Invariant Nature Research Articles

Quantum Discord and Entanglement of Quasi-Werner States Based on Bipartite Entangled Coherent States

Present work is an attempt to compare quantum discord and quantum entanglement of quasi-Werner states formed with the four bipartite entangled coherent states (ECS) used recently for quantum teleportation of a qubit encoded in superposed coherent state. Out of these, the quasi-Werner states based on maximally ECS due to its invariant nature under local operation is independent of measurement basis and mean photon numbers, while for quasi-Werner states based on non-maximally ECS, it depends upon measurement basis as well as on mean photon number. However, for large mean photon numbers since non-maximally ECS becomes almost maximally entangled therefore dependence of quantum discord for non-maximally ECS based quasi-Werner states on the measurement basis disappears.

Probabilistic Diffusion in Random Network Graphs

In this paper, we consider a random network such that there could be a link between any two nodes in the network with a certain probability (plink). Diffusion is the phenomenon of spreading information throughout the network, starting from one or more initial set of nodes (called the early adopters). Information spreads along the links with a certain probability (pdiff). Diffusion happens in rounds with the first round involving the early adopters. The nodes that receive the information for the first time are said to be covered and become candidates for diffusion in the subsequent round. Diffusion continues until all the nodes in the network have received the information (successful diffusion) or there are no more candidate nodes to spread the information but one or more nodes are yet to receive the information (diffusion failure). On the basis of exhaustive simulations conducted in this paper, we observe that for a given plink and pdiff values, the fraction of successful diffusion attempts does not appreciably change with increase in the number of early adopters; whereas, the average number of rounds per successful diffusion attempt decreases with increase in the number of early adopters. The invariant nature of the fraction of successful diffusion attempts with increase in the number of early adopters for a random network (for fixed plink and pdiff values) is an interesting and noteworthy observation (for further research) and it has not been hitherto reported in the literature.

Topology-defined units in numerosity perception

What is a number? The number sense hypothesis suggests that numerosity is "a primary visual property" like color, contrast, or orientation. However, exactly what attribute of a stimulus is the primary visual property and determines numbers in the number sense? To verify the invariant nature of numerosity perception, we manipulated the numbers of items connected/enclosed in arbitrary and irregular forms while controlling for low-level features (e.g., orientation, color, and size). Subjects performed discrimination, estimation, and equality judgment tasks in a wide range of presentation durations and across small and large numbers. Results consistently show that connecting/enclosing items led to robust numerosity underestimation, with the extent of underestimation increasing monotonically with the number of connected/enclosed items. In contrast, grouping based on color similarity had no effect on numerosity judgment. We propose that numbers or the primitive units counted in numerosity perception are influenced by topological invariants, such as connectivity and the inside/outside relationship. Beyond the behavioral measures, neural tuning curves to numerosity in the intraparietal sulcus were obtained using functional MRI adaptation, and the tuning curves showed that numbers represented in the intraparietal sulcus were strongly influenced by topology.

Image Forgery Detection using Multi Scale Entropy Filter and Local Phase Quantization

Image fusion is a popular application of image processing which performs merging of two or more images into one. The merged image is of improved visual quality and carries more information content. The present work introduces a new image fusion method in complex wavelet domain. The proposed fusion rule is based on a level dependent threshold, where absolute difference of a wavelet coefficient from the threshold value is taken as fusion criteria. This absolute difference represents variation in the image intensity that resembles the salient features of image. Hence, for fusion, the coefficients that are far from threshold value are being selected. The motivation behind using dual tree complex wavelet transform is due to failure of real valued wavelet transform in many aspects. Good directional selectivity, availability of phase information and approximate shift invariant nature of dual tree complex wavelet transform make it suitable for image fusion and help to produce a high quality fused image. To prove the strength of the proposed method, it has been compared with several spatial, pyramidal, wavelet and new generation wavelet based fusion methods. The experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms all the other state-of- the-art methods visually as well quantitatively as in terms of standard deviation, mutual information, edge strength, fusion factor, sharpness and average gradient.

