Intuitive Reactions Research Articles

Findings From A Qualitative Field Study with An Autonomous Robot in Public: Exploration of User Reactions and Conflicts

Soon service robots will be employed in public spaces with frequent human-robot interaction (HRI). To achieve a safe, trustworthy and acceptable HRI, service robots need to be equipped with interaction strategies suitable for the robot, user, and context. To gain realistic insights into the initial user reactions and challenges that arise when a mechanoid, autonomous service robot in public is applied, a field study with three data sources was conducted. In a first step, lay users’ intuitive reactions to a cleaning robot at a train station were observed (N = 344). Second, passersby’s preferences for HRI interaction strategies were explored in interviews (n = 54). As a third step, trust and acceptance of the robot were assessed with questionnaires (n = 32). Identified challenges were social robot navigation in crowded places also applicable to vulnerable passersby, inclusive communication modalities, information of staff and public about the service robot application and the need for conflict resolution strategies to avoid an inefficient robot (e.g., testing behavior, path is blocked). This study provides insights into naive HRI in public and illustrates challenges, provides recommendations supported by literature and highlights aspects for future research to inspire a research agenda in the field of public HRI.

Spot the Miner

Coal mining is an industry that is associated with hard physical labor and harsh mental conditions. Modern artistic projects involving portraits of miners evolve as artists' responses to political and economic changes in the mining industry, which is currently in decline, and place a major focus on miner communities, rather than individual miners. This article presents an overview of relevant selected artistic projects, and supplements them with a small mini-gallery sketched by the author. The mini-gallery viewers have been invited to test their perception of miners based on a series of charcoal portraits representing men and women dressed in mining workwear and everyday clothes. Who in this mini-gallery is a miner, what serves as the basis for the respondents' guesswork, and, overall, how different is today’s perception of miners from those of the past centuries? Three main factors are outlined as potentially relevant for identifying miners: mining workwear, gender, and facial expression. The readers can compare their intuitive reactions with the results from an online experiment, which was presented in Norwegian, Russian, and English and collected 136 responses. Although the presence of mining workwear and male gender still carry a strong association with miners, the results reveal certain differences across Norway, Russia, and the United States. The article is interdisciplinary and combines aspects of art history, social studies and psychology with an artistic project.

Prosocial Gains and Losses: Modulations of Human Social Decision-Making by Loss-Gain Context.

The role of the loss-gain context in human social decision-making remains heavily debated, with mixed evidence showing that losses (vs. gains) boost both selfish and prosocial motivations. Herein, we propose that the loss context, compared to the gain context, exacerbates intuitive reactions in response to the conflict between self-interest and prosocial preferences, regardless of whether those dominant responses are selfish or altruistic. We then synthesize evidence from three lines of research to support the account, which indicates that losses may either enhance or inhibit altruistic behaviors depending on the dominant responses in the employed interactive economic games, prosocial/proself traits, and the explicit engagement of deliberative processes. The current perspective contributes to the ongoing debate on the association between loss-gain context and human prosociality by putting forward a theoretical framework to integrate previous conflicting perspectives.

The Recognition of Excessive blood loss At ChildbirTh (REACT) Study: a two-phase exploratory, sequential mixed methods inquiry using focus groups, interviews and a pilot, randomised crossover study.

