Introductory Words Research Articles

Introductory Word by the Scientific Editor of This Issue of the Journal

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Russian and Serbian Punctuation of the 21st Century: An Attempt at Comparative Description

Purpose. The authors conducted a comparative study of the general statistical characteristics of modern Russian and Serbian punctuation practice using the material of Internet texts from the early 20s of the 21st century.Results. The authors analyzed three important characteristics of punctuation practice: the composition and frequency of punctuation situations, the lexical indicators of syntactic relations used (conjunctions, particles, introductory words, etc.), and the occurrence of punctuation marks. The Russian and Serbian parts of the sample are balanced in terms of the number of uses of punctuation marks and in terms of their focus/lack of focus on compliance with the norm on the Internet platforms provided to the authors of the texts. The comparative study revealed similarities and differences in all analyzed parameters.Conclusion. It was found that the high degree of similarity of the main indicators caused by the kinship and typological similarity of the languages is combined with obvious differences, including different occurrence of punctuation situations in graphic practice, different composition and different activity of formal indicators of syntactic connection, different density of punctuation marks per punctuation situation. This means that a comparative study of punctuation practice taking into account statistical data allows us to identify the real relationship between the two punctuation systems, rather than the relationship set by normative documents.

Репрезентация категории косвенной эвиденциальности средствами стратегии уклонения в английском, русском, чувашском языках

This study conducts a contrastive typological analysis of linguistic markers of author’s and impersonal evidentiality in the English, Russian, and Chuvash languages. The research novelty lies in the systematic analysis of Chuvash indirect evidentiality markers in a comparative perspective. The study demonstrates that the “Nominative Case with Infinitive” construction, as a characteristic of author’s evidentiality in English, corresponds to Russian modal-suppositional and comparative particles, introductory words, and phrases (equivalent to the degree of certainty adverb “perhaps”), which express the speaker’s low assessment of the reported information’s reliability. In Russian, evidential particles, introductory words, and sentences (equivalent to the hearsay adverb “allegedly”) are used to indicate an unreliable source. The evidential particle “якобы” and the introductory word “мол” are common in speeches and statements. This approach to classifying evidentiality systems is also applicable to Chuvash. Modals, introductory words, and modal verb forms serve as lexical means of expressing author’s and impersonal evidentiality. The standard is to use two modal formants simultaneously. However, unlike English and Russian, evidentiality representations with negative meaning can be complex grammatical units represented by verbal analytical constructions. The findings suggest both universal and language-specific means of representing indirect evidentiality. Correlated representation of evidentiality and epistemic modality plays a significant semantic-pragmatic role in utterances as an effective evasion strategy.

Russian and Arabic documentary tradition: syntactic aspect

The object of the study is documents of business correspondence in Russian-Arabic official communication; the subject of the study is the syntactic features of Russian and Arabic business documents, the similarities and differences between Russian and Arabic syntax in business communication. Syntactic organization is very important for business writing; it serves as the final stage of its structure. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the identification of universal and culturally determined features of the syntactic structure in relation to Russian and Arabic-language business writing. Among the universal elements are the use of sentences that convey the non-personal nature of communication, indirect expression of imperativeness (using forms of the subjunctive mood, interrogative sentences), introductory words with the semantics of politeness. Original syntactic constructions can be used to achieve a similar communicative effect. The research was carried out on the basis of methods of analysis, synthesis, observation, description. Methods of component analysis, interpretation and classification, a system-structural method, and elements of a functional approach were used. As a result of the study, it was noted that the differences in the syntactic structure of Russian- and Arabic-language business letters are culturally and historically determined. The specifics of Arabic business syntax were influenced by increased requirements for the expression of politeness in society (indication of the regalia of the addressee), the predominance of the collective over the personal in culture, the origin of the official business style from the artistic, and not from the colloquial (long sentences). It is concluded that it is necessary to take into account cultural and historical factors both in the process of constructing business letters and in the process of their mutual translation. Among the important techniques of Russian-Arabic translation are combining sentences and increasing content

Subjective Modality and Means of its Expression in a Journalistic Style

This article is dedicated to the study of one of the categories of the sentence — modality. Many domestic linguists define this category as the attitude of the speaker to reality. Representing a complex phenomenon,it does not have a clear definition and according to many linguists requires clarification. The article presents the main provisions from the works of V. V. Vinogradov, who compiled a voluminous list of means denoting modal meanings, and G. A. Zolotova. The definition of the concepts of objective and subjective modality is given according to the «Russian grammar» (of 1980) and the «Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary». The means of expressing subjective modality are analyzed in journalistic style texts by means of an example of online newspaper «Culture». Cases of expression are identified and considered at the level of simple and complex sentences. It is noted that the subjective modality is associated with the use of lexical repetition, phrases, introductory words, separate, interjections, words that cause desire, possibility, intention or non-union complex sentences, complex sentences, unions and allied words. It was found in the article that the subjective modality is mostly expressed by using units of lexical and syntactic levels.