The shadow nature of positive and twisted quandle invariants of knots

Quandle cocycle invariants form a powerful and well-developed tool in knot theory. This paper treats their variations — namely, positive and twisted quandle cocycle invariants, and shadow invariants. We interpret the former as particular cases of the latter. As an application, several constructions from the shadow world are extended to the positive and twisted cases. Another application is a sharpening of twisted quandle cocycle invariants for multi-component links.

Dispersion relation equation preserving FDTD method for nonlinear cubic Schrödinger equation

In this study we aim to solve the cubic nonlinear Schrödinger (CNLS) equation by the method of fractional steps. Over a time step from tn to tn+1, the linear part of the Schrödinger equation is solved firstly through four time integration steps. In this part of the simulation, the explicit symplectic scheme of fourth order accuracy is adopted to approximate the time derivative term. The second-order spatial derivative term in the linear Schrödinger equation is approximated by centered scheme. The resulting symplectic and space centered difference scheme renders an optimized numerical dispersion relation equation. In the second part of the simulation, the solution of the nonlinear equation is computed exactly thanks to the embedded invariant nature within each time increment. The proposed semi-discretized difference scheme underlying the modified equation analysis of second kind and the method of dispersion error minimization has been assessed in terms of the spatial modified wavenumber or the temporal angular frequency resolution. Several problems have been solved to show that application of this new finite difference scheme for the calculation of one- and two-dimensional Schrödinger equations can deemed conserve Hamiltonian quantities and preserve dispersion relation equation (DRE).

Structural, electronic and elastic properties of the cubic CaTiO3 under pressure: A DFT study

Using highly accurate FP-LAPW method with GGA approximation structural, electronic and elastic properties of cubic CaTiO3 have been calculated from 0-120 GPa range of pressure. It is observed that lattice constant, bond length and anisotropy factor decrease with increase in pressure. Also the brittle nature and indirect band-gap of the compound become ductile and direct band-gap respectively at 120 GPa. Moduli of elasticity, density of the material, Debye temperature and wave elastic wave velocities increase with increase in pressure. Spin dependent DOS’s plots show invariant anti-ferromagnetic nature of the compound under pressure. Our calculated results are in good agreement with available theoretical and experimental results.

Inductive theorem proving based on tree grammars

Induction plays a key role in reasoning in many areas of mathematics and computer science. A central problem in the automation of proof by induction is the non-analytic nature of induction invariants. In this paper we present an algorithm for proving universal statements by induction that separates this problem into two phases. The first phase consists of a structural analysis of witness terms of instances of the universal statement. The result of such an analysis is a tree grammar which induces a quantifier-free unification problem which is solved in the second phase. Each solution to this problem is an induction invariant. The arguments and techniques used in this paper heavily exploit a correspondence between tree grammars and proofs already applied successfully to the generation of non-analytic cuts in the setting of pure first-order logic.

Thermodynamic Parameters and their Dependence on Temperature in the Range 298–353 K for Ethoxylated Sorbitan Ester Tween 20, 40, 60 and 80 Surfactants

AbstractThermodynamic parameters of liquid ethoxylated sorbitan ester (Tween 20, 40, 60 and 80) surfactants have been evaluated. For the estimation of these parameters, molar volumes (V) and volume expansion coefficients (α) at different temperatures are employed. These dilatometric studies are predominantly directed towards the establishment of the invariant nature of Sharma's parameter (S0). The S0 and all other parameters values are used to discuss and throw light on the internal structure, molecular order, molecular packing, molecular movement and intermolecular interactions.

Occurrence of Escape Favoring Mutations in The Targets of 2F5 and 4E10 Antibodies of HIVgp41 : A Metadata Analysis

