Intuitive Style Research Articles

Creativity and tolerance for uncertainty predict the engagement of emotional intelligence in personal decision making

Psychological regulation of choice is closely related to the processes involved in overcoming uncertainty via determination of goals, choice criteria, personal values, and so forth. Choice is frequently described as an act that is not determined but rather one that involves the online development of regulation processes while choices are being made. These emergent regulation systems, in turn, utilize and realize both intellectual and personal abilities available to the subject.We previously showed that multiple components are actively involved in the personal choice and decision-making processes. Specifically, we focused motivation (the least conscious level of regulation), implicit theories (partly conscious components), risk preparedness and rationality traits, intuitive style, reflectiveness, self-efficacy, and self-esteem (as a component of self-consciousness) (see Kornilova, Chumakova, Kornilov, & Novikova, 2010, for a review).Evidence also points to the important roles played by psychometric intelligence and tolerance for uncertainty in the context of psychological choice (Kornilova & Novikova, 2011). Although intelligence has been studied as a higher-order latent trait for decades, the latent-trait status of the tolerance for uncertainty has been demonstrated only recently (Kornilova, 2010b). The conceptualization of choice as being underspecified by external conditions or preexisting knowledge bases and biases and thus requiring the formation of certain (or new formations) in the process is best captured by the notion of productive solutions.In a series of experimental studies, Kornilova and her team showed that static snapshots of the overall patterns of the relationships among various predictors of choice (viewed as a dispositional characteristic) might not be sufficient to explain the integral regulation of choice under uncertainty. They found that individual differences in the personal regulation of choice are better explained via the inclusion of dynamic regulative systems (DRSes) that form in the process of functional development. In addition, various levels of procedural regulation included in DRSes work jointly rather than independently. One of the key assumptions of the DRS approach is that it is difficult to determine the leading level of regulation and the specific characteristics of the regulatory hierarchy of processes for a given person in a given (uncertain) situation.In this study, we examined the regulating role of emotional intelligence (EI) as a constellation of processes involved in DRSes. This research is grounded in the idea of the unity of intelligence and affect developed by L.S. Vygotsky, A.R. Luria, and O.K. Tikhomirov. We believe that the application of the DRS framework to studying EI offers a new perspective the old problem of the unity of intelligence and affect.Historically, several approaches to understanding the relationship between human thought and emotion were proposed. Vygotsky (1999) argued that every human idea contains the relationship of a given individual to the reality around him or her, and this approach was further developed in Vygotsky's work (levels of) transitions to the field of meaning in the process of thought formation (as generated by the motivational sphere of consciousness). Using a wealth of experimental material, the Tikhomirov school has demonstrated that emotion precedes actual decision making in the temporal structure of cognitive processing (Tikhomirov, 1984). Such emotional anticipation not only precedes verbally-mediated choice but also changes the orientation of intellectual strategies. Crucially, Tikhomirov's approach distinguishes between more and less creative cognitive processes depending the extent to which novelties are expressed in them. Such novelties represent the productive components of decision making and may appear both on the side of the subject as well as on the side of the object (e. …

The PreferenSort

We present the PreferenSort, a career counseling instrument that derives counselees’ vocational interests from their preferences among occupational titles. The PreferenSort allows for a holistic decision process, while taking into account the full complexity of occupations and encouraging deliberation about one’s preferences and acceptable trade-offs. We describe three validation tests: (a) comparing the vocational interests derived by the PreferenSort to those accumulated using Holland’s Self-Directed Search (construct validity); (b) exploring the relations between the participants’ derived interests and their field of study (concurrent validity); and (c) the degree of improvement in the prediction of the participants’ field of study in the derived over the accumulated vocational interests (incremental validity). As hypothesized, by allowing for a holistic decision process, the PreferenSort explains the vocational interests of intuitive individuals better. These findings provide evidence that the PreferenSort is important as a supplementary counseling tool for individuals with an intuitive decision style—people who currently lack self-help counseling instruments.