German modal verbs in secondary meaning and their analogues in Russian

German modal verbs in secondary meaning and their analogues in Russian

Meningkatkan Kemampuan Membaca, Menulis dan Berbicara dalam Bahasa Indonesia pada Peserta Didik Kelas 1 Sekolah Dasar Melalui Gamifikasi

Indonesian is a unified language where Indonesian is a mother tongue that needs to be owned and instilled from an early age. In every level of education, Indonesian is taught according to the students' developmental stages. However, in practice in the field, many people find a lack of ability to read, write and speak Indonesian, especially in educational institutions that use a foreign language as one of the introductory words in every lesson. The research aims to improve the ability to read, write, and speak Indonesian at the elementary school level. The subjects of this research were 21 grade 1 students at XYZ Private Elementary School in Tangerang. This research explains how gamification can improve students' reading, writing, and speaking skills. The research method used is Classroom Action Research (PTK). The research results show that reading, writing, and speaking skills can be improved through gamification learning methods.

«Она ни разу не Золушка»: об одной сравнительно-оценочной конструкции современной русской речи

The study deals with the phraseologized comparative-and-evaluative syntactic construction <P ni razy ne N1> (which can be translated as <P is not at all N1>) (Tol’ko padcheritsa byla ni razu ne Zolushka i spat’ v yashchike s zoloj sebe ne pozvol’ala, i. e., But the stepdaughter was not at all Cinderella and did not sleep in a box with cinders). The paper analyzes the functioning of the construction in modern everyday speech and identifies its characteristic features. In the structure of this construction two objects of comparison are necessarily present, so the verb simply cannot be placed after the phraseologized element ni razy ne. During the comparison, object P is evaluated against the background of N1. The construction can carry both evaluative (Ya, konechno, ni razu ne pisatel’, i. e., I am definitely not at all a writer) and comparative-evaluative meaning (Pattison, imkho, voobshche, ni razu ne D’urua, i. e., IMHO Pattison is not at all Duroy). The peculiarity of the comparative seme is the implicit and explicit expression of the feature of comparison. Since the construction in question is primarily evaluative, it is common to use the figure of the author as one of the objects. The syntactic scheme is not limited to the form <P ni razy ne N1>: the study revealed a number of ‘expanders’ that can vary the construction. The adverb voobshche is the most common such element (Gonkong voobshche ni razu ne London). In combination with the unit in question, speakers of the Russian language often use introductory words and word combinations that express the speaker's attitude to what is said. The study revealed the cases of using introductory units of the following types: credibility, emotion, and evaluation of the style of the statement. The considered construction is a grammatical basis of a sentence in which the nominative part of the predicate is expressed by a noun in the nominative case (N1), so among the ‘expanders’ there are particles such as vot and eto.

Komi – Russian and Karelian – Russian Code-Switching

Introduction. The language situation in Russia is unique with a fair number of languages spoken on its territory and all of them having different status and scope of use. This implies the relevance of the study that focuses on the analysis of code-switching in the spoken language of the bilinguals speaking Komi and Russian and Karelian and Russian. The novelty of the study is implied by the analysis of the code-switching in the language pairs mentioned above. This contributes to the development of the code-switching theory.Methodology and sources. The methods of language data collection and processing are sociolinguistic methods of interviewing, questionnaire, observation, quantitative and descriptive methods. The research material are scripted dialogues with bilinguals as well as the “Komi mu” and “Parma gor” 2022 issues.Results and discussion. The study of the Komi-Russian and Karelian-Russian code-switching was conducted using P. Muysken’s topology of code-mixing. P. Muysken sees code-switching as alternation, insertion, and congruent lexicalization according to the degree of the foreign word assimilation in the matrix language. The features of the spoken language of the Komi-Russian bilinguals are the frequent use of Russian discursive and introductory lexical items and adverbs; the nouns and the adjectives usually following the grammatical rules of Komi; the respondents giving preference to Russian versions when using numerals. For the spoken language of the Karelian-Russian bilinguals it is typical to address to Russian vocabulary, especially when mentioning dates, numbers, and using introductory words and phrases; Russian words are also being quite easily transformed according to the Karelian grammar through its case system.Conclusion. Spontaneous speech of the bilingual interviewees contains a great number of code-switching, that could be a convincing demonstration of the language shift and is conditioned by a number of extralinguistic and linguistic factors, such as language prestige, language functionality, language situation, the native language of the interlocutor, and the willing of the respondent to use a certain language.