Objective The preventive vaccine for HIV has been an unachieved goal and the increasing prevalence burdens the field of medicine for the last three decades. The challenge is due to the substantial overall sequence variability that is found across the genome of HIV- 1. Here a retrospection has been done to investigate the degree of conservation in the targets of the 2F5 and 4E10 neutralizing antibodies. The 6 and 7 amino acid long epitopes of the neutralizing antibodies are embedded in the MPER (Membrane Proximal External Region) of the HIV-1 glycoprotein 41. Methods HIV-1 gp 41 nucleotide sequences reported from different parts of the world were collected as fasta sequences on a random basis. The sequences were aligned and investigated for mutations found in the epitopes targeted by the 2F5 and 4E10 neutralizing antibodies. Results Substitutions and deletions almost in all the residues were found. The mutations that were found in each of the residue can critically affect the affinity of the neutralizing antibodies. The occurrence of these mutations in the critical residues in combination with the neighboring residues may offer a survival advantage for the virus to escape from these circulating neutralizing antibodies. This invariant nature which is substantiated earlier has been diverging over the years. Conclusion The mutations can crucially alter the dynamicity and the reactivity of the 2F5 and 4E10 antibodies directed to the putative vaccine targets. This confers the fact that these targets may be less appropriate a candidate for a vaccine. The infidel reverse transcriptase that copies these ‘selfish’ survivable mutants is characteristically favoring the virus to make progeny which can escape the surveillance by these neutralizing antibodies. Hence, due to the observed trend in the lack of conservation, it becomes necessary to search for better candidates for a stronger immune response that promises success in vaccine strategies.

Special Aspects of Specialist Training for Military Industrial Complex (Incentives Conception Integral Quality Indicator and Practical Recommendations)

The paper studies special concepts of so-called mentally structured approach to training the elite specialists of technical profile to be employed by the military industrial complex (MIC). Training of MIC-oriented specialists concerns specialties related to its special status of a dual technology “industrial locomotive”. This, in turn, requires specialized teaching aids, which in their harmonized body are capable to provide training the generalists (multi-discipline specialists) to meet a number of specific requirements imposed by this status. One of the features of mentally structured approach that provides the maximum efficiency of training the MIC technical elite is a conceptual statement that it is not only a user or a student (the subjects of the cognitive process) who needs to be fitted in the specialty content of a particular subject matter. The syllabus itself (i.e. the objects of a subject matter) also needs to be finetuned or adapted to psychophysiological capabilities of users (students) in accordance with entitative functioning principles of memory and thinking. In other words, the concept of mentally structured presentation of information materials is that they should not be a projection of subject matter logics only, but also a projection of logics of mental (psychophysiological) capability of users or students being subjects of cognitive process. Stated differently, the bridge needs to be built from two harmoniously augmenting each other sides, both from the side of human mental capabilities and from the side of content complexity of the subject matter studied. For this purpose, a special analysis of the operation aspects of the human brain functional systems has been conducted. It was found that functional asymmetry of cerebral hemyspheres has a fractal-quantum logical structure for processing information arriving at the brain input. Dextrocerebral structural components form, primarily, a logical structure of so-called mental fractals. Mental fractals are semantic frameworks or functional-behavioral frames which repeat themselves on various levels of mental activity being loosely connected to particularities of subject matter. Mental fractals in the essence of their content have subject invariant or intransitive nature and in their majority correspond to what definition. At the same time, sinistrocerebral structural components form, primarily, a logical structure of strictly subject-oriented content which correspond to how definition. It was also found that in order to increase the efficiency of perception and processing of the information flow arriving at the input of the brain it is expedient to present educational texts of subject oriented content filling subject-invariant fractals or semantic frameworks in quantum form. In other words, educational texts should be split into so-called info-quantums, parameters of which should be appropriate in their scale to informative characteristics of psycho-quantums inherent to various kinds of memory or associated cogitation mechanisms. Within this framework, the content of the studied subject matter (learning discipline) or information obtained (from internet, for example) has been already considered not only as a source of strictly professional knowledge and skills a specialist needs, but also as the specialized methodological aids that purposefully form students' ability to think literally (using objective laws of memory and cogitation). The latter, in turn, enables us to process information arriving at the input of the brain with maximum efficiency from the standpoint of its expected final result or given objective function.