The Impact of Entrepreneurial Cognition on the Founding and Survival of New Small Businesses

This paper reports on an investigation into nascent entrepreneurship. Developing and sustaining a new business is a complex and uncertain process, and different types of individuals react to this uncertainty in different ways. It is argued that cognitive factors play a crucial role. Validated and reliable psychometric instruments were administered to 119 nascent entrepreneurs in the UK. The respondents were tracked through the nascent phase, business launch and to six months after launch. The findings indicate that cognitive style is not a predictor of nascent entrepreneurship but that it is highly influential in the process of founding a business. Both intuitive and analytic nascent entrepreneurs started businesses and cognitive style did not affect survival rates, but the process of business formation and survival developed in different ways. Most research to date has argued that an intuitive cognitive style is associated with the necessary characteristics for launching an entrepreneurial venture. It is possible that this conclusion has been drawn because most studies have been conducted among existing entrepreneurs. The findings of the present study indicate that, at the nascent stage of entrepreneurship, and particularly among inexperienced nascent entrepreneurs, this assertion is open to challenge. An awareness of an entrepreneur's cognitive style may assist those who seek to support and advise the nascent entrepreneur, but may also help individual entrepreneurs to recognize their strengths and weaknesses and, so, to develop appropriate strategies for business launch and survival.

The Failure of Progressive Classroom Reform: Lessons from the Curriculum Reform Implementation Project in Papua New Guinea

Progressive education has been an article of educational faith in Papua New Guinea during the last 50 years but the best available evidence indicates that major reforms to formalistic curriculum and teaching in primary and secondary classrooms have failed during this period despite large-scale professional, administrative and financial support. In particular, project evaluations from AusAID's 2000–06 Curriculum Reform Implementation Project (CRIP) were unaware historically and culturally. They provide no compelling evidence that CRIP's progressive curriculum reform had the intended classroom effects. Official evaluations predominantly attribute CRIP's failure to change teaching styles to technical input issues. More fundamentally, CRIP was embedded in the ‘progressive education fallacy’—confusing the teaching process (enquiry learning) with the educational product (enquiry skills). One result was inappropriate efforts to reform teacher-centred classroom methods. The opportunity was lost to develop a culturally intuitive formalistic teaching style, rather than trying unproductively to have teachers adopt counter-intuitive progressive methods. In PNG, as in many other contexts, the lessons learned from CRIP include a need to treat formalism as a deep-rooted cultural behaviour capable of adaptation and of performing important educational functions now and in the foreseeable future.

Principalship in an Indonesian school context: can principal decision-making styles significantly predict teacher job satisfaction?

This paper examines relationships between teacher-perceived principal decision-making styles and teacher job satisfaction in schools in Lampung Province, Indonesia. We use the General Decision-making Style instrument, the Job Satisfaction Survey and a demographic questionnaire developed for this study. Our findings show that: 12 out of the 15 relationships tested were significant; rational, intuitive, dependent and avoidant decision-making styles were significant predictors of teacher job satisfaction; and these are still significant predictors after the possible effects of gender, marital status, teacher certification and school location are controlled for.

Intuitiveness and Creativity in Groups: Cross-Level Interactions Between Group Conflict and Individual Cognitive Styles

In this study, we introduced a multilevel perspective in order to identify a group contextual factor that moderates the relationship between cognitive style and creativity. Multilevel analyses of data collected from 306 employees from 50 organizational teams revealed that task conflict had beneficial effects on the creativity of intuitive individuals, but detrimental effects on the creativity of systematic individuals. In contrast, relationship conflict offered a positive context for the systematic cognitive style with regard to individual creativity, but it dissipated the positive effect of intuitive style on creativity. To date cognitive style and conflict literature has been focused on either individual or group-level analysis. In our study we have bridged this gap and our findings have highlighted the context-dependent nature of the cognitive style-creativity relationship.

