Invalid Name Research Articles

Hildenbrandia ardreae sp. nov. (Rhodophyta), recorded before as Hildenbrandia dawsonii (nom. inval.)

Four species of the red algal genus Hildenbrandia have been recorded from Pacific Mexico: H. dawsonii reported on the west coast of Baja California and Jalisco; H. occidentalis with one record from the west coast of Baja California; H. prototypus occurring all along the coast, including the Gulf of California; and the most common and abundant species, H. rubra from Pacific Baja California to Oaxaca, in tropical Pacific Mexico. All four species have been studied morphologically and molecularly using representative specimens. The molecular status regarding the phylogenetic position of H. dawsonii in relation to other species is unclear. H. dawsonii nomenclatural status was analyzed, and additional material from the University Herbaria at UC-Berkekley (UC) was reviewed. Hildenbrandia dawsonii is an invalid name because its alleged basionym (Hildenbrandia canariensis var. dawsonii) is invalid. Therefore, a new species is described: Hildenbrandia ardreae sp. nov., selecting a Dawson specimen from Punta Norte, Cedros Island, Baja California, as the holotype. Furthermore, morphological characters, once used as diagnostic at the species level, are considered irrelevant. The new holotype proposed in this study shows the same characteristics stated by F. Ardré in her original publication (1959) and could be a potential source for DNA extraction for comparative studies.

A Lectotype for the Scottish Middle Devonian (Givetian) fish Osteolepis panderi and the historical problems of the genus Osteolepis

In 1860 Pander described a new species of fish from the Givetian of Scotland using the invalid name Osteolepis microlepidotus which was a synonym of Osteolepis macrolepidotus . In 1948 Jarvik published a monograph on this fish giving it the name Osteolepis panderi . However, he did not designate a type specimen or a type locality. This was due to Jarvik's mistake in thinking he had to choose a specimen from one of the specimens used by Pander and being unable to view Pander's collection in Saint Petersburg (then Leningrad) due to World War II and the subsequent Cold War. O. microlepidotus first appeared in print in 1829, but Sedgwick and Murchison's description was inadequate for erecting a species. Shortly after, Agassiz described specimens of O. microlepidotus , which were later shown to be specimens of O. macrolepidotus. Jarvik should have chosen one of the specimens he used as he erected the species O. panderi . After a seven-decade delay NMS G.1903.130.35 in the National Museums of Scotland is chosen as the lectotype from the many specimens used by Jarvik in his description of the species. Skinnet Farm Quarry in Caithness, Scotland is also chosen as type locality for this species.

Intricate Networks in Nomenclature: Cases of Naming in Arthrocaulon, Arthrocnemum, and Salicornia (Amaranthaceae).

The nomenclatural status and typification of the names Arthrocaulon macrostachyum, Salicornia fruticosa, S. fruticosa var. deflexa, S. fruticosa var. glaucescens, S. fruticosa var. intermedia, S. fruticosa var. humilis, S. fruticosa var. pachystachya, S. fruticulosa, S. glauca, S. lignosa, S. macrostachya var. virescens, S. macrostachya var. glaucescens, S. perennis, S. radicans, S. radicans var. caespitosa, S. sarmentosa, S. sempervirens, and S. virginica, as well as an unnamed β-variety of S. fruticosa proposed by A. Bertoloni, are investigated. Concerning A. macrostachyum, we document that the type indicated in literature (G00177362) is not a holotype, and that lectotypification is necessary. A specimen from G (G00687638) is here designated as a lectotype. On the level of variety, Arthrocnemum fruticosum var. macrostachyum is an earlier legitimate name for Salicornia fruticosa var. pachystachya. Furthermore, Piirainen et al. are incorrect when citing Forsskål's "Salicornia" from Alexandria as "S. virginica Forssk."; it is not a new name and should be cited as S. virginica auct. non L., as published in Forsskål's Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica. Like with numerous other parallel cases in Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica, Forsskål's designation of "Salicornia virginica" for an Arabian plant is to be considered a misapplication of the earlier Linnaean name for an American plant. Arthrocnemum glaucum (a nomen illegitimum of Ungern-Sternberg), was listed as type species of Arthrocnemum by the Names in Current Use project; the basionym, Salicornia glauca Delile, is here lectotypified and identified as Arthrocaulon meridionale, published by Ramirez et al. Updated synonymies of Arthrocaulon macrostachyum, A. meridionale, Salicornia fruticosa, and S. perennis are proposed. Salicornia sempervirens is an invalid name according to Art. 36.1a of ICN. No original material was found for S. radicans var. caespitosa. This paper also refer to lecto- or neotypifications on specimens deposited at BM, G, LINN-HS, LY, MPU, NAP, and PAL, and their current taxonomic positions are suggested in a taxonomic part of the paper.