Труд, по-новому открывающий уникального востоковеда Василия Радлова

The article analyzes the first volume of the work “Glorifying the whole world of “Manas”. The first issue”, published in 2021 in Bishkek. The volume contains a facsimile of the text in Russian written by V.V. Radlov in St. Petersburg and a transcription of the text in Kyrgyz, which are interpreted in parallel from a scientific point of view. The article talks about the results of V.V. Radlov’s expedition to the Kyrgyz land, first published in the Kyrgyz language and in his article entitled “Soz Bashi” (“Introduction”), published in the form of an introductory word to “Manas”, published in 1885 in St. Petersburg, as well as a transcription of a version of the epic, the most successful aspects of its interpretation from a scientific point of view but at the same time there were noted a number of shortcomings in the publication. The article also highlights the reasons for the differences between the version recorded by V. Radlov and the versions published in Soviet times, it is noted that his article “Introduction” is an outstanding work not only in folklore studies, but also in general in Turkology, human studies and ethnology.

SEMANTIC PROCESSES INMODERN KAZAKH TERMINOLOGY

This paper describes semantic processes in Kazakh terminology (polysemy, broad meaning (eurysemy), semantic shift (broadening/narrowing), terminization and non-terminization of archaisms and terminization of neologisms, the phenomenon of variability) and linguistic data are given. For example, although polysemous terms are the names of different objects and phenomena in several fields, their meanings are closely related and not far from one another, while scientific definitions of terms with broad meanings (eurysemous terms) are far from one another.The article also states that the article is based on terms created as a result of the expansion of meaning in terminology, the names of objects and phenomena, actions characteristic of the life of the Kazakh nation, i.e. formed metaphorically on the basis of national cognition.The main influence on the terminologization and determinalization of archaisms in the Kazakh language are various extralinguistic factors (political situations, change of state formation, etc.).Neologisms, one of the sources that currently replenish the Kazakh terminological base, are classified into two types: 1) neologisms created due to the emergence of new concepts that have never existed in the language; 2) neologisms created by renewing, modernizing and transforming names that already exist in the language. At the same time, the lexical units belonging to the first group are introductory words, and in the second group are neologisms that arose in the process of term formation based on national cognition, which began to gain priority in modern Kazakh terminology. Currently, the vast majority of neologisms the Kazakh language are terms that have entered the Russian language from English.At present, in the Kazakh language, the parallel use of terms is widely observed. In industry terms dictionaries, legislation, and scientific works, the terms that have entered the Russian language from European languages are used simultaneously with their equivalents in Kazakh. Such a phenomenon of variability can be divided into the following types: 1) parallel use of the Kazakh language version of a term in Russian from European languages and its equivalent in Kazakh: 2) use of several alternatives in Kazakh for a term in Russian or from European languages.

Circulation, resignification and criticism of a “possible dream”: introductory words

Circulation, resignification and criticism of a “possible dream”: introductory words

Intrasystemic Contradictions in Punctuation Marks of Appositives and Introductory Words in Ossetian: Causes and Solutions

The subject of analysis is the punctuation marks of appendices and introductory words in the Ossetian — one of the problematic phenomena in contemporary Ossetian studies. The relevance of the study is determined, firstly, by the absence of works in Ossetian linguistics dedicated to the investigation of punctuation theory issues, and secondly, by the necessity of codifying punctuation norms in the Ossetian. The novelty of the research lies in the attempt to conduct a contrastive analysis of the reasons and circumstances of separating appendices and introductory words in Ossetian and Russian, as well as identifying gaps in Ossetian punctuation. It is demonstrated that actual punctuation practice does not deviate from the established norm in cases where the reasons for separating appendices and introductory words coincide in Ossetian and Russian. Special attention is given to the issues of distinguishing appendices and introductory words in positions that have no analogues in the Russian. The significance of word order and the presence of clitics in a sentence for the correct placement of punctuation marks in complex sentences is demonstrated. The punctuation formatting of appendices that have two qualifying words or a common postposition with a qualifying word is justified. The separation of introductory words that are part of an accentual complex is also commented on.

