Invasive Liver Resection Research Articles

Open and minimally invasive liver resection for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Analysis of immediate outcomes and survival

Open and minimally invasive liver resection for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Analysis of immediate outcomes and survival

Minimally invasive liver resection versus transarterial chemoembolization for intermediate stage (BCLC-B) hepatocellular carcinoma: a propensity score analysis for long term survival in multicentric comparative study

Minimally invasive liver resection versus transarterial chemoembolization for intermediate stage (BCLC-B) hepatocellular carcinoma: a propensity score analysis for long term survival in multicentric comparative study

Minimally invasive liver resection for cholangiolocellular carcinoma: A single‐institution experience

AbstractIntroductionCholangiolocellular carcinoma (CoCC) resembles cholangiocellular carcinoma (CCC) and presents a variety of imaging findings; thus, preoperative diagnosis is often difficult.MethodsWe retrospectively studied patients who were diagnosed with CoCC at the Kansai Rosai Hospital from 2006 to 2021 and treated by laparoscopic liver resection (LLR) or open liver resection (OLR).ResultAmong 918 liver resections, 15 patients were diagnosed with CoCC: 11 underwent LLR and 4 OLR. For LLR and OLR, respectively, patient age was 69.9 ± 6.8 and 72.8 ± 10.6, sex was M/F: 10/1 and 2/2, Child‐Pugh was A/B/C: 10/1/0 and 4/0/0, liver damage was A/B/C: 8/3/0 and 4/0/0, preoperative diagnosis was CoCC/CCC/HCC: 1/2/8 and 2/2/0, pathological stage of Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) was IA/IB/II/IIIA/IIIB/IV: 8/0/2/1/0/0 and 0/0/3/0/1/0 (p = .0312), and extent of liver resection was Hr0/HrS/Hr1/Hr2/: 3/0/5/3 and 1/1/0/2. In LLR and OLR, respectively, operation time was 417.5 ± 191.0 and 407.5 ± 187.9 min, blood loss was 123.3 ± 217.4 and 1385.0 ± 1038.7 mL, and postoperative hospital stay was 12.2 ± 13.7 and 15.0 ± 6.6 days. For stages I and II/III, respectively, the 5‐year disease‐free survival rates were 100.0% and 34.3%, and the 5‐year overall survival rates were 100.0% and 55.6%. For stage II/III LLR and OLR, respectively, the 3‐year disease‐free survival rates were 33.3% and 37.5% (p = .8418), and the 5‐year overall survival rates were 66.7% and 50.0% (p = .8084).ConclusionAlthough further studies are still needed to confirm, minimally invasive liver resection without lymph node dissection is one of a safe and effective approach to the management of CoCC.

The Impact of Portal Hypertension Assessment Method on the Outcomes of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Resection: A Meta-Analysis of Matched Cohort and Prospective Studies.

Examine portal hypertension (PHT) impact on postoperative and survival outcomes in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients after liver resection (LR), specifically exploring distinctions between indirect signs and invasive measurements of PHT. PHT has historically discouraged LR in individuals with HCC due to the elevated risk of morbidity, including liver decompensation (LD). A systematic review was conducted using 3 databases to identify prospective-controlled and matched cohort studies until December 28, 2022. Focus on comparing postoperative outcomes (mortality, morbidity, and liver-related complications) and overall survival in HCC patients with and without PHT undergoing LR. Three meta-analysis models were utilized: for aggregated data (fixed-effects inverse variance model), for patient-level survival data (one-stage frequentist meta-analysis with gamma-shared frailty Cox proportional hazards model), and for pooled data (Freeman-Tukey exact and double arcsine method). Nine studies involving 1124 patients were analyzed. Indirect signs of PHT were not significantly associated with higher mortality, overall complications, PHLF or LD. However, LR in patients with hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) ≥10mmHg significantly increased the risk of overall complications, PHLF, and LD. Despite elevated risks, the procedure resulted in a 5-year overall survival rate of 55.2%. Open LR significantly increased the risk of overall complications, PHLF, and LD. Conversely, PHT did not show a significant association with worse postoperative outcomes in minimally invasive LR. LR in the presence of indirect signs of PHT poses no increased risk of complications. Yet, in HVPG ≥10mmHg patients, LR increases overall morbidity and liver-related complications risk. Transjugular HVPG assessment is crucial for LR decisions. Minimally invasive approach seems to be vital for favorable outcomes, especially in HVPG ≥10mmHg patients.