Another cup of Java—An updated checklist of hornworts and liverworts of Java

This represents an update to the 2010 checklist of all hornworts and liverworts reported for Java. The checklist includes i) new information published since 2010, ii) previously overlooked historical literature as well as iii) corrected unintentional mistakes that were published in 2010. We now report that the hornwort and liverwort flora of Java consists of 608 known and accepted species as well as several invalid names that we can not place to any taxon. The updated checklist includes 35 recorded species that are considered dubious and another 157 species are excluded from the flora of Java.

Validation of the names Cavernulicolales, Cavernulicolaceae, Cavernulicola, and Cavernulicola chilensis (Rhodophyta).

A reclassification of Cyanidium chilense under the new genus Cavernulicola was recently proposed together with a new family (Cavernulicolaceae) and a new order (Cavernulicolales). Unfortunately, due to an error in the required citation of the basionym, the name "Cavernulicola chilensis" was invalid and cannot be accepted as the generitype of Cavernulicola. This means that Cavernulicola, Cavernulicolaceae, and Cavernulicolales are likewise invalid names under the provisions of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN, Shenzhen Code). In this contribution, each of these names is validated.

A statistical overview of the research history of the superfamily Buprestoidea (Coleoptera)

A review of selected bibliographic, nomenclatural and taxonomic aspects of the study of Buprestoidea (families Schizopodidae and Buprestoidae) is presented from the Linne‘s time to the recent (1758-2023). All data are represented by diagrams. The number of documented taxonomic publications related to Buprestoidea is 11,629 with the annual largest of 192 publications appearing in 2007. The most prolific author in history is Obenberger with 455 publications. Available genus-group names include 256 invalid names and 777 valid names; the latter consist of 520 generic and 257 subgeneric names. Most genus-group names start with P, C or A and the four oldest valid ones are Buprestis, Trachys, Aphanisticus and Agrilus. Most genus-group names were proposed in 1864 (38 names) and in the period 1918-1937 (170 names). Names of 129 accepted genera or subgenera have invalid names (synonyms). A total of 137 authors contributed to generic-group names with the arithmetic mean 7.5 names per author. A total of 23,389 available species-group names exist in the superfamily Buprestoidea among which 6,551 (28%) are invalid and 16,838 (72%) are valid; the latter consist of 15,921 (94.6%) specific names and 917 (5.4%) subspecific names. The most frequent species-group name is strandi with 80 occurrences. Most species-group names begins with c, s or a. Most frequent species-group name 3-letter prefix is sub- (234 occurrences). The highest number of species-group names was proposed in 1924 (721 names) and in the period 1918-1937 (6,124 names). The global arithmetic mean of currently valid to invalid species-group names per year is 69.8%. A total of 660 authors contributed to the species-group names with the arithmetic mean is 35.4 names per author. Obenberger with 5,395 species-group names is by far the most prolific author. The subfamily Agrilinae has most genera (205, 39.4% of valid genera of Buprestoidea). Two tribes with the largest number of genera are also from subfamily Agrilinae: Coraebini (131 genera) and Agrilini (44 genera). Among 520 accepted genera of Buprestoidea, 71 (13.6%) have subgenera. The superfamily Buprestoidea contains 15,921 accepted species, among which seven belong to the family Schizopodidae and the rest to the family Buprestidae. Almost half (7,282, 45.8%) of all species of Buprestoidea is from the three agriline tribes: Agrilini, Tracheini and Coraebini. The most speciose genus in Buprestoidea, and in the whole of Animalia, is Agrilus (3,431 species), followed by Sphenoptera (1,002). Chrysochroa fulminans (Fabricius, 1787) is the jewel beetle species with the highest number of recognized subspecies (18).