An intuitive style control technique in HMM-based expressive speech synthesis using subjective style intensity and multiple-regression global variance model

To control intuitively the intensities of emotional expressions and speaking styles for synthetic speech, we introduce subjective style intensities and multiple-regression global variance (MRGV) models into hidden Markov model (HMM)-based expressive speech synthesis. A problem in the conventional parametric style modeling and style control techniques is that the intensities of styles appearing in synthetic speech strongly depend on the training data. To alleviate this problem, the proposed technique explicitly takes into account subjective style intensities perceived for respective training utterances using multiple-regression hidden semi-Markov models (MRHSMMs). As a result, synthetic speech becomes less sensitive to the variation of style expressivity existing in the training data. Another problem is that the synthetic speech generally suffers from the over-smoothing effect of model parameters in the model training, so the variance of the generated speech parameter trajectory becomes smaller than that of the natural speech. To alleviate this problem for the case of style control, we extend the conventional variance compensation method based on a GV model for a single-style speech to the case of multiple styles with variable style intensities by deriving the MRGV modeling. The objective and subjective experimental results show that these two techniques significantly enhance the intuitive style control of synthetic speech, which is essential for the speech synthesis system to communicate para-linguistic information correctly to the listeners.

Fine Distinctions within Cognitive Style Predict Forecasting Accuracy

Leveraging data from over 1,000 users in the System for Prediction, Aggregation, Display and Elicitation (SPADE) research program, we present preliminary data on the factor structure of individual variation in decision making ability and the associations of this variance with errors in cognitive reasoning and accuracy in making socio-political forecasts. Generally, prior research has identified two factors, or styles—intuitive and analytic—that account for significant variance in how individuals reach solutions to complex numerical and logical problems. Though sometimes named differently across research programs, an intuitive style is a tendency to use instincts, experiential knowledge, and intuition to solve problems, where an analytic style is a tendency to apply formal logic, methods of inquiry and theory to confront problems. Within a large research sample, factor analytic techniques define finer distinctions among these styles. In particular, we find distinctions within the analytical style, such that certain measures of analytic style (REI; Norris, Pacini, & Epstein, 1998) capture variance related to tendencies to express a deep interest in complex problem solving and openness to new information. In contrast, other measures (CSI; Allinson et al., 1996) capture variance related to tendencies to solve problems that are driven by a need for closure and conscientiousness. Subsequent correlation analysis suggests that the latter tendency covaries with susceptibility to commit errors in logical reasoning and poor performance on socio-economic forecasts elicited through the iSPADE system. Future work will clarify the relationship between cognitive styles and errors in reasoning and forecasting behavior through multi-level modeling techniques.

Étude des styles d’apprentissage des étudiants de la faculté de médecine de Sousse, Tunisie

Context: Learning style appears to play a significant role in choosing a successful learning approach. The teachers’ role is to identify and adapt the teaching techniques to their student’s styles. Goal: Describing the learning styles of medical students at the faculty of medicine of Sousse (Tunisia). Subjects and methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among five cohorts of students from the faculty of medicine of Sousse during Article publie par EDP Sciences 204 M. El Ghardallou et al. the 2009-2010 academic year. The ISALEM-97 test developed by the University of Liege was used. It divided individual learning styles into four types.Results:On a total of 1.043 students, 856 took part in the study (overall response 82%). The intuitive pragmatic learning style was prevalent in 40% of cases, followed by the methodical pragmatic style in 28% of cases. The transformation dimension of the experience varied significantly depending on gender. The factorial analysis of the main components confirms the two-dimensional structure of the ISALEM-97 test. The Cronbach coefficient was ≥ 0.72.Conclusion: Students of the faculty of medicine of Sousse have a more intuitive pragmatic learning style: they use intuition to grasp concepts and tend to apply it in new experiences to resolve problems. The profile does not change over the length of medical studies but varies slightly depending on gender.