A data-informed timeline for hospital discharge with a reasonably low risk of unplanned readmission after open and minimally invasive liver resections.

Postoperative complications following liver resection remain high, ranging from 20% to 50%. Patients are hospitalized for a certain period of time following liver resection because of the risk of postoperative complications. We hypothesized that the risk of complications decreases with each complication-free postoperative day after open and minimally invasive liver resections and can be stratified using a recently reported three-level complexity classification. Patients undergoing first liver resection without concomitant other organ resections between 2006 and 2019 were included. The three-level complexity classification was used to categorize liver resection procedures into grades I-III. We assessed the rate of cumulative postoperative complications from the time of liver resection to the time of post-hepatectomy complications (≥ Clavien-Dindo grade II). Of the 911 patients included, 200 underwent resection of grade I procedures, 185 underwent resection of grade II procedures, and 526 underwent resection of grade III procedures. The risks of post-hepatectomy complications changed over time and were stratified by surgical complexity. For patients at the time of liver resection, the estimated 30-day complication rate was 21.8% for open grade I resection, 26.7% for open grade II resection, 38.4% for open grade III resection, 8.6% for laparoscopic grade I resection, and 12.5% for laparoscopic grade II resection. For patients without complications at 7 days, the estimated 30-day complication rate decreased to 2.1% for open grade I, 9.2% for open grade II, 17.6% for open grade III, 1.3% for laparoscopic grade I, and 4.5% for laparascopic grade II. The post-hepatectomy complication risks were stratified by surgical complexity, liver resection approach, and the period without complication after liver resection.

Impact of liver cirrhosis, severity of cirrhosis and portal hypertension on the difficulty of laparoscopic and robotic minor liver resections for primary liver malignancies in the anterolateral segments

IntroductionWe performed this study in order to investigate the impact of liver cirrhosis (LC) on the difficulty of minimally invasive liver resection (MILR), focusing on minor resections in anterolateral (AL) segments for primary liver malignancies. MethodsThis was an international multicenter retrospective study of 3675 patients who underwent MILR across 60 centers from 2004 to 2021. Results1312 (35.7%) patients had no cirrhosis, 2118 (57.9%) had Child A cirrhosis and 245 (6.7%) had Child B cirrhosis. After propensity score matching (PSM), patients in Child A cirrhosis group had higher rates of open conversion (p = 0.024), blood loss >500 mls (p = 0.001), blood transfusion (p < 0.001), postoperative morbidity (p = 0.004), and in-hospital mortality (p = 0.041). After coarsened exact matching (CEM), Child A cirrhotic patients had higher open conversion rate (p = 0.05), greater median blood loss (p = 0.014) and increased postoperative morbidity (p = 0.001). Compared to Child A cirrhosis, Child B cirrhosis group had longer postoperative stay (p = 0.001) and greater major morbidity (p = 0.012) after PSM, and higher blood transfusion rates (p = 0.002), longer postoperative stay (p < 0.001), and greater major morbidity (p = 0.006) after CEM. After PSM, patients with portal hypertension experienced higher rates of blood loss >500 mls (p = 0.003) and intraoperative blood transfusion (p = 0.025). ConclusionThe presence and severity of LC affect and compound the difficulty of MILR for minor resections in the AL segments. These factors should be considered for inclusion into future difficulty scoring systems for MILR.

Robotic versus laparoscopic liver resections: propensity-matched comparison of two-center experience.