To explore how childbirth-related blood loss is evaluated and excessive bleeding recognised; and to develop and test a theory of postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) diagnosis. Two-phase, exploratory, sequential mixed methods design using focus groups, interviews and a pilot, randomised crossover study. Two hospitals in North West England. Women (following vaginal birth with and without PPH), birth partners, midwives and obstetricians. Phase 1 (qualitative): 8 focus groups and 20 one-to-one, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 women, 5 birth partners, 11 obstetricians, 1 obstetric anaesthetist and 19 midwives (n=51). Phase 2 (quantitative): 11 obstetricians and ten midwives (n=21) completed two simulations of fast and slow blood loss using a high-fidelity childbirth simulator. Responses to blood loss were described as automatic, intuitive reactions to the speed, nature and visibility of blood flow. Health professionals reported that quantifying volume was most useful after a PPH diagnosis, to validate intuitive decisions and guide ongoing management. During simulations, PPH treatment was initiated at volumes at or below 200ml (fast mean blood loss 79.6ml, SD 41.1; slow mean blood loss 62.6ml, SD 27.7). All participants treated fast, visible blood loss, but only half treated slow blood loss, despite there being no difference in volumes (difference 18.2ml, 95% CI -5.6 to 42.2ml, P=0.124). Experience and intuition, rather than blood loss volume, inform recognition of excessive blood loss after birth. Women and birth partners want more information and open communication about blood loss. Further research exploring clinical decision-making and how to support it is required. During a PPH, clinical decision-making is intuitive with clinicians treating as soon as excessive loss is recognised.

Why do intuitions differ? Explaining how individual and scenario features influence disgust and moral judgements on GMOs

Moral psychology holds that negative judgements on genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are likely to be intuitive reactions driven by trait disgust without deliberation, which brings difficulty to genetic science communication. Based on two interrelated experiments examining the processes and conditions of individual and scenario features influencing disgust and moral judgement about GMOs, this study aims to identify the different routes through which disgust influences moral judgement about GMOs in the physical and social dimensions. We found that the process of elicited state disgust influencing moral judgement on GMOs is regulated by pathogen disgust sensitivity and moral disgust sensitivity. The difference in opposition to GMOs brought by preferences for precepts implied in moral theories is evidently subject to the joint effect of the disgust elicitation type and emotion reappraisal (ER). This study clarifies the relationship between disgust for GMOs and moral judgement. It also confirms the effectiveness of ER in promoting the transition of moral judgement on GMOs from intuitive reaction to deliberation, thus offering benefits for science communicators targeting audiences who differ in their preferences for precepts implied in moral theories and trait disgust.

APPROACHES GOING TO DETERMINATION PERIODS OF THE HUMAN FACTOR OF NAVIGATORS DURING SUPERNUMERARY SITUATIONS

Context. The problem of identifying the manifestation of the human factor in the context of utility in maritime transport during emergency situations is considered. The aim of the study is to increase safety in maritime transport by identifying positive and negative human factors, as well as analyzing the behavioral reactions affecting the vessel’s passage parameters. Objective. The aim of the work is to determine the approaches and the construction of software tools to identify periods of manifestation of the human factor of the navigators during abnormal situations. Method. The study identified the types of manifestations of the human factor in the form of intuitive (illogical) behavior of the navigator. The dependence of intuitive behavior, as a reaction, on exceeding the detection threshold of perception of service information, is given. It was determined that the distribution of information load among members of the navigation watch will significantly reduce the detection threshold of the navigator at the time of making management decisions. It was established that the detection step is to determine the balance of information effects on the navigator and his individual polar reactions. The cycle of updating the navigator model is determined by analyzing his individual behavior model of previous intellectual activity. A formal description of the space of alternatives and reactions of the navigator in the form of polar groups at the moment of vessel management is proposed. Software has been developed that allows the analysis of the vessel’s passage trajectory for collision detection and the identification of periods of occurrence of the detection threshold of the navigator. Analysis of the trajectories made it possible to conclude that before the collision the navigator was in active/passive polar states of action, which directly proportional to the speed of the vessel, which confirms the main hypothesis of the study. As a mathematical tool for solving the problem of classifying individual reactions of the navigator, the factor analysis and a training sample are offered – more than nine typical situations, which make it possible to adequately determine polar reactions according to the principle of utility. Results. In order to confirm the adequacy of the proposed formal-logical approaches, an experiment was conducted using the Trainer Professional 5000 navigation simulator (NTPRO 5000). The results of the experiment, as well as the developed software, made it possible to identify the time periods of the negative human factor manifestation of the navigator caused by the information overload and to determine its individual stimulus factors. At the same time, the moment of occurrence of an extraordinary situation was determined by analyzing the passage trajectory of the vessel by means of processing log files by passing the Bosporus strait location. In addition, an algorithm was developed for the formation of the navigator’s model and its updating on the basis of individual periods of the negative manifestation of the human factor. The features of the occurrence of informational imbalance between members of the navigation watch in the event of an emergency situation and features of its identification during the passage of the vessel are considered. The obtained results will allow at a qualitatively new level to approach the analysis of the problem of the influence of human factor on the adequate managerial decisions of the navigator. Conclusions. The proposed formal approaches and the developed software will allow identifying the transition from the controlled adequate state of the navigator to the uncontrolled state with intuitive reactions. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that the developed algorithm of forming a navigator model in a discrete time, which allows to identify its polar reactions during extraordinary situations. The practical significance lies in the fact that the results of the experiment allowed identifying the time periods of the manifestation of the negative human factor of the navigator, caused by the information overload and identifying its individual factors-incentives. Prospects for further research may be the development of software in the form of an expert system defining deviations from a given course during the sea passage, as well as inadequate reactions in the performance of classical maneuvers in case of divergence of ships in constrained areas.

