Inventory Of Parent And Peer Attachment Research Articles

The relation of alexithymia and attachment with type 1 diabetes management in adolescents: a gender-specific analysis

BackgroundSeveral studies indicate the role of psychosocial factors in the management and control of chronic diseases in adolescents. In this regard, the roles of attachment and alexithymia in the management of type 1 diabetes in adolescents and related gender-specific patterns have rarely been the focus of empirical research. In this study we investigate the gender-specific relationship of alexithymia and attachment with self-care and blood glucose level in adolescents with type1 diabetes.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional study conducted on adolescents aged 12–18 years, with type 1 diabetes. Participants were recruited from diabetes clinics and the Iranian Diabetes Society. Data were collected using the Farsi versions of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (FTAS-20), the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA) and the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities Scale (SDSCA). Blood glucose levels were measured by determining HbA1c which were abstracted from medical records. Data were analyzed using SPSS21 software.ResultsParticipants were 150 adolescents (57% female), mean age 14.97 ± 2.30. Alexithymia (β = 0.10, P = 0.01), difficulty identifying feelings (β = 0.15, P = 0.03) and communication with mothers (β = − 0.08, P = 0.03) predicted HbA1c in girls, whereas no significant relationships were observed for HbA1c with alexithymia and attachment in boys. Factors that predicted self-care in girls were alexithymia (β = − 0.04, P = 0.02), difficulty identifying feelings (β = − 0.06, P = 0.04); in boys however in addition to these two factors predicting self-care [alexithymia (β = − 0.07, P = 0.01) and difficulty identifying feelings (β = − 0.11, P = 0.01)], we also found difficulty describing feelings (β = − 0.16, P = 0.02), communication with mother (β = 0.04, P = 0.04), alienation to mother (β = − 0.06, P = 0.03), to father (β = − 0.06, P = 0.01) and to peers (β = − 0.09, P = 0.03).ConclusionsOur results suggest that, in a gender-specific pattern, alexithymia and attachment could affect self-care and blood glucose level in adolescents with type 1 diabetes; findings that can be used to facilitate more effective treatment strategies and interventions in this age group.

Alexithymia, Not Autism Spectrum Disorder, Predicts Perceived Attachment to Parents in School-Age Children.

Alexithymia is defined as a limited ability in the cognitive processing of emotions. Literature suggested its negative influence on interpersonal relationship, documenting elevated alexithymia in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) compared to control groups. However, the study of alexithymia in school-age children with ASD remains largely unexplored as well as its effect on specific child socioemotional outcomes such as quality of attachment relationships. This study examines alexithymia and perceived attachment to parents in twenty-four children with ASD (without intellectual disability) and 24 typically developing (TD) children (mean age 10 years) using the self-reported Alexithymia Questionnaire for Children (AQC) and the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA). Measures of family SES as well as child intelligence were collected. Data revealed that ASD children showed higher levels of Alexithymia compared to TD group. In addition, 21% of participants with ASD exceed alexithymia categorical cut-off. By contrast, no difference emerged in the perception of attachment to parents. Moreover, alexithymia, but not ASD status, was found to predictive of child perception of attachment to parents. We observed no significant effect of child age and verbal IQ. Our findings showed that alexithymia was more common in children with ASD, whereas attachment was similar between groups. Difficulties in identifying and describing one’s own feelings may hinder the construction of a positive representation of parent-child attachment relationship regardless of child clinical status. Thus, alexithymia seems to play a key role on the way school-age children with and without ASD perceive their relationship with their parents.

Italian Adaptation and Validation of the Sibling Attachment Inventory

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to adapt and validate the Sibling Attachment Inventory (SAI) to the Italian context and to examine its psychometric properties.MethodUsing an Internet‐based survey, data were collected from 500 Italian young adults (aged 18–30). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were carried out to explore the factorial structure of the SAI. Correlations with the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA), the Lifespan Sibling Relationship Scale, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, and the Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale were carried out to verify convergent and predictive validity.ResultsThe instrument had good levels of internal consistency and a monodimensional structure, also providing evidence for validity. By comparing three models proposed in the literature, the results indicate that the three‐factor model had the best fit indices. Further, secure attachments were linked to high levels of self‐esteem and life satisfaction.ConclusionThe Italian version of the SAI has good psychometric properties, suggesting its ability to assess young adults' sibling attachment in the Italian cultural context. It is expected to be a useful self‐report measure in research aimed to study individual differences in young adults' sibling attachment.

