Intrusive Behavior Research Articles

Implications of Self-Other Overlap for Cyber Dating Abuse in Young Adult Romantic Partners

Social network sites (SNSs) have brought about profound changes in the way people relate to others, including their romantic partners. Despite the advantages SNSs may have for building and managing romantic relationships, their use can be linked to risky behaviors within romantic relationships, such as the emergence of jealousy, control, and intrusiveness, i.e., cyber dating abuse (CDA) behaviors. The present study, in a sample of 315 Italian young adults involved in a romantic relationship (74.6 percent women and 25.4 percent men) aged 20 to 33 years (M = 24.17; SD = 2.60), explored CDA behaviors and their association with self-other overlap. Findings showed a positive association between self-other overlap and the frequency of CDA behaviors. That is, those who struggled to recognize their partners as different from themselves tended to control and enact intrusive behaviors toward them. This association, however, was moderated by the partners’ relationship duration, so that it was only significant for partners in a long-term relationship. The study expands our understanding of CDA behaviors in romantic relationships, contributing to identifying the conditions under which they are more likely to be perpetrated. In addition, it helps inform interventions for preventing risky behaviors within young adults’ romantic relationships.

Maternal cortisol concentration is associated with reduced brain activation to infant cry and more intrusive parenting behavior

Previous research indicates that maternal cortisol function and maternal brain response to infant are each in turn related to variations in parenting behavior. However, little is known about how maternal cortisol and maternal brain function are associated, thus studying these two mechanisms together may improve our understanding of how maternal cortisol assessed during interactions with own infant is associated with brain response to infant cry. First-time mothers (N = 59) of infants aged 3–4 months old were recruited to participate. Mothers’ cortisol concentration was measured during a naturalistic interaction with their infant and their behavior was coded for two parenting behaviors-- maternal sensitivity and non-intrusiveness. In an fMRI session, mothers listened to their own infant and a control infant crying. Higher cortisol concentration was associated with more intrusive behavior. We found greater cortisol concentration was further associated with decreased activation in the brain to infant cry in the right precentral gyrus, the left culmen extending into the left inferior temporal gyrus and fusiform, two clusters in the superior temporal gyrus, and in the medial frontal gyrus. We also found that lower activation in these regions was associated with more intrusive maternal behavior. These data demonstrate the associations between maternal cortisol concentration and reduced brain activation to infant cry in both motor planning and auditory processing regions in predicting intrusive parenting behavior.

Parent-child boundary dissolution and children's psychological difficulties: A meta-analytic review.

Boundary dissolution has broadly been defined as the breakdown of boundaries and loss of psychological distinctiveness in the parent-child subsystem. Qualitative reviews have highlighted the developmental and clinical value of examining boundary dissolution as a multidimensional construct. Though prior work suggests patterns share minimal variance, research has yet to quantitatively synthesize the weighted effect of distinct patterns. The primary aim of this meta-analysis was to aggregate empirical research on associations between boundary dissolution patterns and children's internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Four patterns of boundary dissolution were identified across developmental, clinical, and family systems literatures: (a) enmeshment-entanglement and blurring of the intergenerational parent-child boundary through psychologically controlling and intrusive behaviors, (b) disorganization-chaotic parent-child boundary (e.g., inexplicable, contradictory behaviors, and responses) reflecting no coherent pattern of relating, (c) caregiving-child functions as a caregiver providing parents with instrumental and emotional support and guidance, and (d) coerciveness-child operates as a disciplinarian or authoritarian to intimidate and control parents. The meta-analysis reviewed 478 studies. Although each boundary dissolution pattern was associated with internalizing and externalizing symptoms, weighted effects across patterns significantly varied in magnitude. Regarding externalizing symptoms, the weighted effect of enmeshment was stronger relative to the weighted effect of caregiving. Turning to internalizing symptoms, the weighted effect of enmeshment was stronger than the weighted effect of caregiving and coerciveness. Additionally, the weighted effect of disorganization was stronger than the weighted effect of caregiving. The robustness of weighted effects depended on child, contextual, and methodological characteristics as well as time lag. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Highly Involved Parenting of Adolescents With ADHD: Examination of the Psychometric Properties of a Measure of “Helicopter Parenting”

