Career Choice

Abstract This research article contributes to the literature concerning the gender imbalance within social work and the sparsity of male social work practitioners. It argues for increased gender balance within the profession and reports on a qualitative research study, which garnered the perceptions and experiences of thirty-four male social work students and alumni. Participants were drawn from six universities across the UK. Qualitative data were collated using semi-structured interviews, surveys, field observations and BEM sex role inventory tests. Analysis of the data identified the characteristics and dispositions of males more likely to enter the profession, locating where they can potentially be drawn from. This research is of interest to policymakers wishing to address the low status of the profession and in terms of informing a recruitment strategy for social work, particularly involving secondary and higher education to further promote the profession as one suitable for any gender.