Why sabotage customers who mistreat you? Activated hostility and subsequent devaluation of targets as a moral disengagement mechanism.

We utilize the social intuitionist approach to moral judgment and moral disengagement theory to understand why and when employees sabotage customers. We contend that when customers mistreat employees (i.e., customer mistreatment), employees experience intuitive emotional reactions in the form of hostility, which automatically activates devaluation of targets, a specific facet of moral disengagement. In turn, employees become unencumbered by moral self-regulation and sabotage customers who mistreat them (i.e., customer-directed sabotage). We further argue that our serially mediated model is moderated by employees' perceptions of the organization's ethical climate. When ethical climates are perceived as being low, employees' hostile reactions toward misbehaving customers produce a positive relationship with devaluation of targets, and devaluation of targets results in a positive relationship with customer-directed sabotage. These positive relationships do not hold when ethical climate is perceived as being high. We test our theoretical model using a field sample of customer service employees and an experimental study to establish causality. Our results provide general support for our hypotheses. We discuss theoretical and practical implications and opportunities for future research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Factors of esthetic preference, space and forms

Why does the the man feel more comfortable in some surroundings than in some other and what is there in the surroundings and in a the man that causes that state of his spirit? It is obvious that one`s reactions to surroundings are reflexive and uncontrolled, yet they happen according to certain patterns. To adjust to his natural surroundings as much as he can, during evolution the the man developed mechanisms (intuitive reactions) that made it possible for him to react to the changes in his environment much faster and more effectively, which was of the key importance for survival. By developing intuitive reactions to surroundings, the the man acquired a special apparatus through which he sees much more in his surroundings than he is aware. Esthetic reactions and esthetic preferences make a part of that apparatus and they have an adaptive role. Thanks to rewarding certain behaviors with comfortable feelings, elements and physical characteristics (compositions, relationships) useful for survival that the man notices in his surrounding have become beautiful to him. Evolutionary psychology, psychology, esthetics and neuroesthetics all research why and how the the man reacts to certain physical characteristics of the surroundings. The goal of this research is to check if the the man notices elements and relations from natural surroundings in architectural space, since evolution ?taught? him that he needs them for survival. It also aims to check how the the man reacts to the preferred shapes, relations, and compositions from natural surroundings when they are found in architectural space and to check factors that influence esthetic preferences. Discoveries of esthetic reactions, esthetic preference and evolutionary base of those reactions can be applied in architecture in order to create space and shapes that are customized for the the man.

