Inventory Reduction Research Articles

Supply chain and inventory management: a bibliographic review

In order for stocks to be used with the lowest level of losses possible, there is a need to use control systems. This scientific article has a review about the stock in general, where it is discoursed on definition, classification and inherent costs as also inventory management, highlighting models and methods for their management. Some of the main indicators used in inventory management are presented, such as physical inventory, inventory accuracy, service level, inventory coverage, demand versus consumption, stock location, inventory reduction and ABC curve. Inventory management helps companies achieve adequate levels of inventory, thus ensuring greater product availability to the consumer with as little inventory as possible. Such control allows the manager to identify flaws and opportunities for improvement in the process. The inventory management theories in the article could be used by inventory managers who seek to improve and optimize their process. This research conducts a review of the main inventory management methods, and the main resources and benefits in stock control. The inventory management techniques described in the article can be implemented by managers without the need for advanced knowledge of statistics and programming. These are fundamental technical practices, which serve as a basis for the possible implementation of inventory management procedures.

LEAN AND GREEN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT IN IMPROVING OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE IN SUGAR INDUSTRY

The purpose of this study is to understand supply chain management practices, Lean & Green management, and the integration of Lean & Green Supply Chain Management in PG. Krebet Baru - PG. Rajawali I in improving operational performance in supplier and manufacturing chains. The method used is case study qualitative research through interviews, observation, documentation, document review & corporate websites that produce data analysis. The results of this research data analysis produced the first proposition related to supply chain management practices, namely coordination in the flow of material, information, and finance that is being increased by PG Krebet efforts in maintaining better cooperative relations with farmer groups as suppliers. The second proposition relates to lean management practices, namely the efficiency of human resources and natural resources, reduction of lead time, and reduction of inventory is an activity that can increase added value to the company. The third proposition is related to green management practices, namely environmentally-friendly innovation in the operating system is a strategy to improve the application of environmental management. The synergy between the practice of lean and green supply chain in improving operational performance also results in a fourth proposition, namely the commitment of suppliers (farmer groups) to PG. Krebet will improve company efficiency and environmental performance which may improve product quality and flexibility and reduce costs. Suggestions for further research, which in this case study, can be continued in the entire supply chain from suppliers to consumers to better understand lean and green management practices in all sugar industry supply chain members.

Application of value stream mapping to enhance productivity by reducing manufacturing lead time in a manufacturing company: A case study

Lead time is a time gap between initiation and completion of the processes or product. The lead time directly affects productivity. Short lead time results in higher output thus add more value in a given period. Value stream map is an effective tool to describe the overall process from order to delivery. In this study, there is lead time reduction by generation current state and future state for a process using various techniques. Thus, the main aim of this work to enhance production by reduction of lead time. Finally, gain in production, reduction in lead time, and reduction in inventory between the stations are also reported.

On the quest for supply chain transparency through Blockchain: Lessons learned from two serialized data projects

AbstractThe ability to look into the supply chain has long enticed SCM scholars and practitioners. The possibilities created by such visibility are endless—from risk reduction and continuity planning to inventory management and cost reduction, nothing is off the table when end‐to‐end visibility is a possibility. Because of such enticements, there is usually much buzz in the industry every time a new technology that promises visibility and transparency is brought forward. Yet, years later, stories sometimes emerge that said technologies either failed to deliver or were not everything they were made out to be. Blockchain is yet another emerging technology in this space. Some consultants promise that it will be the final answer to the transparency and visibility woes that companies currently face. Yet, there is little empirical investigation regarding how the technology may benefit adopters, what the bottlenecks may be, and to what extent it may be able to deliver on these promises, without massive system‐wide upgrades of extant hardware and computing prowess. The current study takes a step in this direction by investigating a blockchain‐driven proof of concept across an industry consortium to identify promises, possibilities, and challenges of blockchain.