Objective: The concept of the “helicopter parent” was popularized in the 2000s and 2010s by Western culture, and it has recently begun to be examined by researchers to describe parental over-involvement and intrusive behavior that impedes transition into adulthood. Research has yet to investigate the viability of this construct for adolescents when parenting is needed to facilitate the development of autonomy. The present study examined the psychometric structure of a modified “helicopter parenting” measure adapted for use in a sample with increased likelihood of highly involved parenting: adolescents with ADHD. Methods: Adolescents (n = 333; age 13–18 years; 25% female) and their parents (n = 341, 91% female) completed a survey for a study on provider training in stimulant diversion prevention in 2016 and 2017. We modified a previously validated measure of “helicopter parenting” for young adults. Other previously established parenting measures were included. We conducted principal component analysis for both informants’ reports of the modified measure. We examined associations between the components and informants’ demographic characteristics and parenting measures to begin to examine convergent and discriminant validity. Results: Two components were identified for adolescent and parent reports and labeled parental Intervention and Day-to-day Monitoring and Planning. These components were differentially associated with demographic characteristics and other measures of parenting. For example, across reporters, parents exhibited less Day-to-Day Monitoring and Planning for older adolescents. Racially/ethnically minoritized parents and male adolescents reported more Intervention parenting. Modest-sized statistically significant associations were found between these indicators of highly involved parenting and the other measures of parenting. Conclusion: Findings provide initial evidence of construct validity. Future work with more heterogeneous samples should examine if this measure captures adaptive parenting, or behaviors that interfere with developing independence, for adolescents with ADHD and neurotypically developing adolescents.

Evaluating the efficacy of decision tree-based machine learning in classifying intrusive behaviour of network users

Evaluating the efficacy of decision tree-based machine learning in classifying intrusive behaviour of network users

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARENTAL BEHAVIOR AND UPBRINGING OF UPPER ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CHILDREN

Introduction: The roles of father and mother strive for equality in educational activities. However, they are different in terms of parental behaviors that are discussed in this study as well as in terms of circumstances of intrusive behavior and professional education, where differences in their inductive reasoning were determined.Objective: Examine the relationship between parental behavior and the upbringing of children in upper grades of elementary school.Method: The research was conducted in Kamen-Šineelementary School, Split, the Republic of Croatia. 102 respondents-parents participated in the research, 16.7% of whom were fathers and 82.4% were mothers, while one person did not declare the type of gender (male of female). The instrument used for thepurposes of the research was the Parental Behavior Questionnaire URP29.Results: The research showed that there was a statistically significant difference in intrusiveness between fathers and mothers. Mothers showed significantly more intrusive behavior compared to fathers, but on the other hand, no statistically significant difference in punishment was found due to parents' gender. No statistically significant difference was found in warmth, autonomy and parental knowledge with respect to the level of education, while a statistically significant difference was found in inductive reasoning with respect to the level of education. Parents with a secondary education level showed significantly more inductive reasoning compared to parents with a higher educationlevel. No statistically significant difference was found between the other groups.Conclusion: Mothers have more control over their behavior and the imposition of it, while fathers are more flexible in raising their children. Parents with secondary education level provide their children with greater support and the possibility of choice. Parental education that is full of care and love will enable the healthy development of children.Keywords: connection, parental behavior, upbringing of children, elementary school

Reinventing Web Security: An Enhanced Cycle-Consistent Generative Adversarial Network Approach to Intrusion Detection