The advantages of the robotic approach in minimally invasive liver surgery (MILS) are still debated. This study compares the short-term outcomes between laparoscopic (LLR) and robotic (RLR) liver resections in propensity score matched cohorts. Data regarding minimally invasive liver resections in two liver surgery units were retrospectively reviewed. A propensity score matched analysis (1:1 ratio) identified two groups of patients with similar characteristics. Intra- and post-operative outcomes were then compared. The difficulty of MILS was based on the IWATE criteria. Two hundred sixty-nine patients underwent MILS between January 2014 and December 2021 (LLR = 192; RLR = 77). Propensity score matching identified 148 cases (LLR = 74; RLR = 74) consisting of compensated cirrhotic patients (100%) underwent non-anatomic resection of IWATE 1-2 class (90.5%) for a solitary tumor < 5cm in diameter (93.2%). In such patients, RLRs had shorter operative time (227 vs. 250min, p = 0.002), shorter Pringle's cumulative time (12 vs. 28min, p < 0.0001), and less blood loss (137 vs. 209cc, p = 0.006) vs. LLRs. Conversion rate was nihil (both groups). In RLRs compared to LLRs, R0 rate (93 vs. 96%, p>0.71) and major morbidity (4.1 vs. 5.4%, p>0.999) were similar, without post-operative mortality. Hospital stay was shorter in the robotic group (6.2 vs. 6.6, p = 0.0001). This study supports the non-inferiority of RLR over LLR. In compensated cirrhotic patients underwent resection of low-to-intermediate difficulty for a solitary nodule < 5cm, RLR was faster, with less blood loss despite the shorter hilar clamping, and required shorter hospitalization compared to LLR.

Impact of liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension on minimally invasive limited liver resection for primary liver malignancies in the posterosuperior segments: An international multicenter study

IntroductionTo assess the impact of cirrhosis and portal hypertension (PHT) on technical difficulty and outcomes of minimally invasive liver resection (MILR) in the posterosuperior segments. MethodsThis is a post-hoc analysis of patients with primary malignancy who underwent laparoscopic and robotic wedge resection and segmentectomy in the posterosuperior segments between 2004 and 2019 in 60 centers. Surrogates of difficulty (i.e, open conversion rate, operation time, blood loss, blood transfusion, and use of the Pringle maneuver) and outcomes were compared before and after propensity-score matching (PSM) and coarsened exact matching (CEM). ResultsOf the 1954 patients studied, 1290 (66%) had cirrhosis. Among the cirrhotic patients, 310 (24%) had PHT. After PSM, patients with cirrhosis had higher intraoperative blood transfusion (14% vs. 9.3%; p = 0.027) and overall morbidity rates (20% vs. 14.5%; p = 0.023) than those without cirrhosis. After coarsened exact matching (CEM), patients with cirrhosis tended to have higher intraoperative blood transfusion rate (12.1% vs. 6.7%; p = 0.059) and have higher overall morbidity rate (22.8% vs. 12.5%; p = 0.007) than those without cirrhosis. After PSM, Pringle maneuver was more frequently applied in cirrhotic patients with PHT (62.2% vs. 52.4%; p = 0.045) than those without PHT. ConclusionMILR in the posterosuperior segments in cirrhotic patients is associated with higher intraoperative blood transfusion and postoperative morbidity. This parameter should be utilized in the difficulty assessment of MILR.

Current use of intraoperative ultrasound in modern liver surgery

Abstract Ultrasound plays an important role not only in preoperative diagnosis but also in intraoperative guidance for liver surgery. Intraoperative ultrasound (IOUS) has become an indispensable tool for modern liver surgeons, especially for minimally invasive surgeries, partially substituting for the surgeon's hands. In fundamental mode, Doppler mode, contrast enhancement, elastography, and real-time virtual sonography, IOUS can provide additional real-time information regarding the intrahepatic anatomy, tumor site and characteristics, macrovascular invasion, resection margin, transection plane, perfusion and outflow of the remnant liver, and local ablation efficacy for both open and minimally invasive liver resections. Identification and localization of intrahepatic lesions and surrounding structures are crucial for performing liver resection, preserving the adjacent vital vascular and bile ducts, and sparing the functional liver parenchyma. Intraoperative ultrasound can provide critical information for intraoperative decision-making and navigation. Therefore, all liver surgeons must master IOUS techniques, and IOUS should be included in the training of modern liver surgeons. Further investigation of the potential benefits and advances in these techniques will increase the use of IOUS in modern liver surgeries worldwide. This study comprehensively reviews the current use of IOUS in modern liver surgeries.

Ten years of Italian mini-invasiveness: the I Go MILS registry as a tool of dissemination, characterization and networking.