Basic concept of JA DEMO fuel cycle

In the JA DEMO, the deuterium-tritium (DT) fuel will be supplied by a combination of gas puff, pellet injection and neutral beam injection. Since the combustion rate of fuel in the JA DEMO is approximately 1.7 %, it is necessary to establish the closed deuterium-tritium fuel cycle in the facility for fuel recycling. The fuel cycle for DEMO inevitably differs from that for ITER. Compared to the ITER fuel cycle, which requires high flexibility for fuel supply based on the requirements of plasma experiments, the flexibility required for the fuel cycle decreases in the DEMO reactor. The flow in the fuel cycle becomes steadier. Therefore, the fuel cycle of the DEMO shifts to the continuous processing system. In addition, considering the tritium breeding in the blanket, the fuel cycle must be established so that tritium in the DEMO facility can be balanced. The process components of the fuel cycle that process a large amount of tritium-containing gas are provided with multiple barriers that confine tritium, and the detritiation system processes the confined tritium. The confinement of tritium in the DEMO facility according to nuclear safety regulations is an important safety issue. As a result, the fuel cycle becomes a complex chemical plant. Assuming safety requirements, it is necessary to consider the reduction of the tritium inventory as much as possible at the design stage of the DEMO fuel cycle. The tritium inventory in the fuel cycle is closely related to the requirements to pellet manufacturing and hydrogen isotope separation, and the reduction of the requirements to the hydrogen isotope separation is the major issue in the fuel cycle. For this purpose, it is necessary to minimize the D/T separation based on the concept of direct fuel cycle with the D/T mixture. For the possible shortage in the preparation of the initial loading tritium for the DEMO reactor, it is necessary to design the fuel cycle through dynamic numerical simulation so that the fuel cycle can be started with the minimum initial loading tritium. In the system design of the fuel cycle, it is necessary to support various operation modes from the startup of DT operation to steady operation. The requirements to design the JA DEMO fuel cycle are being investigated in the JA DEMO design activity.

Inventory in Times of War

Using data from 38,916 businesses in war-torn Colombia and from 5,138 attacks by the two rebel groups, FARC and ELN, we study how firms manage inventory during civil war. We obtain exogenous variation in the conflict intensity via a difference-in-differences model, which hinges on the peace process between Colombia’s government and FARC. Relying on this identification strategy, we hypothesize and show that war causes two effects on firm-level inventories. First, it leads firms to replace physical assets (inventory) with fungible assets (cash), causing them to operate with an oversecured financial buffer, but a fragile operational buffer. Second, this inventory reduction occurs mostly in unprocessed inventories (finished-goods inventories are insensitive to violence), meaning that, although war-torn businesses are equipped to fulfill planned orders, they become inflexible at handling uncertain future demand. We then show that the magnitude of these effects is highly contingent on the firm’s position in the supply chain, its proximity to distribution markets, and the type of attacks it is subject to. We then propose policies to address war-related risk in supply chains. This paper was accepted by Vishal Gaur, operations management.

Lean manufacturing a vital tool to enhance productivity in manufacturing

The goal of any manufacturer is customer’s satisfaction this can be achieved by delivering the quality product, right on time at reasonable cost. Any organization whether manufacturing or service will survive and sustain the competency if it is flexible enough to continuously and systematically respond to the customers need and accordingly adds value to the product. Equipment, Material, and labour cost will increase with the inflation rate which are the dominant parameters that affect the price of the product. A simple mathematics, underutilization of equipment, material and labour is direct loss incurred. So, without any doubt the first focus of attention must be towards maximum utilization of this dominant parameters followed by reducing wastages in manufacturing activities. Lean manufacturing are now vital tools in all manufacturing sectors like automotive, electronics, plastic, textile, food, dairy, foundry, stampings, maintenance. The benefit observed after implementation of individual or combined lean manufacturing technique was reduction in cycle time, elimination of non-valued activities, clean, tidy, and hygienic workplace. Besides this there will be a smooth production flow, increase in productivity, reduction in production cost, involvement of employees, documentation of orders, reduction of inventory, breakdown with better intra and inter connectivity to take decisions fast and quick response. The present review focuses on different manufacturing sectors to see the effect of lean manufacturing techniques implemented for improving the process and reducing the wastages.