Intuition in Crisis Management: Cognitive styles, processing and performance

The purpose of this study was to test an integrated model of intuitive and analytic cognitive style, degree of expertise, intuitive processing, and task performance in a simulated crisis management environment. We found that intuitive processing was predicted by interactions of intuitive cognitive style and both analytic cognitive style and level of expertise. Furthermore, the relationship between the interaction of analytic and intuitive cognitive style and task performance was mediated by intuitive processing. There was no relationship between the interaction of expertise and intuitive cognitive style and task performance. Our results contribute to the understanding of how intuitive and analytic cognitive style, and degree of expertise, may affect intuitive processing and task performance in crisis management.

The separate roles of the reflective mind and involuntary inhibitory control in gatekeeping paranormal beliefs and the underlying intuitive confusions

Intuitive thinking is known to predict paranormal beliefs, but the processes underlying this relationship, and the role of other thinking dispositions, have remained unclear. Study 1 showed that while an intuitive style increased and a reflective disposition counteracted paranormal beliefs, the ontological confusions suggested to underlie paranormal beliefs were predicted by individual differences in involuntary inhibitory processes. When the reasoning system was subjected to cognitive load, the ontological confusions increased, lost their relationship with paranormal beliefs, and their relationship with weaker inhibition was strongly accentuated. These findings support the argument that the confusions are mainly intuitive and that they therefore are most discernible under conditions in which inhibition is impaired, that is, when thinking is dominated by intuitive processing. Study 2 replicated the findings on intuitive and reflective thinking and paranormal beliefs. In Study 2, ontological confusions were also related to the same thinking styles as paranormal beliefs. The results support a model in which both intuitive and non-reflective thinking styles and involuntary inhibitory processes give way to embracing culturally acquired paranormal beliefs.

Education at the edge of chaos

When things become complex and uncertain it is harder to predict the outcome of interventions. This simple truth is embedded in complex adaptive systems theory, based on chaos theory. Innes, Campion and Griffiths1 describe how this applies to consultations, where medical or social complexity can push a consultation to the edge of chaos. These challenging consultations have unpredictable outcomes and this carries risks such as upsetting the doctor-patient relationship or bringing up issues that either the doctor or patient did not wish to discuss. Sweeney2 discussed these principles further and describes their importance in understanding what we call evidence-based practice and research. In this article I will discuss the application of complex adaptive change theory to medical education using a teaching trip to Libya as an example. Complex consultations are difficult and exhausting for the doctor. One can try to simplify the patient's long interdependent agenda and focus on ‘the most important thing’ for the patient to drag the consultation back to a simpler linear logic style where a traditional biomedical model is appropriate, but often the patient will thwart such an approach with comments like ‘but it's everything doctor’. Alternatively one can adopt a more intuitive style and hold all the issues at once, like juggling plates, while a plan emerges that meets the complexity. This non-linear intuitive approach to consulting is less objective, less to do with ‘evidence base’, and carries a risk of getting it wrong as the outcomes are unpredictable. However often a transformational step change will occur in such consultations. GPs in the Balint tradition will recognise this as being similar to ‘the flash’.3 If ones takes such …

Differences in cognitive style, emotional processing, and ideology as crucial variables in understanding meaning making