Autyzm relacyjnie, czyli praca na i nad kontaktem z dziećmi z zaburzeniami ze spektrum autyzmu

Relational approach to autism is a specific way of understanding needs of the child with development disorders based on three strong fundaments – psychoanalysis, development psychology and psychopathology. It is a result of complex research of typical development and identification of caretaker’s intuitive reactions, which support the child best and in a natural way. Relational therapy is not a remedy for every issue in autism. However, it should be an important, central element of a good-enough, holistic educational and therapeutic program. An introduction to other, educational-oriented activities, like learning which is a dyadic process of interaction between two people of whom one is always a teacher for another. Connection and relation should be an essence of every intervention dedicated to autistic children to, as a result, make the autism thaw.

Is the disposition effect related to investors’ reliance on System 1 and System 2 processes or their strategy of emotion regulation?

We report research on investor susceptibility to the disposition effect, a financial decision-making bias where investors have a greater propensity to realize gains than realize losses. Despite theoretical arguments for the influence of emotions, research on susceptibility to this bias, on real investors, has relied primarily on socio-demographic explanations. Some experimental research on student populations has considered emotions more directly, but has not addressed differences in individual susceptibility and has not examined genuinely consequential investor behaviour in real markets. Our research addresses this gap by predicting susceptibility to the disposition effect based on investors’ reliance on intuitive (emotion mediated) cognition (System 1), analytical cognition (System 2) and the strategies they use to regulate their emotions. Using investors’ trading records from a UK sample, we measure their susceptibility to the disposition effect and assess, through a questionnaire, their reliance on Systems 1 and 2 cognitive processes and use of two emotion regulation strategies. Investors with higher reliance on System 1 processes have greater disposition effect, but reliance on System 2 processes is not related to the disposition effect. Investor reliance on reappraisal (an emotion regulation strategy of changing a situation’s meaning to alter its emotional impact) reduces their disposition effect. However, the use of expressive suppression (a strategy that inhibits emotion expressive behaviour) does not show a statistically significant relationship with this bias. These results suggest that investors’ intuitive emotional reactions explain susceptibility to bias, and that effective strategies of regulating emotions enable this bias to be overcome.

Responsibility and the Demands of Morality

Is it a good objection to a moral theory that it demands a great deal of individual agents? I argue that if we interpret the question to be about the potential welfare costs associated with our moral obligations, the answer must be “no.” However, the demands a moral theory makes can also be measured in terms of what it requires us to take responsibility for. I argue that this is distinct from what we may be required to do or give up, and that it provides a conception of demandingness that makes better sense of our intuitive reactions.

Responsibility in Context

Some have argued that our intuitive reactions to a number of cases of moral responsibility can only be preserved at the expense of a unified account of moral responsibility for acts and omissions. I argue against this conclusion, proposing that a plausible condition on responsibility, the Causal Condition can, when properly elaborated, justify the relevant intuitive data.

Beyond Affective Influences on Deontological Moral Judgment: The Role of Motivations for Prevention in the Moral Condemnation of Harm.

Past research suggests that deontological judgments, which condemn deliberate harm no matter what the beneficial consequences, typically arise from emotional and intuitive reactions to the harm, whereas utilitarian judgments, which acknowledge the potential benefits of deliberate harm, typically arise from rational deliberation about whether these benefits outweigh the costs. The present research explores whether specific motivational orientations might, at times, increase the likelihood of deontological judgments without increasing emotional reactions. A meta-analysis of 10 newly conducted studies indicated that, compared with when focused on advancement ( promotion), when people were focused on security ( prevention) they made stronger deontological judgments in hypothetical moral dilemmas. Moreover, this effect could not be explained by participants' differing emotional reactions to the dilemmas when prevention-focused, but instead mirrored reports of their explicit reasoning. Implications for expanding current models of deontological and utilitarian moral judgment are discussed.