Discontinuity of Three-Component Verbal Phrasal Units

Key words: one-word, polyword, classification by quantity, classification by syntactic ratio, proportionate and disproportionate, participial structure Discontinuity has become material of study in recent years. Before now interjections and introductory words, phrases and sentences have been largely studied, but the discontinuity of phrasal units hasn’t been studied yet. The constant dependence of components is the most common type of dependence among substantive phraseological units. The complete constancy of the components is by no means a mandatory feature of phraseological units. If a variant appears, the constant dependence can turn into a constant-variant one. Phraseological variants are identical in quality and quantity of meanings, as well as in stylistic and syntactic functions. If phraseological units with partially substituted components have the same number of meanings, but they do not completely coincide, differing in shade, figurativeness, stylistic orientation, the structural synonyms are formed. If the number of meanings does not match, with a partially different lexical composition, with a different figurative basis, even if there is a common meaning, it is not possible to talk about phraseological variation or structural synonymy. Such turns should be considered as independent phraseological units. In this article, we will consider discontinuity of three-component verbal phrasal units in two main ways: according to the principle of quantitative attribute and syntactic relation. Discontinuity of three-component verbal phrasal units often occurs with one interval. These may be one-word or polyword, which may or may not be members of the sentence. Discontinuity can perform the role of main and secondary members in the sentence. Phrasal units are rare with two intervals. In this case, intervals can be one-word or polyword, doing or not doing the position of a sentence member.

From the Editors

The year 2022 marked the 800th anniversary of the establishment of the University of Padua, one that Poles have eagerly chosen as the site of their education since its founding, and one of Europe’s finest intellectual centers of the humanist era. For many years, Polish researchers have pointed out the importance of the university to our country, its culture, science and comprehensive development. The Polish elite of the 15th, 16th and early 17th centuries, including Paweł Włodkowic, Nicolaus Copernicus, Jan Kochanowski and Jan Zamoyski were educated in Padua, but these are just some of the many Polish names associated with the university. In view of the significant importance of the “Paduans” for Polish culture, we have decided to devote the theme section of this issue of Perspectives on Culture to the classical inspirations and cultural aspirations of the promoters of Polish culture in Padua, and to place it under the editorship of Prof. Dr. hab. Mirosław Lenart and Dr. Sławomir Marchel from the University of Opole. His Magnificence Father Rector of the Jesuit University Ignatianum in Cracow, Fr. Dr. Tomasz Homa SJ, AIK Professor, also included his introductory word in the issue.

Code-Switching in Speech of Tundra Yukaghir: Bi- and Multilingual Repetition

The linguistic repertoire of the tundra Yukaghir-Polylinguals in Lower Kolyma, Yakutia, with a population of approximately 400 and fewer than 50 speakers, is represented by the Yukaghir, Chukchi, Even, Yakut, and Russian languages. Their speech can be characterized as mixed, including spontaneous code-switching within and between utterances. Our goal is to provide the first description of one of the common cases of code-switching — repetition. It has been established that pronouns, nouns, verbs, as well as introductory words, propositional-nominal constructions, utterances, and their parts can be duplicated. Noun duplicates in both standard and pidginized forms are the most common. Overall, most duplicates are characterized as Yukaghir-Russian. Cases of trilingual duplication are also found. There are no transitions to Chukchi and Even languages during duplication. Intra- and Interphrase realizations of duplicates with dual directionality from one language to another and / or vice versa are noted. As a result of discourse analysis, social-pragmatic functions performed by duplicates have been identified. New linguistic material, in the form of fragments from dialogues and polylogues, transcripts of which have not been previously published, is introduced into scientific circulation.