Web3.0, as the link between the physical and digital domains, faces increasing security threats due to its inherent complexity and openness. Traditional intrusion detection systems (IDSs) encounter formidable challenges in grappling with the multidimensional and nonlinear traffic data characteristic of the Web3.0 environment. Such challenges include insufficient samples of attack data, inadequate feature extraction, and resultant inaccuracies in model classification. Moreover, the scarcity of certain traffic data available for analysis by IDSs impedes the system’s capacity to document instances of malicious behavior. In response to these exigencies, this paper presents a novel approach to Web3.0 intrusion detection, predicated on the utilization of cycle-consistent generative adversarial networks (CycleGANs). Leveraging the data transformation capabilities of its generator, this method facilitates bidirectional conversion between normal Web3.0 behavioral data and potentially intrusive behavioral data. This transformative process not only augments the diversity and volume of recorded intrusive behaviors but also clandestinely simulates various attack scenarios. Furthermore, through fostering mutual competition and learning between the discriminator and generator, the approach enhances the ability to discern the defining characteristics of potential intrusive behaviors, thereby bolstering the accuracy of intrusion detection. To substantiate the efficacy of the CycleGAN-based intrusion detection method, simulation experiments were conducted utilizing public datasets, including KDD CUP 1999 (KDD), CIC-DDOS2019, CIC-IDS2018, and SR-BH 2020. The experimental findings evince the method’s remarkable accuracies across the four datasets, attaining rates of 99.81%, 97.79%, 89.25%, and 95.15%, respectively, while concurrently maintaining low false-positive rates. This research contributes novel insights and methodologies toward the advancement of Web3.0 intrusion detection through the application of CycleGAN technology, which is poised to play a pivotal role in fortifying the security landscape of Web3.0.

Behavior problems 7 years after severe childhood traumatic brain injury: Results of the Traumatisme Grave de L'Enfant study.

To investigate the occurrence of behavioral problems 7 years after severe pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI), and their evolution from 3 months to 7 years postinjury. Thirty-four participants, 38% girls, M (SD) age at injury 7.6 (4.7) years, age at assessment 15 (4.6) years, underwent comprehensive assessments 7 years after severe TBI from March 2014 to March 2016 and were matched to a control group by age, gender, and parental education. A subgroup of 20 participants had available behavioral assessments at 3, 12, and 24 months postinjury. Internalizing, externalizing, and total behavioral problems were assessed with self- and parent reports of the Achenbach's Behavioral Checklist. Additional data included sociodemographic background, initial injury severity, and specific outcomes assessed concurrently 7 years postinjury. Compared to controls: (a) a significant proportion of participants with severe TBI fell above the clinical cutoff for self- (42%) and parent-reported (36%) externalizing problems, but not for self- (33%) or parent-reported (45%) internalizing problems; (b) withdrawn/depressed, intrusive behavior, and somatic complaints were significantly higher in self-reports; and (c) rule-breaking behavior, attention, and social problems were significantly higher in parent reports. Parent-reported internalizing problems were associated with older age at injury, whereas externalizing problems correlated with greater injury severity and concurrent levels of greater overall disability, lower intellectual ability, and poorer family functioning. In multiple hierarchical regression analyses, overall disability and worse family functioning significantly predicted externalizing problems. Parent-reported internalizing and externalizing problems persisted over time. These results highlight the importance of long-term follow-up and individualized behavioral interventions for children who sustained severe TBI. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

From verbal to physical violence: the different severity perception of stalking behaviors

Stalking is a global spread phenomenon consisting in harassing, annoying, unwanted, and intrusive behaviors, often considered regular in courting. These behaviors are part of the broader range of gender-based violence. In accordance with the theory of ecological systems, this study aimed to investigate the presence of gender differences in the perception of the severity of stalking actions, considering the role of the type of violence perpetrated (physical versus verbal) and the relationship between the author and victim (Resentful ex-partner, Incompetent suitor rejected, Neighbor in dispute). The results showed gender differences in the main dimensions investigated by the questionnaire (Moral Disengagement, Normlessness beliefs, Empathy, and Perception of the Severity of Stalking). In addition, the results show that the perception of severity is influenced by the type of relationship and the type of violence perpetrated, differently between men and women. Results were discussed based on the development of literature on the topic.

Experimental study on swelling and intrusive behavior of bentonite under various solutions and its simple model construction

Experimental study on swelling and intrusive behavior of bentonite under various solutions and its simple model construction

Feature Selection based Performance Analysis of Machine Learning Algorithms in Network Intrusion Detection

Information and data security is one of the most challenging tasks for the massive-scale digital revolution all over the world. The very first step to secure our data is to identify invasive conduct and intrusive behavior. However, due to the high scalability of most modern systems and the complex nature of the attacks, the traditional detection system is less reliable. To overcome this challenge, it is necessary to build intelligent and adaptive intrusion detection technologies. That is why this research developed an intrusion detection system using commonly used ML algorithms and analyzed performance from different perspectives. In our pipeline, this exploration applied both supervised and unsupervised learning algorithms. The training and test data were split in multiple ways to evaluate the performance of the models. From the experimental results, it was found that the Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM) performs better in our context in terms of both precision and recall.

