Introduction Of New Regulations Research Articles

Petrograd (Leningrad) physical and mathematical society in 1921–1930: science management, publishing activities, and international relations

Drawing on the archival materials, the article examines the activities of the Petrograd (Leningrad) Physical and Mathematical Society in the 1920s, focusing on those concerned with research, science management, publishing and international relations. Despite its relatively short lifespan, the Society’s efforts proved to be very fruitful: regular meetings were held where scientific papers were presented and discussed, a dedicated scientific journal was published, and scientific links were maintained both domestically and internationally. Prominent Russian scientists took an active part in the Society’s activities, including Ya. V. Uspensky, V. I. Smirnov, B. N. Delone (Delaunay), G. M. Fikhtengol’ts (Fichtenholz), V. A. Steklov, A. A. Fridman (Friedmann), V. A. Fok (Fock), A. S. Besikovich, S. N. Bernshtein (Bernstein), Ya. D. Tamarkin, R. O. Kuzmin, N. I. Muskhelishvili, L. G. Loitsyansky, B. G. Galerkin. Society members attended international congresses and conferences, establishing and promoting important scientific contacts with foreign scientists and enhancing the worldwide authority of Soviet mathematicians and physicists. However, in 1930, the Society decided upon self-dissolution due to a number of reasons: introduction of new regulation aimed at the reorganization of scientific societies, the escalation of conflicts among the mathematical community, and the beginning of repressions against some mathematicians. Nevertheless the Petrograd (Leningrad) Physical and Mathematical Society had made a significant contribution to the advancement of physical and mathematical sciences in our country.

Enhancing fairness, transparency and accountability during tendering under Ghana’s procurement system: a systematic review

PurposeGhana’s legal framework for procurement has undergone substantial reform to increase its efficacy. However, disregard for legal obligations set forth has resulted in issues of fraud, corruption and poor oversight. This study seeks to synthesize literature on the recognition of legal obligations arising from tendering procedures and measures to promote fairness, transparency and accountability under Ghana’s procurement framework.Design/methodology/approachLegal frameworks and publications from diverse countries have been synthesized using a systematic literature review across three databases (Scopus, JSTOR and HeinOnline) to illuminate key concepts, issues and best practices relevant to the study. Data obtained from included publications was synthesized using Sandelowski and Barroso’s two-step approach by using a qualitative meta-summary and thematic synthesis.FindingsThe study reveals that issues of conflict of interest, corruption, lack of capacity, inadequate oversight and insufficient legal follow-through hinder the effectiveness of procurement regulations. The findings highlight the need for targeted improvements in resource allocation for consistent application of transparency measures, regular publication of notices and robust enforcement of accountability mechanisms. The report proposes the creation of a common data environment for networking and information dissemination, implementing feedback systems and trust rating schemes.Practical implicationsThe study contributes to the body of knowledge on procurement regulation by providing a thorough analysis of Ghana’s procurement framework. The findings will help policymakers close the observed implementation gaps by guiding the revision of current legislation and the introduction of new regulations. Research findings can be used to guide the creation of focused training courses.Originality/valueThis study, one of the first of its kind in Ghana, examines the current procurement framework, including legal obligations and implementation challenges. It contributes to the body of knowledge on the subject by providing a current and fact-based analysis as well as relevant recommendations for strengthening the framework.

How the French national authority for health assesses medicines for use in pediatrics

Children deserve to be treated with appropriate medicines based on robust assessments. Despite the introduction of new regulations, the availability of medicines for children is suboptimal because of the frequent lack of relevant clinical trials due to the difficulty of conducting such trials. Thus, the Transparency Committee (TC) of the French National Authority for Health, who oversees the assessment of medicinal products in France, set up a pediatric working group with two aims: (1) The first aim was to review all opinions on medicines for pediatric use. Out of 536 opinions delivered between 2020 and 2022, 181 (34 %) concerned medicines for pediatric use. Whereas oncology largely dominated the medicines for adults, medicines for infectious diseases, endocrinology/metabolism, neurology, and hematology mostly prevailed for children. (2) The second aim was to clarify the evaluation criteria assessed by the TC, namely, the clinical benefit (CB), the clinical added value (CAV), and the public health impact (PHI) for pediatric medicinal products. An important CB was given to 113 out of 161 (71 %) opinions on medicines for pediatric use when it concerned pathologies with a severe prognosis. The quality of the demonstration (e.g., double-blind randomized trial vs. placebo or another active medicine) played a major role in the CB level. Clinical pediatric studies were also consistently associated with higher CAV levels: levels I (major) to III (moderate) in 26 out of 42 (62 %) opinions, level IV (minor) and level V (no therapeutic progress) in 43 out of 84 (51 %) and 30 out of 43 (70 %) opinions granting a sufficient CB, respectively. Conversely, 22 out of 30 (73 %) dossiers based only on literature reviews were given a level V. The main criteria leading to the qualification of a medicine for pediatric use as providing a PHI included a significant change in the morbidity and mortality of the disease and an improvement in the care pathway. Assessments were mostly aligned on the adults in the case of subsequent extensions of indications to children. Lastly, new measures were taken aimed at shortening median delays in the assessment process in order to reduce off-label use of medicines in France.