Purposes of this study are to evaluate the main changes that have occurred in the Italian MILS activity in the last decade in terms of indications, approaches and outcomes as reported in the national registry and to provide specific details on the main areas of development of MILS. Data from patients undergoing minimally invasive liver resections at centers included in the I Go MILS Registry from its start-up (November 2014) to March 2023 were analyzed for the purposes of this study. The registry is intention-to-treat and prospective. Global recruitment trends stratified by indication to surgery and type of approach were analysed. 7413 MILS procedures were performed across all centers (median number of procedures per center: 63). Years (2020-2023) displayed a significantly higher proportion of treated patients diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (38.2% vs. 28.9% and 33.9%, p < 0.001) and cholangiocarcinoma (6.7% vs. 6.5% and 4.2%, p < 0.001) compared to the preceding triennial periods. Additionally, technical complexity demonstrated an increased prominence in Years (2019-2023) with a significantly higher percentage of grade III cases compared to the earlier periods (39.3% vs. 21.7% and 25.6%, p < 0.001). Annual case trends focusing on laparoscopic and robotic techniques demonstrated a steadily increase in the use of these techniques for complex case mix of indications. Overall, attitude and attention to MILS approach has evolved, so that currently indications to hepatic mini-invasiveness have expanded and surgical technique has been refined: Areas mainly involved in increasing growth trends are hepatocellular carcinoma, possible applications of MILS in transplant setting, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and robotic approach.

Role of preoperative 3D rendering for minimally invasive parenchyma sparing liver resections

Roberto MONTALTI*, Gianluca ROMPIANESI, Francesca PEGORARO, Mariano GIGLIO, Giuseppe DE SIMONE, Pietro VENETUCCI, Roberto TROISI. Ann Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2023;27:S100. https://doi.org/10.14701/ahbps.2023S1.OP-6-6

Minimally invasive liver resection in Korea: A national survey based on 20 years’ experience

Minimally invasive liver resection in Korea: A national survey based on 20 years’ experience

Fluorescence-Guided Robotic Segment 8 Superior Liver Resection. Technical Approach to Sectoral Inflow Occlusion.

In the past decade, precision hepatectomy which requires the understanding of segmental and subsegmental liver anatomy has gained popularity due to its parenchymal-sparing benefits. The importance of this concept has led liver surgeons to a consensus conference and its guideline in regards to precision anatomy in minimally invasive liver resection, held in Tokyo in 2020. A precise control of the sectoral hepatic artery and portal vein allows for a bloodless liver resection, without the use of Pringle maneuver. In the literature, technical description of the right anterior portal pedicle dissection during minimally invasive robotic liver surgery is limited. In this study, we therefore demonstrate such a technique using fluorescence guidance during robotic segment 8 superior liver resection.

Robotic emergency liver resection of ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma.

The spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a rare complication. The management of this complication needs a stepwise, multidisciplinary approach which considers first of all clinical conditions of the patient and also the possibility of the best curative treatment. We report our experience of an emergency robotic liver resection for a ruptured HCC in an elderly patient. Minimally invasive liver resection is currently recognised as a safe and feasible approach to the treatment of HCC in elderly patients. Our patient presented haemodynamic stability, which allows us to perform a robotic resection of segment 3. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the application of a robotic platform in an emergency setting for liver resection. Rupture of HCC is an uncommon complication, burdened by a high rate of mortality. Its management still remains controversial. Treatment should be individualised taking into consideration the clinical status of the patient, tumour features and possibility of centre therapeutic strategy.

Laparoscopic and Open Liver Resections for Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastasis in the Ukrainian State Center.