Glacial deep ocean deoxygenation driven by biologically mediated air–sea disequilibrium

Deep ocean deoxygenation inferred from proxies has been used to support the hypothesis that a lower atmospheric carbon dioxide during glacial times was due to an increase in the strength of the ocean’s biological pump. This relies on the assumption that surface ocean oxygen (O2) is equilibrated with the atmosphere such that any O2 deficiency observed in deep waters is a result of organic matter respiration, which consumes O2 and produces dissolved inorganic carbon. However, this assumption has been shown to be imperfect because of disequilibrium. Here we used an Earth system model tuned to a suite of observations, which reproduces the pattern of glacial-to-Holocene oxygenation change seen in proxy data, to show that disequilibrium plays an important role in glacial deep ocean deoxygenation. Using a novel decomposition method to track O2, we found a whole-ocean loss of 33 Pmol O2 from the preindustrial to the Last Glacial Maximum despite a 27 Pmol gain from the increased solubility due to cooler temperatures. This loss was driven by a biologically mediated O2 disequilibrium, which contributed 10% of the reduction of the O2 inventory from the solubility equilibrium in the preindustrial compared with 27% during the Last Glacial Maximum. Sea ice and iron fertilization were found to be the largest contributors to the Last Glacial Maximum deoxygenation, which occurs despite overall reduced production and respiration of organic matter in the glacial ocean. Our results challenge the notion that deep ocean glacial deoxygenation was caused by a stronger biological pump or more sluggish circulation, and instead highlight the importance and previously underappreciated role of O2 disequilibrium. Lower than modern dissolved oxygen levels in the deep ocean during the Last Glacial Maximum were the result of greater disequilibrium between the atmosphere and ocean, according to proxy record-constrained Earth system modelling.

Multi-Criteria Assessment of Continuous Manufacturing Reactor Technologies in Upstream Pharmaceutical Supply Chains

The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted vulnerabilities in upstream pharmaceutical supply chains (PSC) associated with the manufacture of essential active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The need to develop health countermeasures provided new impetus to supporting advanced manufacturing technologies such as process intensification through continuous manufacturing (CM). Recent advanced manufacturing developments suggest potential advantages in adopting CM over traditional batch technologies. However, at an early stage of evaluation detailed quantitative information is limited, and selecting specific reactor technologies based on multiple, conflicting criteria is challenging. To address these early-stage manufacturing technology selection challenges, this paper applies an Analytical Hierarchy Process approach, integrating multiple managerial and engineering criteria. The analysis focuses on reactor technologies in upstream PSC manufacturing. Findings suggest that microreactor technologies outperform alternatives all things considered. However, PSC managerial considerations introduce nuances in specific therapeutic areas e.g., antivirals where a tension between complex chemistry and the need for flexibility in unit operations may favour batch manufacturing. For analgesics the need to exploit the existing manufacturing base whilst addressing inventory reduction favour technologies that incorporate elements of batch and CM. Research enriches previous conceptual frameworks predicated on volume-variety considerations, providing an empirical workflow for the multi-faceted evaluation of alternative CM reactor technologies in PSC.

Predictive 3D Printing with IoT

Industry 4.0 marks a new industrial revolution centered around technologies that connect digital and physical realms, revamping how information is used to manage work. Two core enablers are the Internet of Things (IoT) and 3D printing. The former monitors the real-time status of a complex system, and the latter responds to that information with agile manufacturing. Nevertheless, how exactly this can be done remains unclear. To gain insights, we consider the context of a 3D printer supplying a critical part installed in multiple machines embedded with sensors and interconnected via IoT. While it is tempting to perceive that the marriage of 3D printing and IoT would make on-demand printing a reality, our results indicate that this is not necessarily so. The true benefit of the marriage is enabling predictive printing. In particular, it is optimal for the 3D printer to print-to-stock predictively in advance of demand, triggered by a system-lifetime-status dependent threshold. Whether it is optimal to print-on-advance-demand to achieve minimum inventory depends crucially on the printing speed. We further quantify the impact of IoT on system cost and inventory by separately assessing the impact of advance demand information from embedded sensors and that of IoT’s real-time information fusion from sensor interconnections. We demonstrate that information fusion intensifies the inventory reduction through advance demand information, and IoT’s impact hinges upon the effectiveness of embedded sensors. Our framework can be leveraged to aid IoT investment decisions and to help develop operating policies for predictive 3D printing.

An UHF RFID tag characterization methodology including a low-Bcaosqsute rao,n Cdab rleoraw, S-ousa complexity SDR platform for information extraction

RFID concepts have been evolving for more than fifty years, nevertheless it was until the last decade that this technology settled as one of the leading commercial solutions being applied on, for example tracking, access management and document registration applications, among others. This technology has brought many benefits to the users, like automation processes, inventory time reduction and information transmission reliability. However, before commercializing the RFIDs, test and characterization procedures must be executed in order to provide the correct information to the user. Unfortunately, lack of characterization methodology standards, high cost and high-complexity test equipment are recurrently dis-advantages. This work presents an RFID characterization methodology that uses a low-cost and handy RF signal platform for Electronic Product Code (EPC) time extraction.