Technological Developments as a New Challenge for Modern Legislation

Aim: The aim of the article is to present the legal aspects of the use of new technologies. Accelerating the progress of civilization through the rapid development of technology is a challenge for both the legislator and entities who, when applying the law, interpret imperfect regulations or have to deal with the lack of regulations on a daily basis. In this publication, the author discusses legal aspects related to the development and implementation of new technologies and answers the question whether the applicable regulations combine the intentions of the creators of the regulations with social and economic needs. Introduction: The essence of all development is the improvement and expansion of human and technological capabilities and potential. Civilizational development is a system of interconnected vessels based on mutual social, cultural and technological interdependencies, and all these spheres of public life are inextricably linked with legal regulations. Without elementary knowledge of regulations, it would be difficult to make rational decisions regarding everyday life, therefore legal standards should include solutions adequate to the needs of citizens and the economy. In case of new technologies, which are subject to continuous and dynamic changes, the traditional norm-setting model known as hard law does not fully achieve its goals, and what is more, the applicable law does not keep up with the development of new technologies. Methodology: he article describes the current state of knowledge in the field of selected aspects of new technology law. The work uses theoretical research methods, including the analysis of applicable regulations and the literature and views of the doctrine, as well as the results of the research work of the author of the publication. Conclusions: Current legal regulations do not keep up with new technologies. The legislative process itself is complicated and very long. The introduction of new regulations and legislative changes requires, among others, inter-ministerial and social arrangements, work in Sejm and Senate committees, voting in Parliament, and finally the signature of the President of the Republic of Poland. The above-mentioned legal activities take time, and new technologies mean variability and dynamism – a constant fight against time. The development of technology is certainly a new challenge for legislators, for whom cooperation with the scientific community and representatives of various technological industries is an opportunity to create regulations that support rather than limit the development of 21st century technologies. Keywords: law of new technologies, technological revolution, security, implementation of innovations

Economic impact of the introduction of new regulations: an analysis of construction and transportation SMEs in Ecuador

The general objective of this study is to analyze the economic impact of Resolution No. 009 - 2021 on small and medium-sized construction and heavy transport companies in the province of Manabí. The methodology was of quantitative approach, non-experimental longitudinal design, field typified, descriptive level and under the modality of a documentary study. The information was collected through the survey technique. The analysis sample consisted of 20 people, including owners and employees of small and medium-sized companies in the construction and heavy transport sector in the province of Manabí. Among the results found, 91.9% know about the management of tariffs; 56.8% liked making purchases after the implementation of the Resolution; 70.3% received training; 48.6% indicated that they always had the support of their company; 40.5% said that it generated an economic impact; 37.85% are satisfied with this reform; 89.2% indicated that they consider it to have a positive impact; 43.2% rated Resolution No. 009-2021 as very good. It is concluded that: after the application of the survey to determine the economic impact of Resolution No. 009-2021 on SMEs in the construction and heavy transport sector in the province of Manabí, they indicate that it was of great relevance and help, as it managed to reduce tariff costs.

The Exploration of Commercial Paths of Urban Cultural Heritage

Due to the development of cities in modern China, improper protection of urban heritage has caused a lot of damage. Although the protection of urban heritage has been strengthened after the introduction of new regulations, in many cases due to improper operation or insufficient strength due to various reasons, the process of urban heritage protection is very difficult. Urban cultural heritage is also a unique feature of a certain area, which often attracts many foreign tourists. Therefore, the major merchants decided to develop their products based on the city's cultural heritage in order to attract more customers. From the standpoint of ordinary people, the citizen's perspective examines the purpose, process and results of urban heritage protection, respects the important position of citizens in urban heritage protection, fully considers the needs and feelings of the public, and tastes the public participation in the relevant links of heritage protection. Urban heritage protection from the perspective of citizens aims to integrate urban heritage into daily life, place emotional memories, maintain urban characteristics, and improve the quality of citizens. This article will discuss the protection of urban heritage by analyzing the public, to propose a commercial path for urban cultural heritage.