Background Minimally invasive liver resections for metastatic colorectal cancer have been increasingly performed all over the world with promising results. We planned the current studyto review our experience on this matter and compare short- and long-term outcomes of laparoscopicliver resection (LLR) and open liver resection(OLR) in patients with colorectal cancer liver metastasis (CRLM). Materials and methods This is a single-center retrospective analysis of patients with CRLM who underwent laparoscopic (n=86) and open (n=96) surgical treatment for metastatic liver lesions between March 2016 and November 2022. Tumor characteristics, intra- and postoperative results, overall survival (OS), and disease-free survival (DFS)were analyzed and compared. Results LLR was associated with significantly shorter surgery duration (180 minutes versus 295 minutes, p=0.03). There was no significant difference in blood loss between the two groups (100 mL versus 350 mL, p=0.061). Additionally, the laparoscopic approach was associated with significantly shorter hospital stays (6 days versus 9 days, p=0.004). The rate of major complications (Clavien-Dindo classification ≥ 3) was lower in the LLR group (5.8% versus 16.6%, p=0.037). There was no mortality in the LLR group, and in the OLR group, one lethal case was induced by mesenteric thrombosis on the fifth postoperative day. We did not find a statistically significant difference in the OS rate between the two groups at one, three, and five years: 97.3%, 74.7%, and 43.4%, respectively,in the OLR group and 95.1%, 70.3%, and 49.5%,respectively,in the LLR group (p=0.53). DFS at one, three, and five years were 88.7%, 52.3%, and 25.5%,respectively, in the LLR group and 71.9%, 53.1%, and 19.3%, respectively, in the OLR group(p=0.66). Conclusions This study showed that laparoscopic liver surgery is a safe and effective method of CRLM treatment in our center. LLR was associated with a decrease in major morbidity, shorter surgery duration, and reduced postoperative hospital stay. Minimally invasive liver resections showed similar oncological outcomes to the open approach in terms of overall and disease-free survival.

Role of preoperative 3D rendering for minimally invasive parenchyma sparing liver resections

Background3D rendering (3DR) represents a promising approach to plan surgical strategies. The study aimed to compare the results of minimally invasive liver resections (MILS) in patients with 3DR versus conventional 2D CT-scan. MethodsWe performed 118 3DR for various indications; the patients underwent a preoperative tri-phasic CT-scan and rendered with Synapse3D® Software. Fifty-six patients undergoing MILS with pre-operative 3DR were compared to a similar cohort of 127 patients undergoing conventional pre-operative 2D CT-scan using the propensity score matching (PSM) analysis. ResultsThe 3DR mandated pre-operative surgical plan variations in 33.9% cases, contraindicated surgery in 12.7%, providing a new surgical indication in 5.9% previously excluded cases. PSM identified 39 patients in both groups with comparable results in terms of conversion rates, blood loss, blood transfusions, parenchymal R1-margins, grade ≥3 Clavien-Dindo complications, 90-days mortality, and hospital stay respectively in 3DR and conventional 2D. Operative time was significantly increased in the 3DR group (402 vs. 347 min, p = 0.020). Vascular R1 resections were 25.6% vs 7.7% (p = 0.068), while the conversion rate was 0% vs 10.2% (p = 0.058), respectively, for 3DR group vs conventional 2D. Conclusion3DR may help in surgical planning increasing resectability rate while reducing conversion rates, allowing the precise identification of anatomical landmarks in minimally invasive parenchyma-preserving liver resections.

Practice variation and outcomes of minimally invasive minor liver resections in patients with colorectal liver metastases: a population-based study

IntroductionIn 2017, the Southampton guideline stated that minimally invasive liver resections (MILR) should considered standard practice for minor liver resections. This study aimed to assess recent implementation rates of minor MILR, factors associated with performing MILR, hospital variation, and outcomes in patients with colorectal liver metastases (CRLM).MethodsThis population-based study included all patients who underwent minor liver resection for CRLM in the Netherlands between 2014 and 2021. Factors associated with MILR and nationwide hospital variation were assessed using multilevel multivariable logistic regression. Propensity-score matching (PSM) was applied to compare outcomes between minor MILR and minor open liver resections. Overall survival (OS) was assessed with Kaplan–Meier analysis on patients operated until 2018.ResultsOf 4,488 patients included, 1,695 (37.8%) underwent MILR. PSM resulted in 1,338 patients in each group. Implementation of MILR increased to 51.2% in 2021. Factors associated with not performing MILR included treatment with preoperative chemotherapy (aOR 0.61 CI:0.50–0.75, p < 0.001), treatment in a tertiary referral hospital (aOR 0.57 CI:0.50–0.67, p < 0.001), and larger diameter and number of CRLM. Significant hospital variation was observed in use of MILR (7.5% to 93.0%). After case-mix correction, six hospitals performed fewer, and six hospitals performed more MILRs than expected. In the PSM cohort, MILR was associated with a decrease in blood loss (aOR 0.99 CI:0.99–0.99, p < 0.01), cardiac complications (aOR 0.29, CI:0.10–0.70, p = 0.009), IC admissions (aOR 0.66, CI:0.50–0.89, p = 0.005), and shorter hospital stay (aOR CI:0.94–0.99, p < 0.01). Five-year OS rates for MILR and OLR were 53.7% versus 48.6%, p = 0.21.ConclusionAlthough uptake of MILR is increasing in the Netherlands, significant hospital variation remains. MILR benefits short-term outcomes, while overall survival is comparable to open liver surgery.Graphical abstract

Latest Findings on Minimally Invasive Anatomical Liver Resection.