Early Land Plants Today: Index of Liverwort and Hornwort names published 2021−2022

Centralization and standardization of biodiversity data increases accessibility and can lead to the development of checklists and other resources as powerful and important tools for taxonomy and conservation. The publication of new liverwort and hornwort names remains vastly scattered across dozens of journals. Thus we continue the longstanding index series of published names of liverworts and hornworts with 2021 and 2022. The list herein includes the following: six higher taxon names, 15 generic names, 81 infrageneric names, 187 specific names, 32 infraspecific names, three infrageneric autonyms and 13 infraspecific autonyms. Among them are 24 names of fossils as well as six illegitimate and 64 invalid names. Six older names omitted in the earlier indices are included.

In search of lost ergots: phylogenetic re-evaluation of Claviceps species in Japan and their biogeographic patterns revealed

Claviceps (Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales) was erected in 1853, although ergotism had been well-known for a much longer time. By 2000, about 70 taxa had been described in Claviceps, of which eight species and six varieties were based on Japanese type or authentic specimens. Most of these Japanese Claviceps taxa are based on lost specimens or have invalid names, which means many species practically exist only in the scientific literature. The ambiguous identities of these species have hindered taxonomic resolution of the genus Claviceps. Consequently, we sought and collected more than 300 fresh specimens in search of the lost Japanese ergot. Multilocus phylogenetic analyses based on DNA sequences from LSU, TEF-1α, TUB2, Mcm7, and RPB2 revealed the phylogenetic relationships between the Japanese specimens and known Claviceps spp., as well as the presence of biogeographic patterns. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, host range and morphology, we re-evaluated Japanese Claviceps and recognised at least 21 species in Japan. Here we characterised 14 previously described taxa and designated neo-, lecto- and epi-types for C. bothriochloae, C. imperatae, C. litoralis, C. microspora, C. panicoidearum and C. yanagawaensis. Two varieties were elevated to species rank with designated neotypes, i.e. C. agropyri and C. kawatanii. Six new species, C. miscanthicola, C. oplismeni, C. palustris, C. phragmitis, C. sasae and C. tandae were proposed and described.

In search of lost ergots: phylogenetic re-evaluation of Claviceps species in Japan and their biogeographic patterns revealed.

Claviceps (Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales) was erected in 1853, although ergotism had been well-known for a much longer time. By 2000, about 70 taxa had been described in Claviceps, of which eight species and six varieties were based on Japanese type or authentic specimens. Most of these Japanese Claviceps taxa are based on lost specimens or have invalid names, which means many species practically exist only in the scientific literature. The ambiguous identities of these species have hindered taxonomic resolution of the genus Claviceps. Consequently, we sought and collected more than 300 fresh specimens in search of the lost Japanese ergots. Multilocus phylogenetic analyses based on DNA sequences from LSU, TEF-1α, TUB2, Mcm7, and RPB2 revealed the phylogenetic relationships between the Japanese specimens and known Claviceps spp., as well as the presence of biogeographic patterns. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, host range and morphology, we re-evaluated Japanese Claviceps and recognised at least 21 species in Japan. Here we characterised 14 previously described taxa and designated neo-, lecto- and epi-types for C. bothriochloae, C. imperatae, C. litoralis, C. microspora, C. panicoidearum and C. yanagawaensis. Two varieties were elevated to species rank with designated neotypes, i.e. C. agropyri and C. kawatanii. Six new species, C. miscanthicola, C. oplismeni, C. palustris, C. phragmitis, C. sasae and C. tandae were proposed and described. Taxonomic novelties: New species: Claviceps miscanthicola E. Tanaka, Claviceps oplismeni E. Tanaka, Claviceps palustris E. Tanaka, Claviceps phragmitis E. Tanaka, Claviceps sasae E. Tanaka, Claviceps tandae E. Tanaka; New status and combination: Claviceps agropyri (Tanda) E. Tanaka, Claviceps kawatanii (Tanda) E. Tanaka; Typifications (basionyms): Lecto- and epitypification: Claviceps yanagawaensis Togashi; Neotypifications: Claviceps purpurea var. agropyri Tanda, Claviceps bothriochloae Tanda & Y. Muray, Claviceps imperatae Tanda & Kawat., Claviceps microspora var. kawatanii Tanda, Claviceps litoralis Kawat., Claviceps microspora Tanda, Claviceps panicoidearum Tanda & Y. Harada; Resurrection: Claviceps queenslandica Langdon. Citation: Tanaka E, Tanada K, Hosoe T, Shrestha B, Kolařík M, Liu M (2023). In search of lost ergots: phylogenetic re-evaluation of Claviceps species in Japan and their biogeographic patterns revealed. Studies in Mycology 106: 1-39. doi: 10.3114/sim.2022.106.01.