Lying bodies, lying faces: deception and the Stanislavskian tradition of character

Current acting orthodoxy values immediacy and spontaneity above most other histrionic virtues. ‘Stanislavskian’ directors such as Mike Alfreds, Declan Donnellan and Katie Mitchell focus primarily on action-playing; others reject this emphasis and favour so-called “processional” acting, foregrounding intuitive reactions. Both approaches turn their backs on the idea of character as an entity distinct from the actor and (mis)direct the concept of character away from social and psychological categories. In so doing they are blind to the interpretative value of considering characters not only as individuals but also as representing a group. The paper argues that full embodiment transcends questions of individual behaviour and motivation and acknowledges the ‘typical’ dimensions of character. The paper further outlines an alternative (and older) understanding of character creation, which is essentially mimetic and entails an approach to acting foregrounding a psychophysical transformative process.At the same time, recent discourse has brought back into view Bradleyan approaches to character analysis based on inference, while applications to acting of principles derived from cognitive science have sought to unify the two approaches of ‘character’ and ‘personality’ acting.The paper therefore asks why this ageless debate refuses to go away and suggests that one answer might be found in considering acting in the context of recently-delineated frameworks derived from Deception Theory and Machiavellian Intelligence. Observed through this prism, a transformative process moves the act of theatre away from the naturalistic presentation of ‘behaviour’ and (back) towards an explicit, constructed theatricality in which acting is deliberately deceptive.

Legal Intuition. Precis of the Book 'Legal Intuition: Towards External Integration of Legal Theory'

The paper summarizes the argument I make in the book concerning the role played in lawyers' reasonings by their intuitive reactions, impression, inclinations, expectations and other similar kinds of mental states. The book examines the nature of intuition using the tools of contemporary cognitive science, evolutionary biology, empirical psychology and philosophy of mind. It points out to the inevitable dependence of reflective, deliberate reasoning and decison-making on nonconscious chains of cognitive-affective associations triggered by automatically detected situational cues. Simultaneously, I critisize the popular view that intuition plays a role in course of decision-making while deliberate reasoning provides post-hoc justification for decisions already taken. I find this view as distorting simplification of reality. In fact, intuition and reflective reasoning take part on both stages - making a decision and providing its justification. In real life there is strong continuity between the context of decision and context of justification. Both relate to the mental representation of the problem and its solution. Such representation emerges in course of dealing with a problem and normally remains as the crucial basis of its justification. The book highlights three main types of influence exerted by intuition on reflective reasoning - expert, routine intuition (easy cases or standard partial problems in course of complex reasoning), motivating the course and outcome of deliberate reasoning as well as insight (a-ha effect) accompanied by subjective experience of sudden complete solution popping up in the mind without mediation by conscious analytic effort.

Arbitrator Decision-Making: Unconscious Psychological Influences and What You Can Do About Them

ABSTRACT: Scholars have explored the impact of the unconscious on legal decision-making. Research has shown that, as with all human beings, intuitive reactions play a significant role in judges' decision-making. While there is a lack of agreement as to whether there has been sufficient study of the subject to draw conclusions as to the extent to which a judge's deliberative faculties are invoked to override the intuitive reaction, there is no question that intuition is operative and impacts a judge's decision-making as it does for everyone. Given the similarity of the tasks, one must conclude that arbitrators' decision-making is similarly impacted. This article examines the unconscious intuitive processes in the arbitration process and offers suggestions to foster a more robust deliberative overlay and improve the quality of decisions by arbitrators. It also provides suggestions for counsel's consideration to aid them in capitalizing on these unconscious influences. In order to provide a context that reflects actual arbitrator decision making, the results of a survey of arbitrators is reported where they illustrate and amplify the psychological influence discussed.

Fast to forgive, slow to retaliate: intuitive responses in the ultimatum game depend on the degree of unfairness.