The relation between epistemic trust and borderline pathology in an adolescent inpatient sample

BackgroundRecent extensions of mentalization theory have included the hypothesis that a reduced capacity for epistemic trust in the context of attachment relationships may represent a core vulnerability for the development of borderline personality disorder (BPD). The first aim of the current study was to explore empirical relationships between epistemic trust and symptoms of BPD. The second aim was to explore the effect of epistemic trust on treatment response.MethodsData were collected from 322 inpatient adolescents. The Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA) trust in mother and father subscales were used to approximate epistemic trust in the absence of a validated measure. A multimodal approach was used to measure BPD including self-report, parent-report, and interviewer ratings. Regression analyses were performed to explore the relationship between IPPA trust scores and measures of BPD. Mixed-design analyses of variance were conducted to evaluate whether self-reported parent trust at admission influenced progress in treatment.ResultsAs hypothesized, results indicated that reduced IPPA trust in parents correlated with BPD symptoms across various measures. Levels of IPPA trust in parents at admission did not moderate a reduction in BPD symptoms over the course of treatment.ConclusionsThis study provides support for the theoretical association between deficits in epistemic trust and BPD while also highlighting the need for a validated measure of epistemic trust. Although parent trust at admission did not moderate a reduction in BPD symptoms over the course of treatment, this result may suggest that progress in treatment, and perhaps the ability to cultivate trust in the treatment setting and providers, may not be overly determined by levels of parent trust.

Ergenlerde Akran İlişkileri

Peer relations are one of the important social relations in adolescence. The aim of this study is to examine the adolescent individual's peer relations with the variables of gender, attachment to mother and father and social anxiety. The study group of this research consists of 220 girls (61.5%) and 138 boys (38.5%) and 358 high school students in total. The data of the study were collected by the Peer Relations Scale, the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA), the Social Anxiety Scale for the Adolescents and the Demographic Information Form. In this descriptive study, hierarchical regression analysis, which is one of the multiple regression methods, was used to determine the predictors of peer relations. At the same time, a t-test was conducted on independent samples to determine whether high school students' peer relations differed by gender. According to the results of hierarchical regression analysis; gender and attachment to father meaningfully predict peer relations; attachment to mother and social anxiety do not meaningfully predict peer relations. Besides, peer relations differ significantly by gender. These findings of the research were discussed in the light of the literature and suggestions are presented.

The Relationship Between Parental Attachment and Mobile Phone Dependence Among Chinese Rural Adolescents: The Role of Alexithymia and Mindfulness.

Mobile phone has experienced a significant increase in popularity among adolescents in recent years. Findings indicate dependence on mobile phone is related to poor parent-child relationship. However, previous research on mobile phone dependence (MPD) is scant and mainly focus on adult samples. In this view, the present study investigated the association between parental attachment and MPD as well as its influence mechanism, in sample of adolescents in rural China. Data were collected from three middle schools in rural areas of Jiangxi and Hubei Province (N = 693, 46.46% female, Mage = 14.88, SD = 1.77). Participants completed the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA), the twenty-item Toronto alexithymia scale (TAS-20), the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) and the Mobile Phone Addiction Index Scale (MPAI). Among the results, parental attachment negatively predicted MPD and alexithymia were exerting partial mediation effect between parental attachment and MPD. Further, mindfulness acted as moderator of the relationship between alexithymia and MPD: The negative impact of alexithymia on MPD was weakened under the condition of high level of mindfulness. Knowledge of this mechanism could be useful for understanding adolescents’ MPD in terms of the interaction of multiple factors.