Minimally invasive liver resection (MILR) is being widely utilized owing to recent advancements in laparoscopic and robot-assisted surgery. There are two main types of liver resection: anatomical (minimally invasive anatomical liver resection (MIALR)) and nonanatomical. MIALR is defined as a minimally invasive liver resection along the respective portal territory. Optimization of the safety and precision of MIALR is the next challenge for hepatobiliary surgeons, and intraoperative indocyanine green (ICG) staining is considered to be of considerable importance in this field. In this article, we present the latest findings on MIALR and laparoscopic anatomical liver resection using ICG at our hospital.

Minimally Invasive Anatomic Liver Resection for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Using the Extrahepatic Glissonian Approach: Surgical Techniques and Comparison of Outcomes with the Open Approach and between the Laparoscopic and Robotic Approaches.

Surgical techniques and outcomes of minimally invasive anatomic liver resection (AR) using the extrahepatic Glissonian approach for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are undefined. In 327 HCC cases undergoing 185 open (OAR) and 142 minimally invasive (MIAR; 102 laparoscopic and 40 robotic) ARs, perioperative and long-term outcomes were compared between the approaches, using propensity score matching. After matching (91:91), compared to OAR, MIAR was significantly associated with longer operative time (643 vs. 579 min, p = 0.028); less blood loss (274 vs. 955 g, p < 0.0001); a lower transfusion rate (17.6% vs. 47.3%, p < 0.0001); lower rates of major 90-day morbidity (4.4% vs. 20.9%, p = 0.0008), bile leak or collection (1.1% vs. 11.0%, p = 0.005), and 90-day mortality (0% vs. 4.4%, p = 0.043); and shorter hospital stay (15 vs. 29 days, p < 0.0001). On the other hand, laparoscopic and robotic AR cohorts after matching (31:31) had comparable perioperative outcomes. Overall and recurrence-free survivals after AR for newly developed HCC were comparable between OAR and MIAR, with potentially improved survivals in MIAR. The survivals were comparable between laparoscopic and robotic AR. MIAR was technically standardized using the extrahepatic Glissonian approach. MIAR was safe, feasible, and oncologically acceptable and would be the first choice of AR in selected HCC patients.

Minimally invasive versus open liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: a propensity score matching analysis of 224 patients.

To compare the peri-operative and long-term survival outcomes of minimally invasive liver resection (MILR) (robotic or laparoscopic) with open liver resection (OLR) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Data of patients who underwent liver resection for HCC were reviewed from a prospectively collected database. Outcomes of MILR were compared with those of OLR. A propensity score matching analysis with a ratio of 1:1 was performed to minimise the potential bias in clinical pathological factors. From January 2003 to December 2017, a total of 705 patients underwent liver resection for HCC. Amongst them, 112 patients received MILR and 593 patients received OLR. After propensity score matching, there were 112 patients in each of the MILR and OLR groups. Patients were matched by age, sex, hepatitis status, presence of cirrhosis, platelet count, albumin level, bilirubin level, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level, alanine transferase (ALT) level, creatinine level, tumour differentiation, tumour size, tumour number, presence of tumour rupture, presence of vascular invasion, extent of liver resection (minor/major) and difficulty score. The 1-, 3- and 5-year overall survival rates were 94.4%, 90.4% and 82.3% in the MILR group vs 95.4%, 80.5% and 71.8% in the open group (p = 0.240). The 1-, 3- and 5-year disease-free survival rates were 81.0%, 63.1% and 55.8% in the MILR group vs 79.1%, 58.1% and 45.7 in the open group (p = 0.449). The MILR group demonstrated significantly less blood loss (p < 0.001), less blood transfusion (p = 0.004), lower post-operative complications (p < 0.001) and shorter hospital stay (p < 0.001) when compared with the OLR group. Our data shows MILR yielded superior post-operative outcomes to OLR, with comparable survival outcomes.