Estudante com perfil de dominância na Aprendizagem Baseada em Problemas: percepção dos docentes e discentes

ABSTRACT Introduction: Problem-Based Learning occurs through work in small groups, facilitated by tutors, and everyone is expected to contribute to the achievement of the learning objectives. The presence of a dominant profile student could lead to some imbalance in the group dynamics. Objective: to understand, from the perspective of collaborative learning, the meanings attributed by tutors and students to the presence of the dominant profile student in the tutorial group. Methods: two qualitative studies with tutors and students were conducted at a university in northeastern Brazil. The first aimed to understand the tutor’s perception of the presence of the dominant student in the tutorial group. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect information. The population consisted of tutors from the physiotherapy undergraduate course with more than two years facilitating tutorial groups. The second study aimed to understand the meanings attributed by students about the presence of the dominance profile in tutoring. Information was collected by focus group. The study population consisted of medical students from the first four years of the course. The process of analysis and interpretation was anchored in the theoretical assumptions of collaborative learning, which also served as a reference for the development of the interviews and focus group scripts. Bardin’s content analysis technique was adopted. The studies were approved by the Research Ethics Committee, CAAE: 26191119.5.0000.5569 and CAAE: 38005320.5.0000.5569. Results: tutors and students highlighted the diversity within the dominance profile. They characterized the student with this profile as collaborative, participatory and prepared. They also pointed out characteristics of impatience, difficulty in listening and accepting arguments contrary to their own. In addition, they reported intrusive behavior, silencing and limiting the participation of others. The tutors reinforced the difficulty in dealing with the dominant student, especially when giving feedback. The students reported that tutors, when facing the dominant student, did not perceive the lack of collaboration in the group and were insecure to intervene. Conclusion: the students expressed embarrassment and insecurity when faced with presence of the dominant student, leading to losses in the construction of group knowledge and individual performance, as well as disappointment in relation to the tutor’s performance. The tutors showed they recognize subtleties within the dominance profile, despite difficulties in adequately intervening.

Experiences of pressure to have children among mothers in Accra, Ghana.

Pregnancy and childbirth are viewed as both an event and a marker of womanhood and a key reason for marriage in Ghana. Consequently, women often encounter substantial pressure to have a child, particularly within the context of marriage. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with thirteen women in Ghana, this study explores the pressure to have a child irrespective of fertility status. The study demonstrates that community members consistently scrutinize and assess the bodies of participants, remaining vigilant for any signs indicating pregnancy. Additionally, women experience both internal and external pressures to have children. Interestingly, not all participants desired immediate pregnancy after marriage, and some were not entirely content upon discovering their first pregnancy. The findings underscore the necessity for public education aimed at shifting the responsibility placed on women to bear children. There is a crucial need to educate individuals to refrain from intrusive behaviors such as questioning why a woman has not yet given birth.

Teaching or learning from baby: Inducing explicit parenting goals influences caregiver intrusiveness.

Caregivers' goals influence their interactions with their children. In this preregistered study, we examined whether directing parents to teach their baby versus learn from their baby influenced the extent to which they engaged in intrusive (e.g., controlling, adult-centered rather than child-centered), sensitive, warm, or cognitively stimulating caregiving behaviors. Mothers and their 6-month-old infants (N = 66; 32 female infants) from the San Francisco Bay Area participated in a 10-min "free-play" interaction, coded in 2-min epochs for degree of parental intrusiveness. Prior to the final epoch, mothers were randomly assigned to receive instructions to focus on (a) teaching something to their infant or (b) learning something from their infant. A control group of mothers received no instructions. Analyses of within-person changes in intrusive behavior from before to after receiving these instructions indicated that mothers assigned to teach their infant increased in intrusiveness whereas mothers assigned to learn from their infant and mothers in the control group did not significantly change in intrusiveness. The study provides experimental evidence that caregivers' explicit goals to teach infants result, on average, in more controlling and adult-centered caregiving behavior. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Peran Guru Pendidikan Agama Islam Dalam Mengembangkan Self-Control Siswa Kelas VIII SMPI At-Tablighiyah Desa Ponjanan Timur Kecamatan Batumarmar, Pamekasan