Evolutionary accounts have difficulty explaining why people cooperate with anonymous strangers they will never meet. Recently models, focusing on emotional processing, have been proposed as a potential explanation, with attention focusing on a dual systems approach based on system 1 (fast, intuitive, automatic, effortless, and emotional) and system 2 (slow, reflective, effortful, proactive and unemotional). Evidence shows that when cooperation is salient, people are fast (system 1) to cooperate, but with longer delays (system 2) they show greed. This is interpreted within the framework of the social heuristic hypothesis (SHH), whereby people overgeneralize potentially advantageous intuitively learnt and internalization social norms to ‘atypical’ situations. We extend this to explore intuitive reactions to unfairness by integrating the SHH with the ‘fast to forgive, slow to anger’ (FFSA) heuristic. This suggests that it is advantageous to be prosocial when facing uncertainty. We propose that whether or not someone intuitively shows prosociality (cooperation) or retaliation is moderated by the degree (certainty) of unfairness. People should intuitively cooperate when facing mild levels of unfairness (fast to forgive) but when given longer to decide about another's mild level of unfairness should retaliate (slow to anger). However, when facing severe levels of unfairness, the intuitive response is always retaliation. We test this using a series of one-shot ultimatum games and manipulate level of offer unfairness (50:50 60:40, 70:30, 80:20, 90:10) and enforced time delays prior to responding (1s, 2s, 8s, 15s). We also measure decision times to make responses after the time delays. The results show that when facing mildly unfair offers (60:40) people are fast (intuitive) to cooperate but with longer delays reject these mildly unfair offers: ‘fast to forgive, and slow to retaliate’. However, for severely unfair offers (90:10) the intuitive and fast response is to always reject.

Smart Technology and the Moral Life

Smart technology is recording and nudging our intuitive and behavioral reactions in ways that are not fully shaped by our conscious ethical reasoning and so are altering our social and moral worlds. Beyond reasons to worry, there are also reasons to embrace this technology for nudging human behavior toward prosocial activity. This article inquires about four ways that smart technology is shaping the individual moral life: the persuasive effect of promptware, our newly evolving experiences of embodiment, our negotiations with privacy, and our experiences of risk and serendipity.

Responding to retributivists: a restorative justice rejoinder to the big three Desert theories

Retributive theories of legal punishment fail to justify the imprisonment of convicted offenders. There are three prominent retributive theories that attempt this: Fair Play theory, Moral Communication theory, and Intuitive Desert theory. Fair Play retributivists seek to imprison offenders in order to re-balance the distribution of benefits and burdens, which is upset by criminal offences. Moral Communication retributivists seek to imprison offenders as a means of communicating society’s condemnation of criminality. Intuitive Desert retributivists seek to imprison offenders because it is a deserved response to wrongdoing (the supporting evidence is our intuitive reactions to criminality). These theories are critiqued and attention is drawn to the superiority of certain restorative justice values and practices.

Necessity, Moral Liability, and Defensive Harm

A person who is liable to defensive harm has forfeited his rights against the imposition of the harm, and so is not wronged if that harm is imposed. A number of philosophers, most notably Jeff McMahan, argue for an instrumental account of liability, whereby a person is liable to defensive harm when he is either morally or culpably responsible for an unjust threat of harm to others, and when the imposition of defensive harm is necessary to avert the threatened unjust harm. Others may favour a purely noninstrumental account of liability: one that looks only to the past behaviour of the potentially liable person. We argue that both views are vulnerable to serious objections. Instead we develop and defend a new view of liability to defensive harm: the pluralist account. The pluralist account states that liability to defensive harm has at least two bases. First, if an attacker is morally or culpably responsible for an unjust attack then he has forfeited what we call his agency right, and in doing so he has made himself partially liable to defensive harm. Whether the attacker is fully liable to defensive harm depends, however, on whether the imposition of defensive harm would infringe a different right held by the attacker: his humanitarian right. Humanitarian rights are rights to be provided with urgently needed resources or to be protected from serious harms when others can do so at reasonably low cost. We argue the pluralist account avoids the objections to which the instrumental and noninstrumental views are vulnerable, coheres with our intuitive reactions in a wide range of cases, and sheds new light on the way different rights combine to determine a person’s liability to suffer harm.