Attachment and emotional regulation in adolescents with depression

Background/Aim. Attachment and emotion regulation skills are recognized as important factors in the development of depression, but their specifics have rarely been discussed in clinical adolescent population. The aim of our study was to investigate attachment and emotion regulation strategies in adolescents with depression. Methods. The sample consisted of 101 adolescents, age 16 to 24, divided into three groups: 1) 41 adolescents with the diagnosis of depressive disorder; 2) 30 adolescents with the diagnosis of anxiety disorder; 3) 30 health adolescents (without psychiatric diagnosis). The assessment was done by the following instruments: the Socio-demographic questionnaire; the Semistructured clinical interview (SCID-I) for the Diagnostic and Stratistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV); the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI); the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA) and Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ). Data were analyzed using MANCOVA and partial correlation, with gender, age and birth order as covariates. Results. The adolescents with depressive disorders had less secure attachment to mother and peers than the health adolescents and less secure attachment to father comparing to other two groups (MANCOVA F = 4.571; p = 0.000). The adolescents with anxiety disorder had less secure attachment to father and peers compared to the healthy adolescents group (p < 0.05). The depressed adolescents used the strategy of cognitive reappraisal less often than both control groups (MANCOVA F = 5.200; p = 0.001). Subjective experience of depressive symptoms was related to insecure attachments to both parents and peers (r = -0.457; -0.436; -0.349; p = 0.000), as well as to lower use of cognitive reappraisal (r = -0.446; p = 0.000). Conclusion. Our findings related the adolescent depression to insecure attachment in all domains, with the specific weakness in emotion regulation (weak cognitive reappraisal). The findings could have practical implications for preventive and therapeutic interventions.

Attachment Security and Perceived Expressed Emotion in Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa.

The aim of this study was to compare the attachment security and perceived expressed emotion of female adolescents diagnosed with anorexia nervosa and those without any psychiatric disorder and to compare the expressed emotion of their parents. We also aimed to investigate the relationships between these variables and the effects of depression and anxiety symptoms of the adolescents on attachment security, perceived expressed emotion and expressed emotion of the parents. The study enrolled 43 female adolescents aged 12-18 years diagnosed with anorexia nervosa and an age and economic statusmatched control group of 37 healthy female adolescents. Both groups completed the Eating Attitudes Test-40 (EAT-40), the Perceived Expressed Emotion Scale (PEES), the Short Form of Inventory of Parentand Peer Attachment (IPPA), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Screenfor Child Anxietyand Related Disorders (SCARED). Parents were assessed with the Expressed Emotion Scale (EES). As compared to the control group, the female adolescents with anorexia nervosa had lower attachment security and higher perception of parental expression of criticism and hostility. Presence of depression and anxiety symptoms did not affect these results. The security of maternal attachment in the adolescents with anorexia nervosa predicted their perception of criticism and hostility in their mothers. The results of this study indicate the importance of assessing attachment security and perceived expressed emotion in adolescents with anorexia nervosa and the requirement of parental inclusion in the therapeutic process during follow up for implementation of appropriate interventions.

Influence of Peer Relationships on the Happiness of Early Adolescents

Early adolescence- roughly between the ages 10 and 14 is a time in the life span in which individuals undergo a myriad of changes at different levels, such as changes due to cognitive development, physical development and psychosocial development. The present study investigates the influence of peer relationships on the happiness of early adolescents. This is a non-experimental study that describes the correlation between two variables using a survey method. The study was conducted on 100 participants (50 males and 50 females) between the ages of 10 to 14 years. The IPPA (Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment) (Armsden, G.C., & Greenberg, M.T.1987) was used in order to assess the adolescents’ perceptions of the relationship with their close friends- particularly how well these figures serve as sources of psychological security (Reliability = 0.91; Validity = 0.57). The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (Hills, P., & Argyle, M.2002) was administered in order to assess the current level of happiness in adolescents (Reliability = 0.92). Statistical analysis was done using Pearson’s product moment correlation, independent samples t test, one-way analysis of variance and simple linear regression. The results of the data analyzed using Pearson’s correlation revealed a positive correlation between peer relationships and the happiness level of early adolescents. However, based on gender and other demographic variables, the groups did not significantly differ. The study also found that the peer relationships among the adolescents predicted their current happiness level by 18%. Although the sample is small and limited to a specific geographical area, the results emphasize the importance of understanding the impact of peer relationships on the emotional well-being (happiness) of early adolescents. This study is relevant when identifying and working with individuals who are at risk for maladaptive outcomes such as social withdrawal and emotional distress, who lack healthy peer attachments.