2023 Padua Days of Muscle and Mobility Medicine: post-meeting Book of Abstracts.

The 2023 Padua Days of Muscle and Mobility Medicine (Pdm3) were held from March 29th to April 1st, 2023. Most of the abstracts were published electronically in the European Journal of Translational Myology (EJTM) 33 (1) 2023. Here we report the complete book of abstracts that confirms the interest of more than 150 scientists and clinicians from Austria, Bulgaria, Canada, Denmark, France, Georgia, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Mongolia, Norway, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, The Netherlands and USA to gather to the Hotel Petrarca of Thermae of Euganean Hills, Padua, Italy for contributing and attending the Pdm3 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zC02D4uPWRg). The 2023 Pdm3 started March 29th in the historic Aula Guariento of thePadua Galilean Academy of Letters, Arts and Sciences with the Lecture of Prof. Carlo Reggiani and ended in the late afternoon with the Lecture of Professor Terje Lømo after introductory words of Professor Stefano Schiaffino. The program followed in the Hotel Petrarca Conferenece Halls from March 30 to April 1, 2023. The extended topic interests of specialists in basic myology sciences and clinicians, collected under the umbrella neologism of Mobility Medicine, is stressed also by expansion of Sections of the EJTM Editorial Board (https://www.pagepressjournals.org/index.php/bam/board). We hope that Speakers of the 2023 Pdm3 and readers of EJTM will submit "EJTM Communications" to the European Journal of Translational Myology (PAGEpress, Pavia, Italy) by May 31, 2023 and/or invited review and original articles for the 2023 special issue: "Pdm3" of Diagnostics, MDPI, Basel, Switzerland due September 30, 2023.

New Trends in English Punctuation in the second part of the XX th century

The correct punctuation in writing is very important for understanding the meaning of author's intention. Any person with a higher education must not only speak correctly, but also correctly use punctuation when expressing his thoughts. This article describes the study of punctuation of identical structures in two variants of the English language. Punctuation of these structures is not fixed in the rules and recommendations in English. The author made an attempt to establish a pattern in the use of a punctuation mark with two introductory words; in sentences in which the subordinate clause takes a position after an introductory adverb or phrase; with two predicates connected by a conjunction; with complex sentences in which two parts of the sentence are connected without a conjunction.

On Some of Unsolved Modern Punctuation Issues

This article discusses the cases of punctuation in introductory words, adverbs and conjunctions that have not previously been described in the scientific and reference literature. Thepurpose of the study is to identify some actual problems of punctuation. We used a descriptive method, part of which is observation, and a psycholinguistic method, which includes an experiment (survey) to identify the established norm. The paper analyzes the rules contained in the most authoritative modern punctuation guides and gives recommendations to supplement them with relevant examples. The analysis of the survey results showed that difficulties in punctuation in the cases under consideration stem from an incomplete understanding of the principles of Russian punctuation among native speakers due to the lack of relevant information in the reference literature. Another conclusion we can draw as a result of the research is that the identification of new punctuation variants is associated with real speech practice. The paper concludes that the constructions that have been analyzed are used when writing texts of different styles, and therefore should be taken into account when codifying Russian punctuation and included in handbooks.

What is a skrepny (staple`s) analysis – on the example of the story "Netochka Nezvanova" as an unbalanced text in Dostoevsky's idiostyle (as well as "Poor people" and "White nights" as texts with insufficiently expressed authorhip)

The article contains such well-known facts that Dostoevsky's stories "Netochka Nezvanova", "Poor People" and "White Nights" are deviations from the author's style, confirmed by statistical indicators of the use of small words in them, i.e. conjunctions, particles, discursive and introductory words, which are collectively referred to as staples. Because of this, the method we use can be called skrepny (staple’s) analysis. In total, there are 883 such units, according to the frequencies of which the authors differ, they are counted, on the one hand, in the analyzed text X, and on the other, in the corpus of all other texts, both the title text and any authors available in our database: now there are about 70 different authors in total XIX-XX centuries (or 77 different idiosyncrasies), and - 917 of their texts. The main indicator is the total deviations: the sum of the absolute values of the differences between the frequencies of the use of staples in the analyzed text and – the average values of their frequencies in other texts of the same or some other author. At the same time, we record the following two phases of the "loss" of authorship: at the 1st phase, text X loses a sufficient gap in the indicators of the total frequency deviations of all staples in the text of the titular author – a gap with the first or closest of all competitors-applicants for authorship – when such a gap is leveled and becomes approximately equal to the gaps (differences in deviations from the idiostyle of the analyzed text) between all other author's idiostyles, becoming almost indistinguishable from them: it is with such texts that the stories "Poor People", "White Nights", "Crocodile" and "Mr. Prokharchin" by Dostoevsky show themselves, and at the 2nd phase, deviations from the idiosyncrasy of the analyzed text of someone (or several of the competitors at once) become even smaller than the deviations of the titular author himself, i.e. the gap becomes negative: thus, the chances of "authorship" no longer appear in the real author, but in someone else or immediately several of these competing authors - as in the case of the leading titular author of "Netochka Nezvanova" (in terms of the total frequency deviations in all staples) at once have 6 idiostyles – prose A.Panaeva, N.Pomyalovsky, Turgenev, Gogol, L.Tolstoy and V.Garshin.