Invalid Transfer Research Articles

Hierarchical long-tailed classification based on multi-granularity knowledge transfer driven by multi-scale feature fusion

Long-tailed learning is attracting increasing attention due to the unbalanced distributions of real-world data. The aim is to train well-performing depth models. Traditional knowledge transfer methods for long-tailed learning are classified into feature-based horizontal knowledge transfer (HKT) and class-based vertical knowledge transfer (VKT). HKT transfers head-to-tail feature knowledge from different classes to improve classification performance when there are few tail classes. However, HKT easily leads to invalid transfer due to the deviation caused by the difference between the knowledge of head and tail classes. Fortunately, the class space has a multi-grained relationship and can form a multi-granularity knowledge graph (MGKG), which can be recast as coarse-grained and fine-grained losses to guide VKT. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical long-tailed classification method based on multi-granularity knowledge transfer (MGKT), which vertically transfers knowledge from coarse- to fine-grained classes. First, we exploit the semantic information of classes to construct an MGKG, which forms an affiliation of fine- and coarse-grained classes. Fine-grained knowledge can inherit coarse-grained knowledge to reduce transfer bias with the help of MGKG. We then propose a multi-scale feature fusion network, which aims to fully mine the rich information of the features to drive MGKT. Experiments show that the proposed model outperforms several state-of-the-art models in classifying long-tailed data. For example, our model performed 4.46% better than the next-best model on the SUN-LT dataset.

Remedial consistency in private law

This article is concerned with the concept of ‘remedial consistency,’ the consistency of remedial rights with primary rights in the sense I explain. I argue that the requirement of remedial consistency has important implications across private law. It suggests that the ‘continuity thesis’ does not provide a justification for the right to compensation for a wrong, and I argue that rights to compensation are not generally based on wrongdoing. I also consider whether the absence of a right to specific performance is consistent with the existence of a duty of performance, and I discuss the need for alternative remedies to be mutually consistent. I also discuss the implications of remedial consistency for the concept of unjust enrichment, and I argue on the basis of remedial consistency for the general availability of proprietary claims for invalid transfers.

Remedial Consistency and Constructive Trust Claims

This article applies the concept of remedial consistency – consistency of a remedial right with a primary right – to the case of proprietary claims in the form of a constructive trust. The article explains how the concept of remedial consistency applies to the trust and to the constructive trust and the difference between breaches of duty and invalid transfers with respect to remedial consistency, and it applies the approach to three types of case: mistaken and unauthorised payments, fiduciary profits, and proprietary rights of cohabiting partners in the family home. It argues that the suggested approach can resolve some longstanding academic controversies and some practical problems in these areas.

A Novel Hybrid-Copy Algorithm for Live Migration of Virtual Machine

Live migration of virtual machines is an important approach for dynamic resource scheduling in cloud environment. The hybrid-copy algorithm is an excellent algorithm that combines the pre-copy algorithm with the post-copy algorithm to remedy the defects of the pre-copy algorithm and the post-copy algorithm. Currently, the hybrid-copy algorithm only copies all memory pages once in advance. In a write-intensive workload, copy memory pages once may be enough. However, more iterative copy rounds can significantly reduce the page faults in a read-intensive workload. In this paper, we propose a new parameter to decide the appropriate time to stop the iterative copy phase based on real-time situation. We use a Markov model to forecast the memory access pattern. Based on the predicted results and the analysis of the actual situation, the memory page transfer order would be adjusted to reduce the invalid transfers. The novel hybrid-copy algorithm is implemented on the Xen platform. The experimental results demonstrate that our mechanism has good performance both on read-intensive workloads and write-intensive workloads.

Testing the stability of transfer functions

In dendroclimatology, testing the stability of transfer functions using cross-calibration verification (CCV) statistics is a common procedure. However, the frequently used statistics reduction of error (RE) and coefficient of efficiency (CE) merely assess the skill of reconstruction for the validation period, which does not necessarily reflect possibly instable regression parameters. Furthermore, the frequently used rigorous threshold of zero which sharply distinguishes between valid and invalid transfer functions is prone to an underestimation of instability. To overcome these drawbacks, we here introduce a new approach – the Bootstrapped Transfer Function Stability test (BTFS). BTFS relies on bootstrapped estimates of the change of model parameters (intercept, slope, and r2) between calibration and verification period as well as the bootstrapped significance of corresponding models. A comparison of BTFS, CCV and a bootstrapped CCV approach (BCCV) applied to 42,000 pseudo-proxy datasets with known properties revealed that BTFS responded more sensitively to instability compared to CCV and BCCV. BTFS performance was significantly affected by sample size (length of calibration period) and noise (explained variance between predictor and predictand). Nevertheless, BTFS performed superior with respect to the detection of instable transfer functions in comparison to CCV.

Procedure for Dealing with Invalid Transfers of Property in Enemy Occupied Countries1

Procedure for Dealing with Invalid Transfers of Property in Enemy Occupied Countries¹

The Position of a Trustee in Bankruptcy with Reference to Invalid Transfers or Liens

The Position of a Trustee in Bankruptcy with Reference to Invalid Transfers or Liens