Neuroscientifically specifying the hypotheses of Hume, Marx, Freud, and others on the motivational sources of religion, the authors present an important case for religiosity as an anti-anxiety device to buffer against feelings of diminished certainty, order, control, and knowledge (stipulated components of meaning). The general evidence for this hypothesis is data showing a reduction in a previously wellcharacterized error-related neuronal response in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) among religious persons. The authors’ interpretation of these effects as a marker of religion’s inherent anxiolytic influence is an intriguing one. In addition to the paper’s focus on degrees of general reactivity to perceived threats to certainty, order, control, and knowledge, we feel it would also be very interesting to consider the ways in which this conflict/uncertainty is resolved across individuals. Specifically, we suggest that individuals who rely differentially on fast/automatic/intuitive versus slow/controlled/ reflective reasoning (Evans, 2003; Sloman, 1996) will arrive at different solutions when encountering the same questions of meaning making. Tasks like the Stroop (used by the authors) are very useful for examining one’s reactivity at the onset of an error. Examining how people choose to resolve these uncertainties, however, is more challenging in tasks where two responses (correct and incorrect) are quickly available, and furthermore, the presence of incongruence is known from the outset. A task in which one response (the incorrect one) is more readily available to all participants while another response (the correct one) requires acknowledging that the fast/automatic/intuitive choice was wrong and reflecting further, we believe, can provide a more powerful measure of an individual’s preference for different kinds of solutions. Using a task with exactly these properties (Cognitive Reflection Test; Frederick, 2005), Shenhav, Rand, and Greene (2011) recently showed that individual differences in the tendency to rely on intuition versus reflection influences belief in God. Intuitive style predicted stronger present belief in God and having strengthened belief in God since childhood (but not family religiosity during childhood), and these effects were not mediated by education level, income, political orientation, or IQ. Experimentally inducing a mindset that favors intuition over reflection increased immediate reports of belief in God. Given these results, we argue that people eventually become religious at least in part because when surrounded by questions of certainty, order, control, and knowledge, they are not as likely to rely as much on slow/controlled/reflective answers to these questions. These results can supplement the authors’ data on religiosity and error onset (Stroop performance), as the Cognitive Reflection Test helps shed light on the more protracted process of human meaning making. In addition (as the authors speculate), religious individuals may also be more vulnerable to the anxieties that surround these complex questions of meaning making.

Teaching Medical Students About Disability: The Use of Standardized Patients

Standardized patients (SPs), now a mainstay of the undergraduate medical education experience, are beginning to play larger roles in helping students build competencies to better serve patients who have disabilities, in educating students about the lived experiences of persons with disabilities, and in testing students' understanding of disability-related issues. In this article, the authors discuss several U.S. training programs that involve SPs who have disabilities or SPs who do not have disabilities but who portray patients who do. The authors review the goals of each program (e.g., to provide students with opportunities to gain experience with patients with disabilities), describe their commonalities (enhancing students' interview skills) and differences (some programs are educational; some are evaluative), and summarize the evaluative data of each. The authors also explore the benefits and challenges of working with SPs with disabilities and of working with SPs without disabilities. Finally, they consider the practical issues (e.g., recruiting SPs) of developing and implementing such programs.

Interactive region-based linear 3D face models

Linear models, particularly those based on principal component analysis (PCA), have been used successfully on a broad range of human face-related applications. Although PCA models achieve high compression, they have not been widely used for animation in a production environment because their bases lack a semantic interpretation. Their parameters are not an intuitive set for animators to work with. In this paper we present a linear face modelling approach that generalises to unseen data better than the traditional holistic approach while also allowing click-and-drag interaction for animation. Our model is composed of a collection of PCA sub-models that are independently trained but share boundaries. Boundary consistency and user-given constraints are enforced in a soft least mean squares sense to give flexibility to the model while maintaining coherence. Our results show that the region-based model generalises better than its holistic counterpart when describing previously unseen motion capture data from multiple subjects. The decomposition of the face into several regions, which we determine automatically from training data, gives the user localised manipulation control. This feature allows to use the model for face posing and animation in an intuitive style.

The intuitive style: Relationships with local/global and verbal/visual styles, gender, and superstitious reasoning

The study explored various facets of the intuitive style and its relevance to learning and education from a dual-processing perspective, namely how it relates to other style constructs (analytical; visual and verbal; local and global), gender, and superstitious reasoning and how these are likely to impact upon learning in educational and occupational settings. The correlation between the intuitive style and the visual style was statistically significant, while the correlation between the intuitive style and the global style was non-significant. A small main effect of gender on the intuitive style was observed. The correlation between the intuitive style and superstitious reasoning was statistically significant. The six separate measures of styles used in this study have acceptable internal consistencies. A scale-level exploratory factor analysis revealed the relative independence of the intuitive and rational, and local and global scales; the verbal–visual measure was more problematic in this regard. The stereotype of female intuition did not receive strong support; it is recommended that educators be cautious of exhibiting biases in this regard. Consistent with previous research the intuitive style was found to be related to superstitious reasoning and paranormal beliefs and may therefore impact on reasoning and thinking in ways that are at odds with scientific understandings of causality. The implications of these findings for the assessment of styles and their applications are discussed.