Reduced-order model for the analysis of mass transfer enhancement in membrane channel using electro-osmosis

Flow control has the potential to mitigate concentration polarization and fouling in membrane systems by enhancing mixing near the membrane surface. Although Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling has been used to study the effect of externally induced unsteady flow on mass transfer enhancement, the analysis based on CFD results is computationally expensive and cannot be performed systematically. Existing systematic approaches to quantify mixing enhancement only consider hydrodynamics but not the direct effect on mass transfer improvement, due to the difficulties caused by the non-spatially invariant nature of the mass transfer phenomenon. This paper presents a reduced-order model that combines the discretized mass transfer and linearized Navier–Stokes partial differential equations. The proposed model can be used to simulate and systematically analyze mass transfer enhancement caused by the flow induced by a pair of electrodes. When the Reynolds number and temporal frequency of the external field are low (Re<2000), the effect of a forced wall slip velocity on the overall flow profile in a 2D channel can be approximated by its instantaneous component. This allows mass transfer enhancement to be analyzed explicitly using a discretized mass transfer equation. The results predicted by the reduced-order model are in good agreement with CFD simulations. The benefit of the proposed reduced-order model is demonstrated by the frequency response analysis to identify the temporal frequency that has the maximum effect on mass transfer enhancement.

Dental Bio-metrics as Human Personal Identifier using Pixel Neighborhood Segmentation Techniques

ntal Biometrics has emerged as vital bio-metric information of human being on account of its stability and invariant nature and of course uniqueness. The presented work shows the dental unique feature set that may be used for claiming of the human personal identity using dental radiograph (x-ray graph).. The complete jaw is divided into four parts: left and right upper jaws, left and right lower jaws. Unique feature set includes number of teeth in each portion, maximum and minimum size in each portion, area and perimeter of each tooth in each portion and information regarding missing teeth in any of the portion. Later on, a database of features along with person under scanner profile is maintained for retrieval purposes.

Modulated–demodulated control: Q control of an AFM microcantilever

We outline the application of modulated–demodulated control to the quality (Q) factor control of an atomic force microscope microcantilever. We review the modulated–demodulated control technique, emphasize its linear time invariant nature and develop state space representations of the controller for design and analysis. The modulated–demodulated controller can be configured as both positive position feedback (PPF) and resonant controllers, which are effective in the control of negative imaginary systems. Negative imaginary systems theory has important application in the control of collocated mechanical systems and we briefly summarize the key relevant results. A high-frequency, tunable modulated–demodulated controller, designed specifically for MHz operation, was developed for experimental validation. The modulated–demodulated controller enables the use of a low-bandwidth baseband controller in the configuration of a high-bandwidth controller, thus simplifying the implementation of high-bandwidth controllers. We outline the controller characterization and demonstrate closed-loop control of a Bruker DMASP microcantilever. We also present AFM images highlighting the improvements in scan speed and image quality achieved as a result of Q control. Modulated–demodulated control appears well suited to the control of high-frequency resonant dynamics. In addition to high-speed atomic force microscopy, we believe this control technique may find applications in high-frequency microelectromechanical systems (MEMS).

Molecular characterisation of paraflagellar rod protein gene (PFR) of Trypanosoma evansi

Paraflagellar rod (PFR), the major constituent proteins of flagellum, is restricted to kinetoplastids, euglenoids and dinoflagellates. Owing to their strategic location and invariable nature the proteins are considered as prospective vaccine targets. The present communication reports molecular cloning of the coding sequences of PFR1 and PFR2 genes, the two important constituent proteins of PFR of Trypanosoma evansi, Izatnagar isolate. The cloned nucleotide sequence of PFR1 revealed 99.8% sequence homology between the Izatnagar and China isolates with a single nucleotide change at position 867 bp of PFR1 open reading frame (ORF). The nucleotide sequencing data also revealed 99.8, 82.1, 79.9 and 72.9% sequence homology with Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania infantum and Crithidia daenei, respectively. The cloned nucleotide sequence of PFR2 gene revealed 99.9% sequence homology between the Izatnagar and China isolates with a single nucleotide change at position 928 bp of PFR2 ORF of Izatnagar isolate. The PFR2 nucleotide sequence also showed 99.9, 82.4, 75.3 and 74.8% sequence homology with the published sequence of T. brucei, T. cruzi, L. infantum and C. fasciculata, respectively. The conserved nature of various PFR genes present in kinetoplastids could be exploited for development of a protective vaccine against multiple Trypanosoma species.