Attachment, emotion regulation and anger expression in adolescent depression: Did comorbid anxiety disorder not have a role?

Depression is a common mental health problem in adolescence. In this study it was aimed to investigate attachment properties, emotion regulation skills and anger expression patterns in adolescents diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD) and to compare the results with healthy controls’ findings. Effects of having comorbid anxiety disorder (AD) to these psychological properties were also evaluated. The study was planned as three-centered, single-disciplinary, a cross-sectional study with a control group in Turkey. Depression group was consisted of 97 adolescents while control group was 101 adolescents. All participants were administered Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), and State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI). Depression group had statistically lower scores in peer attachment and parent attachment, and higher scores in all subscales of DERS compared to the controls. Due to STAXI, it was observed that depression group obtained statistically significant higher scores in trait anger, repression of anger, expression of anger and statistically lower scores in control of anger, compared the controls. There was no difference in state anger between groups. In depression group, there were no significant differences for any promising psychiatric properties between adolescents with MDD and those with MDD + AD. The findings of this study supported that anger expression and emotional regulation difficulties were related with depression and that this relationship was also associated by attachment security. These findings are important for clinical practice to increase understanding of the association between attachment security, emotion regulation, anger expression and depression.

Efficacy of an Attachment-Based Intervention Model on Health Indices in Children with Chronic Disease and Their Mothers

Studies have shown significant relationship between health conditions and attachment. This study aimed to examine an attachment-based intervention model named mother–child-disease triangle (MCDT) on health indices in children with chronic disease and their mothers. This randomized trial study included 22 volunteer children aged 12–18 years undergoing medical treatment for a chronic disease and their mothers. After evaluation by 28-form General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), inventory of parent and peer attachment (IPPA), 28-form Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ-28) and Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ), the mother–child dyads were paired on the basis of IPPA scores. These pairs were then randomly assigned to an experimental or control group. The experimental group received ten 90-min sessions of MCDT over a 7-week period. Meanwhile, the control group received ten simple conversational sessions as a dummy intervention. In accordance with this study’s pre-test/post-test design, both groups were evaluated once again after completing their respective treatment. Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) showed members of the experimental group to have significantly stronger attachment and better physiological and psychosocial health than those in the control group. These findings suggest that attachment-based interventions can be used to improve the effectiveness of treatment among children with chronic disease and their mothers.

Dealing with Anxiety: Relationships among Interpersonal Attachment Style, Psychological Wellbeing and Trait Anxiety

Anxiety is a major contributor to poor quality mental health for many people in our community, and is a leading cause of presentations at medical and health clinics. Patterns of trait anxiety, or dysfunctional responding, have become ingrained in individuals’ approaches to problems they face. Research has shown that psychological wellbeing and interpersonal attachment style are both predictors of trait anxiety. However, the relationships among these variables have not been clarified. The current study sought to determine whether psychological wellbeing mediates the relationship between interpersonal attachment style and trait anxiety, and which of the six psychological wellbeing subscales would contribute most to any mediation effects. A convenience sample of 149 adult participants from South East Queensland, Australia completed a series of online questionnaires including a demographic questionnaire, the Trait Anxiety subscale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-Form Y2), the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA), Ryff’s Psychological Wellbeing Scale (PWB), and a Social Desirability Scale (SDS-17). Psychological Wellbeing was found to partially mediate the relationship between interpersonal attachment style and trait anxiety. The Positive Relations with Others subscale of the PWB was the only significant sub-scale of the PWB that significantly predicted trait anxiety. Overcoming anxiety appears to be most related in our sample to those who deal better with interpersonal relations. Targeting this aspect in treatment approaches appears most likely to lead to improved outcomes for clients.