A comparative study of the conference papers of mainland China's double first‐class universities

AbstractThis paper analyses the conference papers published by double first‐class universities from mainland China between 2006 and 2019. The main findings are as follows: first, the number of conference papers from different double first‐class universities varied greatly, with the annual numbers of papers in the China Proceedings of Conferences Full‐text Database (CPCD) and in the Conference Proceedings Citation Index (CPCI) fluctuating during this period. Second, most of the top 10 disciplines of the papers in the CPCD and CPCI were in the natural sciences, with only two in the social sciences. The CPCD papers and CPCI papers had some overlap in their disciplinary distributions. Third, the CPCD and CPCI papers differed little in total number, with the number of CPCI papers being slightly higher than the number of CPCD papers. With the introduction of new regulations from the Ministry of Science and Technology (MST), there will likely be an increase in the number of Chinese‐language conference papers in the future.

Comparative Wear Test of Journal Sliding Bearings with Sintered Bronze and Babbitt Alloy Bushes Lubricated by Environmentally Acceptable/Adapted Lubricants (EAL)

A growing awareness of the negative effects of mineral oils on the natural environment has resulted in the introduction of new regulations related to environmental protection. One of these regulations requires the use of environmentally acceptable/adapted lubricants (EAL) to lubricate marine main shaft bearings, in place of the mineral lubricating oils that have been used for decades. Classification Societies, which supervise the technical condition of ships, record a certain number of failures each year of heavy loaded stern tube bearings lubricated with modern, environmentally friendly lubricants. The reason often given for such failures is that the operating parameters of EAL lubricants are worse than those of mineral oils. The aim of the experimental research reported here was to compare the operating parameters and wear of EAL lubricated journal sliding bearings. For this purpose, two classic mineral lubricating oils and a group of four alternative lubricants from the EAL group were selected. The tests carried out for two types of bearing bushes—sintered bronze and Babbitt—did not show significant differences in terms of operating parameters or journal and bush wear for the entire group of tested lubricants.

Irregular Migration as an Inevitable Way of Life? Participant-Observation from Europe

In the last decades, unabated cross-Mediterranean refugee flows from Africa have geometrically expanded, despite the closure of borders and the introduction of new regulations. The number of Africans waiting in Libyan slave camps, with determination to cross the Mediterranean Sea, understandably demonstrates the depressing reality in their home countries. The state of affairs in homeland countries that compels people to expose themselves to precarious migration journeys deserves academic interrogation. This article briefly explores the contextual conditions that inspire this form of migration, mainly from Africa to Europe and draws on sociological literature about irregular migration. This article also includes accounts from formal and informal interactions with African migrants. It concludes that scrambling for greener pastures in Europe could be drastically reduced if anti-poverty policies are established in Africa.

Prawo pracy dla fizjoterapeutów w Polsce

Every employee is responsible for their basic knowledge of labour law. Getting acquainted with relevant laws and regulations may save an unaware employee from being sued by the employer or provide grounds for pursuing their claims when the employer violates the employee’s interest. This is particularly important in the case of medical professionals. Physiotherapists, as employees of one of the medical professions, are covered by different regulations regarding, for example, working hours or remuneration for work outside working hours. The prevailing COVID-19 pandemic additionally contributed to the introduction of new regulations that would change the way medical employees perform work. The objective of this study is to present the most important information about labour law from the point of view of a physiotherapist.

Abatement of GHG emissions onboard mobile offshore units

The International Maritime Organisation (IMO) is setting clear and ambitious goals for the decarbonisation of the shipping industry through the introduction of new regulations like the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI), Energy Efficiency Existing Ship Index (EEXI) and Carbon Intensity Indicator (CII). However, these new regulations do not cover mobile offshore units like the Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) units that fall under the same maritime regime. To embrace sustainability in their corporate strategies and improve their public image, it is in the interest of existing oil and gas companies and operators to embark on a program of abating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions through careful measurement and analysis. This paper is aimed at providing an overview of the typical FPSO’s GHG emissions that originates from sources such as power generation, flaring, leakages and tank venting. The paper goes in-depth concerning some potential abatement measures that can be taken to reduce such emissions. This is followed by a case study of an FPSO assessed for the voluntary DNV class notation, Abate, to discuss how a competent third-party like DNV can play a significant role in helping offshore oil and gas companies demonstrate and achieve abatement in GHG emissions from their assets.

An analysis of design strategies for circular economy through life cycle assessment

The goal of pursuing the circular economy (CE) is spreading more and more in industry, also driven by the introduction of new regulations, considerably affecting product design. However, a quantitative and rigorous evaluation of the environmental impacts of the results obtained by different design strategies used to implementing CE is missing in the literature. Those available only evaluate certain aspects of the life cycle of few products, belonging to specific application fields, in a qualitative way or they refer only to the global warming potential. This study provides a quantitative assessment of the environmental impacts reductions arising from the application of some common design strategies for implementing different CE options (e.g. reuse, waste to energy, remanufacturing), by using some standard indicators. The results were obtained by manually analysing 156 selected case studies of comparative life cycle assessment (LCA), extracted from 136 scientific articles. In them, the environmental impacts of design solutions for CE are compared with those of other solutions were wastes are not exploited. The obtained results have been used to evaluate the different design strategies for CE and to hierarchize them based on environmental sustainability of the solutions associated with them. In addition, an economic evaluation of the strategies, based on the life cycle costing methodology and exploiting the data available in the same articles, was also provided. Among the main achievements, it was found that the hierarchy of the CE options, pursued by the design strategies, to improve environmental sustainability is different from that provided by other studies. In addition, the environmental benefits associated with the different CE options strictly depend by the applied design strategies and the considered products.Graphical abstract