Epitypification of Anplectrum assamicum C.B. Clarke (Melastomataceae), with Nomenclatural Notes

The basionym Anplectrum assamicum C.B. Clarke of Pseudodissochaeta assamica (C.B. Clarke) Nayar was published in 1879. However, it was not validly published as per article 36.1 of International Code of Nomenclature, and continuous use of the invalid name in taxonomy creates more invalid names if transferred to other ranks. The name also warrants epitypification to avoid any ambiguity in the application of names. Herein I designate an epitype and discuss some issues in the lectotypification of the name.

New corticioid taxa in Phanerochaetaceae (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) from East Asia.

The species diversity, taxonomy, and phylogeny of five corticioid genera of Phanerochaetaceae, namely, Hyphodermella, Roseograndinia, Phlebiopsis, Rhizochaete, and Phanerochaete, in East Asia are studied by using the morphological and molecular methods. Phylogenetic analyses were performed separately for the Donkia, Phlebiopsis, Rhizochaete, and Phanerochaete clades based on ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and nrLSU sequence data. In total, seven new species were found, two new combinations are suggested, and a new name is proposed. In the Donkia clade, Hyphodermella sensu stricto was strongly supported with two new lineages, namely H. laevigata and H. tropica, which were recovered. Hyphodermella aurantiaca and H. zixishanensis are members of Roseograndinia, while R. jilinensis is proved to be a later synonym of H. aurantiaca. In the Phlebiopsis clade, P. cana sp. nov. was found on the bamboo from tropical Asia. In the Rhizochaete clade, four new species, R. nakasoneae, R. subradicata, R. terrestris, and R. yunnanensis were recovered based mainly on molecular analyses. In the Phanerochaete clade, P. subsanguinea nom. nov. is proposed to replace Phanerochaete rhizomorpha C.L. Zhao & D.Q. Wang, which is an invalid name because it was published after Phanerochaete rhizomorpha C.C. Chen, Sheng H. Wu & S.H. He, representing another species. Descriptions and illustrations are provided for the new species, and discussions are given for new taxa and names. Identification keys to Hyphodermella species worldwide and Rhizochaete species in China are given separately.

NOVELTIES IN BRAZILIAN BEGONIACEAE VI: Taxonomic notes

As a result of a taxonomic study on Begoniaceae from Brazil, eight taxa are lectotypified. Lectotypes of Begonia bahiensis, B. coccinea, B. echinosepala, B. herbacea var. ellipticifolia, B. juliana, B. leptotricha, B. metallica and B. saxifraga are designated. Begonia attenuata var. herbacea, B. bonitoensis var. intermedia, B. cantareira, B. costello and B. fruticosa var. robusta are confirmed as invalid names.