Impact of Mother, Father and Peer Attachment on Coping of Young Adolescents

In the study of Life span approach the concept of Parental and Peer Attachment has time and again been found as significant and relevant to be discussed in case of adolescents. Thus, the present study aimed to examine the impact of Maternal, Paternal & Peer Attachment separately on different domains of coping of young adolescents. The sample of the study consisted of 100 young adolescent volunteers (i.e.50 boys and 50 girls) with age ranging from 13-14 years. To carry out the study the adolescents completed Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA) and Coping Checklist. Results indicated that adolescents who showed high maternal and paternal and peer attachment used more problem- focused coping and social- support coping and less emotion- focused coping than their low attachment counterparts.

The Relationship Between Peer Attachment and Psychological Well - Being Of University Students

This quantitative study was aimed to determine the relationship between peer attachment and psychological well-being of university students. The subjects of this study were 69 university students from 20 to 29 years old. The measurements were Scale of Psychological Well-being (SPW; I± = 0,805) based on six aspects of psychological well-being from Ryff & Keyes (1989) and Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA) subscale Peer Attachment (I± = 0,903), scale was adapted based on three aspects from Armsden and Greenberg (1987). The results of this study showed a positive relationship between peer attachment and psychological well-being of university students, r = 0,382 and p = 0.001 (p<0.01). These findings suggest that psychological well-being was affected by peer attachment. Â Key words: psychological well-being, peer attachment, university students

Problemas de externalização e internalização em pré-adolescentes e vinculação aos pais || Externalizing and internalizing problems in pre-adolescents and attachment to parents

Os comportamentos de externalização e internalização na infância e na adolescência refletem um mal-estar do sujeito, que muitas vezes o próprio não sabe explicar, mas que se traduz noutras áreas da vida. A publicação recorrente das elevadas percentagens destes problemas, nestas idades, suscita a necessidade de estudos periódicos em amostras de comunidade, para que se possa sinalizar e intervir precocemente. A vinculação insegura aos pais é um dos fatores associado à emergência destes problemas. Apresentamos um estudo exploratório, com o Questionário de Capacidades e Dificuldades (SDQ) e o Inventário de Vinculação a Pais e Pares (IPPA), das relações entre problemas de externalização, problemas de internalização e vinculação aos pais, reportados por pré-adolescentes portugueses, numa amostra de 258 sujeitos, 124 rapazes (48.1 %), e 134 raparigas (51.9 %), entre os 9 e 12 anos (M = 10.34; DP = 0.88). Estudou-se a relação entre a presença de problemas de comportamento reportados pelos pré-adolescentes e os mesmos problemas reportados pelos seus pais, tendo-se obtido correlações positivas e significativas entre ambas as avaliações. Maior segurança na vinculação aos pais (i.e., maiores valores nas dimensões “Aceitação mútua-compreensão”, “Comunicação-proximidade afetiva” e menores no “Afastamento-rejeição”) correlaciona negativamente com os problemas de comportamento reportados pelos próprios, reforçando a importância da segurança das relações de vinculação aos pais na manutenção de comportamentos mais adaptados nos adolescentes

Attachment and Its Relationship to Anxiety Sensitivity

This study examined the role of anxiety sensitivity (AS) in relation to attachment as measured by the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R) and the inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA). We also examined how well attachment variables, anxiety sensitivity, and trait anxiety predicted panic symptoms as measured by the Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS). Three hundred forty-three participants completed a series of self-report measures assessing attachment perceptions, anxiety sensitivity, trait anxiety, and panic symptom frequency and severity. The study hypotheses were tested in several hierarchical regression analyses that examined the relationship between attachment perceptions and anxiety sensitivity while controlling for sex and trait anxiety. Another study hypothesis tested the relationship between attachment perceptions and panic symptom frequency and severity while controlling for sex, anxiety sensitivity, and trait anxiety. Only attachment Anxiety was a significant predictor of anxiety sensitivity after controlling for sex and trait anxiety. The best predictors of panic symptoms were trait anxiety and anxiety sensitivity. None of the attachment variables significantly predicted panic symptoms. Significant differences found across attachment groupings for anxiety sensitivity. The current study found support for the findings of Weems et al. (2002) and Watt et al. (2005) and extended these results to two different attachment measures.