The Effects of Previous Negotiators’ Performance, Negotiation Self-Efficacy, Cognitive Style, and Goal Orientation on Negotiators’ Risk Taking

While risk is an integral part of our lives, little is known about the factors that affect risk- taking behaviors in negotiations. To address this deficiency we designed an experiment to examine the effect of information about previous negotiators’ performance, negotiator self-efficacy, negotiator goal orientation, and negotiator cognitive style, upon negotiators’ risk-taking behaviors. We found that negotiators who were given information that past negotiators were roughly divided to two-those who achieved a high outcome and those who achieved a low outcome, took more risks that those who were given information that past negotiators achieved a moderate outcome. We also found that negotiators with lower negotiation self-efficacy, a performance-approach goal orientation, and an intuitive cognitive style, took more risks in the negotiation compared to other negotiators. We hope that this study gives direction for future research in this field that would help scholars to better understand what influences negotiators’ risk taking. The results may also assist negotiators in making better decisions about taking risks in negotiations.

Processes Inherent in Mammography-Screening Decisions of Rarely or Never-Screened Women

Breast cancer is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity. A strong association exists between survival and early detection through regular mammography. Impoverished women underuse this life-saving screening, resulting in a disproportionate cancer burden. The study purpose is to discover the process of rarely or never-screened women's mammography-screening decisions. The sample consists of five rural, low-income, uninsured, and rarely or never-screened women. Grounded theory methodology is used to generate a new theoretical explanation of mammography-screening decision making. Findings include the central conceptual categories, intuitive dominance and intuitive certainty, which contribute toward an intuitive decision-making default. This intuitive thinking style weaves throughout two interrelated categories: (a) scarce, supportive, relational resources for learning and (b) dichotomous health care-seeking behaviors. Implications focus on a nontraditional client assessment whereby nurses can facilitate relational-based knowledge construction. Recommendations for future research include examination of the process of integrating intuition with reasoned thought for more fully informed decisions.

Effects of problem frame and gender on principals’ decision making

Research indicates people’s decisions can sometimes be influenced by seemingly trivial differences in the framing (i.e., wording) of alternative options. The tendency to prefer risk averse options when framed positively and risky options when framed negatively is known as the framing effect. The current study examined the susceptibility of school principals to the framing effect. Additionally, analytical and intuitive decision styles, the degree to which one’s typical goal is to maximize (rather than satisfice), gender, and years of experience as a principal were measured to assess whether they are predictive of principals’ choices, and to test whether they moderate the effects of framing on choice. Seventy-one principals completed six decision problems (framed either positively or negatively) and instruments assessing decision style, typical decision goal, gender, and experience. Analyses demonstrated that principals are influenced by framing. Although the positively and negatively framed versions of the decision problems were objectively identical, negative framing resulted in more risky choices. Additionally, regardless of frame, men made more risky choices than women. There was no evidence that experience, decision style, or the degree to which one’s typical decision goal was to maximize, decreased framing effects. Several potential debiasing strategies are described, and limitations are noted.

Mazerolle, L. and Ransley, J. (2006). THIRD PARTY POLICING

Third Party Policing is a readable and comprehensive review of some of the most prominent literature in policing research, which indeed ‘reaches far beyond criminology into politics and economics’ (preface) in a fluid and intuitive style. Mazerolle and Ransley have succeeded in articulating the development of crime control strategy as it distils in the crucible of the risk era and as such this book is a must-have for academics, policy makers and practitioners alike. The book begins by detailing the many theoretical arguments that frame the authors’ assertion that there has indeed been a transformation, in late modernity, from a monopoly over crime control by the public police to a pluralized policing model characterised by increasing privatization of policing functions, an increase in the burden of crime control borne by private citizens and the increasing polarization of society into victims and offenders. This pluralization, privatization and polarization has led, they...