WAYS TO IMPROVE THE ORGANIZATION OF LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT AT ENTERPRISES

The relevance of logistics and increasing interest in its study are explained by the possibilities that increase the efficiency of Materials Science Systems, which reveal the use of the logistics method. Logistics reduces the time intervals from the purchase of raw materials and semi-finished products to the delivery of finished products to the consumer, contributes to a sharp reduction in inventory. The use of logistics speeds up the process of obtaining information and improves the level of Service. As foreign experience shows, logistics occupies a strategically important place in modern business. Many professionals who have achieved success in this field move to higher positions in the management of the company. Currently, the traditional functional areas of logistics in leading firms are combined into the basis of a common information and computer platform, creating a system of Strategic Innovation (Innovation). The logistics service is comprehensive. This includes transport, warehouse, inventory management, personnel Management, Information System Organization, commercial activities, etc. Each of these functions has been thoroughly studied and described in the relevant industry order. The novelty of the logistics approach is the basic relationship. The purpose of the logistics method is the continuous management of material flows. The introduction of logistics management methods in entrepreneurial practice allows many firms to reduce all types of stocks of production, equipment and products sold, accelerate the turnover of working capital, reduce production costs, reduce the costs associated with distribution, and ensure full satisfaction of consumers with goods and services. From this point of view, the relevance of the research work can be traced. In this regard, this study is relevant and relevant. Scientific novelty and practical significance - development of proposals for improving logistics at enterprises of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Inventory in Times of War

Using data from 38,916 businesses in war-torn Colombia and from 5,138 attacks by the two rebel groups, FARC and ELN, we study how firms manage inventory during civil war. We obtain exogenous variation in the conflict intensity via a difference-in-differences model, which hinges on the peace process between Colombia’s government and FARC. Relying on this identification strategy, we hypothesize and show that war causes two effects on firm-level inventories. First, it leads firms to replace physical assets (inventory) with fungible assets (cash), causing them to operate with an over-secured financial buffer but a fragile operational buffer. Second, this inventory reduction occurs mostly in unprocessed inventories (finished-goods inventories are insensitive to violence), meaning that whereas war-torn businesses are equipped to fulfill planned orders, they become inflexible at handling uncertain future demand. We then show that the magnitude of these effects is highly contingent on the firm’s position in the supply chain, its proximity to distribution markets, and the type of attacks it is subject to. We then propose policies to address war-related risk in supply chains.

Emission Reduction Opportunities in a Rapidly Growing Economy

Vietnam’s Green Growth Action Plan for the period 2014–2020 sets out an overall plan for the sustainable development of the country. One of the cornerstones of that plan is the development of a greenhouse gas inventory and emission reduction opportunity assessment for Ho Chi Minh City. This provides a basis for the roadmap towards green growth in Ho Chi Minh City, one of Vietnam’s largest cities. Marginal costs of 38 emission reduction measures were determined for two main economy sectors, namely energy (32 measures) and agriculture, forestry, and other land use (6 measures). From that analysis, a marginal abatement cost curve was compiled for the energy sector. The total emission reduction opportunities available in 2020 are estimated to be 8.97 million tCO2e, which represents a 14.7% reduction compared to business as usual. Even when the city only implements reduction measures with negative marginal costs (i.e., abatement that saves money), significant reductions of 5.25 MtCO2e (8.6% reduction compared to business as usual) would be achieved. There are significant similarities in abatement opportunities between Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, Vietnam’s capital. The case study shows significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions can be achieved in fast-growing cities with an appropriate level of investment and government support.