KELEKATAN ANAK DENGAN IBU DAN AYAH SERTA PERILAKU PORNOGRAFI PADA ANAK USIA SMP

The mother’s attachment and father’s attachment with children were formed since childhood, will influence the future development of the child's personality. A good personality will make children able to choose good behavior and not to fall into negative behaviors such as behavioral pornography. The research aimed is to analyze the influence of mother-child's attachment and father-child’s attachment on the behavior of school-age child pornography (SMP). The choice of location was purposively in South Tangerang City. A total of 600 children aged junior consisting of 278 men and 322 women were selected using cluster random sampling technique with the class as a cluster of selected schools in the study sites. Respondents were asked to fill out questionnaires of the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA) and the questionnaire Pornography Behavior. Data were analyzed with descriptive analysis, correlation, and regression. The results showed that the boys and girls of mother’s attachment score higher than father’s attachment scores. Behavior pornography on boys is higher than girls. The mother’s attachment and father’s attachment showed a significant negative correlation with the behavior of pornography. Regression analysis showed that family income significant positive effect on the behavior of pornography. Instead, the mother’s attachment and father’s attachment significant negative effect on the behavior of pornography.

Perceived social support and self-esteem as mediators of the relationship between parental attachment and life satisfaction among Chinese adolescents

This study aimed to examine whether the relationship between adolescents' paternal and maternal attachment and life satisfaction was mediated by perceived social support and self-esteem and identify which mediator had a stronger indirect effect. The Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) were distributed to 1835 Chinese adolescents (nearly 50% male; 51% in junior-high school; aged 10–20years, M=14.831years, SD=2.923) from seven provinces. Descriptive statistics, regression, correlation, and mediation analyses were conducted to test our hypotheses. The results indicated that perceived social support and self-esteem partially mediated the relationship between paternal and maternal attachment and life satisfaction. Furthermore, the indirect effect of perceived social support was stronger than that of self-esteem. These findings perhaps provide insight into the preliminary effect of parental attachment on life satisfaction among Chinese adolescents.

Déséquilibre de l’attachement et des émotions chez l’adolescent obèse

IntroductionObesity in adolescents remains little studied. Our clinical observations within center treatment of obesity in Franche-Comté, and inventory of various theories supporting a psychological origin of obesity with integrative spirit of research, led us to study capacities of emotional awareness and attachment representations compared to a control group. ObjectiveIn reference to developmental theory of alexithymia and clinical observations of Hilde Bruch, investigate the possible link between capacities of emotional awareness and representations and security of the bond of parent child attachment, among obese adolescents, that lead to hyperphagic behavior. MethodSeventeen obese adolescents, and 21 controls were tested. Participants completed the Level Emotional Awareness Scale (LEAS); the Inventory of parent and peer Attachment (IPPA), and the Relationships Scale Questionnaire (RSQ). ResultsThe group of obese adolescents presents a level of emotional awareness significantly lower than the control group. The results of this study show a peculiarity regarding the quality of parent child attachment. There seems to be an imbalance between the security of maternal bonding and paternal bonding perceived by the young obese. RSQ results support the hypothesis that those adolescents are at the margins of security from the perspective of attachment. DiscussionThe results support the interest of psychological treatments of obesity in the adolescent, by the implementation of therapy in the field of emotional regulation and family therapy.

Psychometric Properties and Normative values of Early Maladaptive Schema Questionnaires Set for Children and Adolescents (SQS).

The early maladaptive schema questionnaires set for children and adolescents (SQS) is a psychometrically reliable and valid measure of early maladaptive schemas for children between the ages of 10 and 16. SQS consists of five schema domains that represent Young's schema domains including 15 early maladaptive schemas and 97 items. Normative values for each schema were determined for age, gender and age/gender groups. Clinically, SQS presents valuable information about early maladaptive schemas during childhood and adolescence, before such schemas become more pervasive and persistent.