The geometry of special relativity: a concise course by N. Dragon

This book arises from several years of the author’s teaching special relativity; it gives an interesting, if idiosyncratic, overview of the subject. The first chapter sets the scene for the subsequent development, introducing the notion of space-time, ideal clocks and measuring rods, and the invariant nature of the speed of light. This is used to give a pictorial explanation of simultaneity, and how observers in relativemotionwill therefore disagree not only about whether two distinct events take place at the same place, but also whether they take place at the same time. This geometric and pictorial approach is developed in the next chapter in a rather sophisticated version of Bondi’s k-calculus. Using only elementary geometrical ideas and symmetry assumptions the standard kinematical results of special relativity are obtained: composition of velocities, time dilation and length contraction, the Doppler effect, and the standard (non-)paradoxes of the twins and the pole-in-barn (here, carin-garage) are given a clear and careful development. The discussion is also extended to the full four dimensional space-time, not confined to the two dimensional case. Chapter three builds on this by finding the relationship between inertial coordinate systems: the Lorentz transformation. With the Lorentz transformation in hand, one can now consider what a moving object actually looks like to a stationary observer. A particularly nice example is the argument in terms of aberration that a moving sphere presents a circular appearance to a stationary observer. This chapter is rounded off by the introduction of the dynamical quantities of energy and momentum. Up to this point, the arguments have used little, if any, mathematics beyond what might be met in high school, or the early part of the undergraduate curriculum of a

El intervalo estrecho de la depredación percibida – una investigación con 19 grupos

This paper rests largely on the works of ---- (1999 to 2012). It argues that the phenomenon of perceived predation as a functional behavioural phenomenon is subjected within certain limits, a finding based on studies performed on 19 different groups spread over a four-year span. It also finds a constant of k = 1.3 which reflects the invariant nature of perceived predation. These findings add to the theory of financial predation which stipulates that financial predators operate below the limits of detection on the part of their customers (and of market regulators). They are experts at minimizing the perception that clients could have that they are after their money, causing them financial harm, by surprise (perceived predation). Understanding the narrow range in which financial predators operate is setting the grounds to offer better protection to investors and to implementing better control and punitive measures.

Inflammation: Mechanisms, Costs, and Natural Variation

Inflammation is a pervasive phenomenon that operates during severe perturbations of homeostasis, such as infection, injury, and exposure to contaminants, and is triggered by innate immune receptors that recognize pathogens and damaged cells. Among vertebrates, the inflammatory cascade is a complex network of immunological, physiological, and behavioral events that are coordinated by cytokines, immune signaling molecules. Although the molecular basis of inflammation is well studied, its role in mediating the outcome of host-parasite interactions has received minimal attention by ecologists. This review provides a synopsis of vertebrate inflammation, its life-history modulation, and its effects upon host-pathogen dynamics as well as host-commensal microbiota interactions in the gut. What emerges is evidence for phenotypic plasticity of inflammatory responses despite the apparently invariant and redundant nature of the immunoregulatory networks that regulate them.

Plane-wave scattering by a photonic crystal slab: Multipole modal formulation and accuracy

The optical properties of photonic crystal slabs are often simulated with general three-dimensional methods such as finite-difference time-domain. Here we develop a multipole modal method, which is specialized to exploit two symmetries of the photonic crystal slab: the slab's vertically invariant nature allows the field to be expressed in Bloch modes, while the cylindrical inclusions allow the Bloch modes themselves to be expressed in the multipole basis. We find the multipole method to be fast and efficient in finding the Bloch modes, with convergence approaching the numerical accuracy possible. By matching the Bloch modes to plane waves at the top and bottom interfaces of the photonic crystal, the field scattered by the slab is calculated. Values of transmittance and reflectance accurate to 2–3 digits are easily and quickly achieved, whereas 5–6 digits are possible with greater numbers of modes and plane waves in field expansions. Higher accuracy is limited by Gibbs-related phenomena arising from the matching at the interface of necessarily discontinuous Bloch modes to necessarily continuous plane waves. We believe this limit may be present in all modal methods that use Bloch modes to expand the field within the photonic crystal.

Business as usual: the p35 isoform of human CD74 retains function in antigen presentation

Business as usual: the p35 isoform of human CD74 retains function in antigen presentation