This study aims to examine and understand more deeply the existence of the role of PAI teachers in developing students' self-control in order to be able to regulate and direct and counteract all forms of behavior that have the potential to bring negative currents that are at odds with the standards of ethical and moral norms in establishing socialized interactions so that they are agile in predicting well at any time obstacle factors arise affecting unwanted intrusive behavior to be faced and align themselves psychologically and physically in actual conditions with the availability of supporting elements in providing understanding of knowledge, appreciation and experience so that students become adolescents who continue to develop in terms of faith and devotion. This research uses a qualitative approach of case study type by involving PAI teachers, 8th grade students and school principals as key informants.Data was gathered through observation, interviews, and documentation. The results showed that efforts in the role of Islamic religious education teachers to develop student self-control through revamping the seating model of innovative learning group discussions, educating with exemplary values, inviting active communication, providing motivation and appreciation, fostering and guiding with a disciplined attitude and establishing cooperation with the principal through giving responsibility to students and providing personal guidance services by utilizing the availability of adequate facilities and infrastructure and the principal's participation in optimizing religious activities through the cooperation of parents in monthly meeting activities to anticipate students who are difficult to work with and lack of parental attention and affection and the influence of mass media is expected to foster good self-control in self-implementation and daily life.

The Mediating Role of Parenting Style in the Relationship between Parents' Openness to Different Ways of Thinking and Child Anxiety.

The quality of parent-child relationships plays a significant role in the development of child anxiety, especially regarding aspects of parental control, intrusive behavior, and a lack of warmth. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms of these parenting behaviors that are associated with the risk of child anxiety have yet to be revealed. The present study aims to examine the contribution of a cognitive aspect of parenting, i.e., openness to different ways of thinking, to the development of child anxiety through its impact on parenting style. A sample of 300 Israeli parents (72% women) over the age of 18 (M = 38.8, SD = 6.2), with at least one child over the age of 6 (M = 13.3, SD = 5.5 of oldest child), was recruited through social media platforms. Participants provided demographic information and filled out self-reported questionnaires dealing with child anxiety (using the Child Behavior Checklist), openness to different ways of thinking (using the Interpersonal Reactivity Index), and parenting style (using the Parental Behavior Inventory). The analysis confirmed the mediation role of hostile/coercive parenting style in the association between parental openness to different ways of thinking and child anxiety. However, the association between supportive/engaged parenting and child anxiety was non-significant. Apparently, openness to different ways of thinking allows for parents to consolidate parenting that does not resort to coercive and hostile behaviors, control, obedience, and severe strictness. As a result, the child develops self-regulation and coping mechanisms that reduce the risk for developing anxiety.

CascadMLIDS: A Cascaded Machine Learning Framework for Intrusion Detection System in VANET

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) incorporating vehicles as an active and fast topology are gaining popularity as wireless communication means in intelligent transportation systems (ITSs). The cybersecurity issue in VANETs has drawn attention due to the potential security threats these networks face. An effective cybersecurity measure is essential as security threats impact the overall system, from business disruptions to data corruption, theft, exposure, and unauthorized network access. Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) are popular cybersecurity measures that detect intrusive behavior in a network. Recently, the machine learning (ML)-based IDS has emerged as a new research direction in VANET security. ML-based IDS studies have focused on improving accuracy as a typical classification task without focusing on malicious data. This study proposes a novel IDS for VANETs that offers more attention to classifying attack cases correctly with minimal features required by applying principal component analysis. The proposed Cascaded ML framework recognizes the difference between the attack and normal cases in the first step and classifies the attack data in the second step. The framework emphasizes that an attack should not be classified into the normal class. Finally, the proposed framework is implemented with an artificial neural network, the most popular ML model, and evaluated with the Car Hacking dataset. In addition, the study also investigates the efficiency of typical classification tasks and compares them with results of the proposed framework. Experimental results on the Car Hacking dataset have revealed the proposed method to be an effective IDS and that it outperformed the existing state-of-the-art ML models.