Fluidization of micro-interconnected fluidized beds for chemical looping

The micro-interconnected fluidized bed (MIFB) was designed to improve the evaluation condition of oxygen carrier, which is difficult to perform in a lab-scale interconnected fluidized bed because of the large demand for bed inventory. The reduction of bed inventory in the MIFB was mainly achieved by the appropriate miniaturization of the reactor size, in which the wall effect and operating flexibility should be taken into consideration. With hematite serving as the oxygen carrier, stable and flexible fluidization could be realized with 342.9g of bed inventory. Internal perforated plates were arranged in the middle of the reactor to improve gas–solid distribution, which also could restrain the slugging formation and increase the particle residence time by 28.9%. A different fluidization phenomenon was observed in this two-stage reactor in which the particle fluidization was reconstructed in the upper chamber. Throughout 48h of cold operation, the hematite oxygen carrier attrition rate was evaluated as 0.151wt.%/h corresponding to 660h lifetime, where 12.5% of particle attrition was contributed by internal perforated plates. An excellent fitting performance was found between the pressure difference in the risers and the upward particle flow, but the correction factor should be adjusted according to the fluidization flow.

Application of Langrangian Theory in Inventory Cost Reduction of a Firm

Current events confirm the vital and dynamic need for studies that embrace Economics, Engineering, Management, and many other disciplines to confront the difficulties encountered in converting raw inputs to manufacturing outputs. This paper presents the assessment of inventory control system in a typical steel construction firm in Ibadan, Nigeria, with a view to predicting how best the inventory cost can be reduced. Data were collected by interviewing appropriate respondents at the production, stores, transport, purchasing, accounts, and wages sections of the firm and relevant documents used between the year 2014 and 2019. These were tailored towards identifying the controllable variables that were later classified using ABC Pareto analysis; implementation of an inventory model (Langrangian Multiplier) by mathematically relating the variables to the total cost; and evaluating the optimal values of the variables and the optimal cost of the system. The raw materials of the outfit were found to involve 88 items; which were grouped into 5, 20 and 63 items for classes A, B, and C respectively in accordance to ABC Pareto analysis. The identified controllable variables involved premises rent, unit ordering cost, annual demand, unit space and unit holding cost. On implementing the model, the annual total inventory cost was found to be N307,446.25, N154,667.50, and N84,035.00 for quarterly, bi-annual and annual inventory policies respectively; while the annual Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) was found to be N45,110.65 per annum. This shows that the company’s inventory cost can be reduced by N262,335.60 (85%), if the Annual Economic Order Quantity (proposed model)is implemented. This study has revealed the effect of implementing a standard inventory model for cost reduction in the area of material management.Keywords—Economics, Engineering, EOQ model, Inventory cost reduction, Management.

Potential causes and consequences of rapid mitochondrial genome evolution in thermoacidophilic Galdieria (Rhodophyta)

BackgroundThe Cyanidiophyceae is an early-diverged red algal class that thrives in extreme conditions around acidic hot springs. Although this lineage has been highlighted as a model for understanding the biology of extremophilic eukaryotes, little is known about the molecular evolution of their mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes).ResultsTo fill this knowledge gap, we sequenced five mitogenomes from representative clades of Cyanidiophyceae and identified two major groups, here referred to as Galdieria-type (G-type) and Cyanidium-type (C-type). G-type mitogenomes exhibit the following three features: (i) reduction in genome size and gene inventory, (ii) evolution of unique protein properties including charge, hydropathy, stability, amino acid composition, and protein size, and (iii) distinctive GC-content and skewness of nucleotides. Based on GC-skew-associated characteristics, we postulate that unidirectional DNA replication may have resulted in the rapid evolution of G-type mitogenomes.ConclusionsThe high divergence of G-type mitogenomes was likely driven by natural selection in the multiple extreme environments that Galdieria species inhabit combined with their highly flexible heterotrophic metabolism. We speculate that the interplay between mitogenome divergence and adaptation may help explain the dominance of Galdieria species in diverse extreme habitats.

Cross-docks scheduling with multiple doors using fuzzy approach

One of the most important practices in logistics is Cross-Docking which sets its goals as inventory reduction and customer satisfaction increase. Customers receive goods through docks. Docks are responsible to provide a place for goods before being delivered to the customers. Then, these materials are directly loaded into outbound trucks with little or no storage in between to send to customers in the shortest possible time. This paper is mainly aimed at introducing a mixed integer, non-linear programming model to solve scheduling several cross-docking problems. The proposed model is highly facilitated to allocate the most optimal destinations to storage doors and truck scheduling in docks while selecting the collection and delivery routes. Using optimization approaches at uncertainty conditions is also of great importance. Mathematical programming techniques vividly fail to solve transportation problems that include fuzzy objective function coefficients. A fuzzy multi-objective linear programming model is proposed to solve the transportation decision-making with fuzzy objective function coefficients.