О фауне комаров-звонцов (Diptera: Chironomidae) Кабардино-Балкарской Республики

The paper provides information on the species composition, distribution, biology of larvae and pupae of «non-blood-sucking mosquitoes» – bell mosquitoes (Chironomidae). The presented data are the result of thirty years of studies of the fauna of aquatic Diptera of the family of mosquitoringers Chironomidae of rivers and streams of Kabardino-Balkaria. Earlier (about 10 years ago), a list of 19 forms and species of chironomids was given (Boreoheptagyia legeri (Goetghebuer), Diamesa insignipes Kieffer, Pagastia sp., Pseudodiamesa gr. branickii, Prodiamesa olivacea (Meigen), Hydrobaenis pilipes (Malloch), Eukiefferiella sp. 1. (mountain species), Eukiefferiella sp. 2. (plain species), Orthocladius rivicola Kieffer, O. rivulorum Kieffer, Crycotopus sp., Brilla flavifrons Johannsen, Brilla modesta Meigen, Tanytarsus sp., Micropsectra recurvata Goetghebuer, Cryptochironomus sp., Chironomus sp. (Ch. riparius), Endochironomus stackelbergi Goetghebuer, Polypedilum sp.). According to them, in addition to information on biology and ecology, were calculated and given individual saprobes indices, allowing assessing the degree of organic pollution of surface waters. The information presented in our article is aimed at supplementing the list of chironomids living in glacial and spring rivers, streams and irrigation channels of Kabardino-Balkaria. In particular, the following 10 species were identified – Polypedilum bicrenatum Kieffer, Prodiamesa rufovittata Goetghebuer, Paratendipes intermedius Chernovskij, Eukiefferiella similis Goetghebuer, Eukiefferiella brehmi Gouin, Eukiefferiella gracei (Edwards) (synonym Eukiefferiella longicalcar Kieff., invalid name), Eukiefferiella bavarica Goetghebuer, Pagastia orientalis (Chernovskij), Krenopelopia sp. and Kiefferulus tendipediformis Goetghebuer. Thus, as of today, 49 species of this group of Diptera have been reliably stopped for the fauna of the ring-tailed mosquitoes.

First record of Amaranthus crassipes subsp. warnockii (I.M.Johnst.) N.Bayón (Amaranthaceae) outside of the Americas, with nomenclatural notes

Background: The genus Amaranthus is taxonomically complex because of its high morphological variability, which led to nomenclatural confusion, misapplication of names and misidentifications. Unfortunately, floristic and taxonomic studies on this genus are still incomplete. A population of Amaranthus crassipes subsp. warnockii was discovered in Monastir Governorate, Tunisia, representing the first record for both the Tunisian and the African floras, as well as the first one outside of its American native distribution area. Objectives: The main aim of the present study was to record Amaranthus crassipes subsp. warnockii (I.M.Johnst.) N.Bayón in Tunisia and Africa for the first time. Morphological characters and ecological data were provided. Clarification about the typification of the names Amaranthus crassipes, A. warnockii and Scleropus amaranthoides was also presented. Methods: The work was based on field surveys, analysis of relevant literature and examination of specimens preserved in the herbaria GH, HAL, P, RO, NY, US and the Herbarium of the Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir (Monastir University). Results: Nomenclatural notes were provided for Schlechtendal’s A. crassipes (lectotype at HAL, designated by Henrickson in 1999 but here corrected according to Art. 9.10 of the ICN); Schrader’s Scleropus amaranthoides [a superfluous and illegitimate name (Arts. 52.1 and 52.2 of the ICN) and regarded as a homotypic synonym of A. crassipes s.str.]; and Moquin-Tandon’s Scleropus amaranthoides [an invalid name (Art. 36.1a of the ICN)]. Conclusion: Amaranthus crassipes subsp. warnockii is an alien species in Tunisia, growing in human-made habitat on clayey and sandy substrates within ruderal vegetation where it can be considered a casual. We hope that in the future continuous monitoring of the population will take place, to verify the possible naturalisation and spread of this taxon in Tunisia. If the latter happens, actions for eradication of the plants are needed.

Elucidating the Colletotrichum spp. diversity responsible for papaya anthracnose in Brazil.

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is among the most important tropical fruits produced in Brazil and is grown in nearly every state. However, several diseases can affect papaya production. Anthracnose stands out among these diseases due to high postharvest yield losses. Previous studies identified Colletotrichum magna (invalid name) and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides causing anthracnose of papaya in Brazil, but species identification was inadequate due to reliance on nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed space (nrITS) and glutamine synthetase (GS) sequences. Thus, the diversity of Colletotrichum spp. causing papaya anthracnose in Brazil may be underestimated. The present study aims to identify the Colletotrichum species associated with papaya anthracnose in Brazil based on broad geographical sampling and multilocus phylogenetic analysis, as well as to assess the prevalence and aggressiveness of the species found. Here, we report C.chrysophilum, C. fructicola, C. gloeosporioides, C. karsti, C. okinawense, C. plurivorum, C. queenslandicum, C. siamense, C. theobromicola, Colletotrichum truncatum causing papaya anthracnose in Brazil. We are also synonymizing Colletotrichum corchorum-capsularis under C.truncatum. Colletotrichum okinawense was the most prevalent species in general and in most sampled locations, and with C.truncatum represents the most aggressive species.