Racial Slurs by Police and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms: Intrusive Policing and Perceived Injustice.

Using the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N = 785), this article considers the ramifications of police use of racial slurs, a type of intrusive behavior, toward minority youth for posttraumatic stress(PTS). We also examine whether other intrusive police behaviors exacerbate this relationship and test whether perceptions of injustice mediate it. Results indicated that hearing a police officer use a racial slur was positively associated with PTS after controlling for intrusive police behaviors and other covariates. Intrusive policing tended to co-occur with the use of racial slurs and was positively associated with PTS. The association between hearing a racial slur and PTS did not vary by the number of intrusive behaviors exhibited by police. The association between hearing a slur and PTS was partially mediated by perceived procedural injustice. Overall, the use of racial slurs by police may do harm to minority adolescents by putting them at risk for posttraumatic stress disorder. Our results are consistent with prior research that racial slurs may contribute to PTS by eroding the bounds of what is considered just and fair. Interestingly, the association between racial slurs and PTS was independent of other intrusive policing behaviors. Mental health screeners should ask not only about being stopped by police but the characteristics of that encounter as well - including those imbued with racial animus.

FASDetect as a machine learning-based screening app for FASD in youth with ADHD

Fetal alcohol-spectrum disorder (FASD) is underdiagnosed and often misdiagnosed as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Here, we develop a screening tool for FASD in youth with ADHD symptoms. To develop the prediction model, medical record data from a German University outpatient unit are assessed including 275 patients aged 0–19 years old with FASD with or without ADHD and 170 patients with ADHD without FASD aged 0–19 years old. We train 6 machine learning models based on 13 selected variables and evaluate their performance. Random forest models yield the best prediction models with a cross-validated AUC of 0.92 (95% confidence interval [0.84, 0.99]). Follow-up analyses indicate that a random forest model with 6 variables – body length and head circumference at birth, IQ, socially intrusive behaviour, poor memory and sleep disturbance – yields equivalent predictive accuracy. We implement the prediction model in a web-based app called FASDetect – a user-friendly, clinically scalable FASD risk calculator that is freely available at https://fasdetect.dhc-lab.hpi.de.

A multi-channel soft biometrics framework for seamless border crossings

As the number of passengers at border entry points such as airports and rail stations increases, so does the demand for seamless, secure, and fast biometric technologies for verification purposes. Although fingerprints are currently useful biometric technologies, they are intrusive and slow down the end-to-end verification process, increasing the chances of tampering. Emerging as an alternative technology, soft biometrics have proven successful for non-intrusive and rapid verification. Soft biometrics consists of a large set of features from three different modalities of the human body, including the face, body, and essential & auxiliary attachments. This paper proposes a multi-channel soft biometrics framework that leverages soft biometrics technology over traditional biometrics. The framework encapsulates four distinct components: ApparelNet, which verifies essential and auxiliary attachments; A-Net, which measures anthropometric soft biometrics; OneDetect, which predicts global soft biometrics; and RSFS, which develops a set of highly relevant and supportive soft biometrics for verification. The proposed framework addresses several critical limitations of existing biometrics technologies during the verification process at border entry points, such as intrusive behavior, response time, biometric tampering, and privacy issues. The proposed multi-channel soft biometrics framework has been evaluated using several benchmark datasets in the field, such as Front-view Gait (FVG), Pedestrian Attribute Recognition At Far Distance (PETA), and Multimedia and Vision (MMV) Pedestrian. Using heterogeneous datasets enables the testing of each framework component or channel against numerous constrained and unconstrained scenarios. The outcome of the envisioned multi-channel soft biometrics framework is presented based on distinct outcomes from each channel, but it remains focused on determining a single cumulative verification score for verification at border control. In addition, this multi-channel soft biometrics framework has extended applications in several fields, including crowd surveillance, the fashion industry, and e-learning.