Application of a hybrid selective inventory control technique in a hospital: a precursor for inventory reduction through lean thinking

PurposeThe cost of providing healthcare is spiralling up in recent times. On the one hand, patients expect the highest quality of service, while on the other hand, the managers of the healthcare services want to minimise the total operating expenses. Hence, healthcare organisations implement lean thinking (LT) to achieve these twin objectives. LT reduces the eight wastes that are prevalent in the healthcare processes and functions. In particular, if the wasteful inventories related to expensive medical supplies are reduced, the resulting cost savings can help in providing affordable and accessible healthcare.Design/methodology/approachHence, in this paper, a case study of a hospital is presented where LT is implemented. One of the projects was related to inventory reduction in the store of the catheterisation laboratory (cath lab). A hybrid methodology called multi-unit selective inventory control (MUSIC) that combined these three dimensions (3D), namely, consumption value, criticality and lead time or ease of availability was used to classify the medical supplies into different categories.FindingsBased on the results obtained, various inventory systems and the associated tools and techniques of LT were proposed. For example, a deep dive into the A-class items revealed that some of the medical supplies fell under both vital and scarce categories. Hence, it was recommended that the case hospital should follow the economic order quantity (EOQ) with safety stock approach as these items were to be shipped from other states in India. Subsequently, the focus should be on developing a local supplier and attempts should be made to establish a kanban system with adequate information sharing.Practical implicationsThis study demonstrates the step-by-step methodology of MUSIC-3D which would guide the procurement managers to apply the same in their organisation. It also helps them in identifying appropriate elements of LT for inventory reduction before the actual deployment.Originality/valueNone of the papers has utilised the MUSIC-3D methodology as a precursor for inventory reduction, specifically within the domain of LT. Similarly, identifying and proposing different type of inventory systems and various LT practices based on this unique method is a novel attempt.

Toward more comprehensive environmental impact assessments: interlinked global models of LCIA and IAM applicable to this century

PurposeDespite the long-standing demand for research on dynamic lifecycle assessment (LCA) for policymaking, only a few studies have addressed this subject in conjunction with other systems thinking disciplines, such as energy systems models (ESMs) and integrated assessment models (IAMs), which have achieved tremendous success in assessing climate policies in future scenarios. This study explains our methodological advances in the global application of LCA incorporated in IAMs, specifically dose-response functions, models, and future scenarios.MethodsWe investigate the application of the lifecycle impact assessment method based on endpoint modeling (LIME), developed under the current environmental situation in Japan and globally, to be consistent and compatible with our IAM, which comprises three resource balance models and a simplified climate model. The IAM endogenously generates most inventories consistent with energy scenarios and climate policies linked with the applied LIME. The IAM and LIME are formulated to minimize the discounted sum of supplying the cost of resources over their lifecycles (i.e., from development to end-of-life) to generate time evolutions for the endpoint impacts over this century on a global scale with/without the 2-degree Celsius (2DC) target in a 100% renewable energy scenario.Results and discussionUnlike existing LCA+ESM/IAM studies, which focus on power generation technologies and related (in)direct embedded energy consumption on a lifecycle basis, our model’s expansion to mineral and biomass resources, in addition to energy, has the following novel results: (1) The following inventories in the 2DC target are generally lower than those in business as usual (BAU): temperature and sea level rise, natural resource, and waste discharge; further, SOx emissions are significantly reduced by reducing coal production while increasing forestry. (2) The environmental impacts on the four endpoints of minerals, land use, and land-use change, with the exclusion of energy-related impacts, are significantly larger than those related to energy. (3) Finally, by ensuring inventory reduction, the 2DC target scenario can reduce overall endpoint impacts (by maximum around 20%), except the impacts on biodiversity resulting from forestry expansion to meet predetermined targets.ConclusionsUnlike mainstream IAM analyses, we incorporate LIME, instead of energy- and biomass-related resource and climate change impacts alone; our model thus provides a comprehensive perspective on various natural resources and their impacts on a lifecycle basis. The exclusion of the weighting process and retention of the four endpoints enable us to easily interpret the results. Further, this application of LCA to IAM enables us to further understand and assess natural resources and environmental impacts.