Designation of a lectotype for Helix iuloidea Forbes, 1852 and a history of the citation of the invalid name Helix juloidea for this species by various authors (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Charopidae)

Two syntypes of the mid-east Queensland charopid, Helix iuloidea Forbes, 1852, presumed to be mis-placed, were located by the author in the mollusc collections of the Natural History Museum, London. These specimens had been mistakenly catalogued under the name Helix juloidea. The historical use of H. juloidea in 19th and early 20th century malacological literature is detailed and possible origin of this invalid name is proposed. A lectotype for Helix iuloidea Forbes, 1852 is designated herein.

A comprehensive checklist of the deciduous photinia genus Pourthiaea (Maleae, Rosaceae), with emphasis on their validity and typification.

Due to the complicated evolutionary history in Pourthiaea, ninety-seven taxa have been described since 1784, and ninety-one of them are validly published taxa, five are naked names, and one is an invalid name. After a comprehensive and critical evaluation, 213 names have been published, including new combinations, new status, and new names; this may be due to the controversial taxonomic position of Pourthiaea in the apple tribe, Maleae. We herewith provide a taxonomic checklist of Pourthiaea for further taxonomic and evolutionary studies. We also lectotypify two taxa: Photiniaamphidoxavar.stylosa and P.glabravar.fokienensis.

Kannaphallus leptosomus n. sp. (Monogenea: Heteraxinidae: Cemocotylinae) parasitizing Scyris indica (Carangiformes: Carangidae) from Malaysia.

A new monogenean species, Kannaphallus leptosomus n. sp., from the gills of the diamond trevally, Scyris indica Rüppell, caught off Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia is described with molecular data. The new species differs from other species of the genus by the morphology of the largest clamp, the presence of a penis gun-associated needle, the unarmed genital atrium size, and the presence of two independent vaginal tubes. Previous records of Kannaphallus species were compiled, and four nominal species including one species incertae sedis (K. virilis Unnithan, 1957; K. lateriporis Mamaev, 1988; K. leptosomus n. sp.; and K. mochimae Fuentes Zambrano, 1998 incertae sedis) and two undescribed species recorded as invalid names were listed. Cemocotylelloides carangis Ramalingam, 1969 was considered a junior objective synonym of K. univaginalis Ramalingam, 1960; this species was treated as Cemocotylelloides univaginalis n. comb. In addition, Unnithan's materials including type specimens of K. virilis could not be found in specimen repositories in India, and it appears that the specimens were probably not deposited in any institution or have been subsequently lost. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of 28S rDNA sequences, Heteraxinidae was broadly divided into two clades, and Heteraxininae and Cemocotylinae were shown as polyphyletic groups, respectively.

An update to the 2014 nomenclator of Valvatidae.

This contribution is an update to the 2014 compilation of all supra- and (infra-) specific taxa of extant and fossil Valvatidae, a group of freshwater operculate snails near the base of Heterobranchia with a nearly worldwide distribution. This update includes corrections and many additions (two replacement taxon names, 21 mainly fossil taxa previously overlooked, and 37 invalid names) to the 2014 contribution and adds all newly described species (11) during the past eight years. The extensive reference list is directly linked, where possible, to the available electronic source of the cited papers.

Early Land Plants Today: Index of Liverwort and Hornwort names published 2019–2020

A widely accessible authoritative list of known plant species is a fundamental requirement for local, regional, and global biodiversity conservation efforts. The longstanding index series of published names of liverworts and hornworts continues with 2019 and 2020. The list herein includes one higher taxon name, six generic names, 13 infrageneric names, 124 specific names, 27 infraspecific names, one infrageneric autonym and nine infraspecific autonyms for 2019 and 2020. The list includes 13 names of fossils as well as 13 invalid names. Four older names omitted in the earlier indices are included.