TERMINATION OF THE EMPLOYMENT RELATIONSHIP OF AN ACADEMIC TEACHER

The subject of the article is an analysis of changes in the procedure in which the termination and expiry of the employment relationship of academic teachers takes place on the basis of the Act on Higher Education and the Act on Higher Education and Science replacing this act. On the basis of the repealed act the employment relationship with academic teachers was established on the basis of an appointment or an employment contract. Depending on the basis for establishing the employment relationship, the issues of the possibility of terminating the employment relationship with an academic teacher were also different. The result of the introduction of new regulations on termination of the employment relationship of an academic teacher is the equalization of the situation of appointed and contract teachers in this respect, and thus weakening the protection against termination of employment of appointed teachers.

Addressing Environmental Concerns in Tertiary Education

Marine pollution is a problem that is becoming more and more important for the sustainable use of oceans and blue growth. People who appreciate the significance of this problem are taking steps to raise awareness about the issue and educate all concerned to prevent it. In line with this, higher education institutions have started to educate their students to contribute to these efforts and to create an environmentally conscious generation. The introduction of new regulations to limit emissions and of new technologies to help to remove emissions, imposed development of cutting-edge programs in this context. The purpose of this paper is to determine what such a program addressing the needs of maritime in the future regarding marine environment protection should contain. One of the ways to determine the content of these programs is to ask for the opinions of the stakeholders in the sector. To see what their viewpoints and suggestions are, a 5- point Likert survey with 10 questions about issues related to the marine environment protection is used and outcomes of the survey were reinforced with a follow-up benchmarking study to determine the most suitable answer to the needs of stakeholders. Survey results pointed out the importance of the use of technology to minimize marine pollution, environmentally safe port and shipping operations, ecosystem-based approaches in the whole sector, and the benefits of the development of integrated maritime strategies to protect the marine environment. Taking these topics into consideration while preparing the contents of the courses about the marine pollution prevention and environment protection will help raise a more environmentally conscious generation who can protect and restore nature and provide ecological sustainability.

COATINGS AND PERMANENT MEANS OF ACCESS – THE ANTI-CORROSION CHALLENGES

The introduction of new regulations for Means of Access (MA) has led to an increase in the number and complexity of access openings, an increase in the size of the access openings in the ship’s structure, and a stricter maintenance regime which presents new challenges throughout the life of modern vessels. Several of the major issues at the design stage of Permanent Means of Access (PMA); the construction of ships; the application of protective coatings during new building, together with coating maintenance during the service lifetime; problems related to cleaning holds after cargoes have been removed; action by the Butterworth crude oil washing action and the challenges of maintenance in ballast tanks, are discussed in this paper.

The importance of telematic information and logistics indicators for the management of the quality of transport services

Abstract Transport companies, whose activities have a significant impact on the economy of the whole of Europe, constantly face new market challenges. The high demand for transport services, even in the time of the Covid-19 pandemic, and the introduction of new regulations by the European Union authorities mean that these enterprises have to increase their efforts on competitive foreign markets. Telematics systems play a crucial role in this battle as they enable the acquisition and processing of data characterizing processes in road transport. In this article, the author undertakes the issue of logistic indicators in theoretical frames, as well as their classification and characteristics as the main source of information about processes. This is followed by the analysis of data obtained from a transport company using a telematics system to manage transport processes in the context of ensuring the quality of services. The aim of the study is to demonstrate the significance of selected logistics indicators in terms of improving the quality of transport services. Statistical analysis is used to study the relationships and impact of individual measures in 2019-2020 as a forecasting tool. The result of the research is finding an appropriate link between the measures and using this knowledge as an opportunity to improve the quality of services.

Қазақстан Республикасында өнеркәсіптік сертификатты қолдану мәселелері және болашағы

The Kazakhstani manufacturer has repeatedly faced situations when pseudo-enterprises, disguising themselves as domestic producers of goods, works and services, received preferences and used government support measures, won government and other purchases, while not having enough equipment for production. The article is devoted to current problems and prospects for the application of the Industrial Certificate in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The dynamics of the development of the sphere of public procurement of the Republic of Kazakhstan is considered, depending on the specific requirements for certain areas of production of goods, works and services. The material in this article is important from the point of view of ensuring fair competition between competing enterprises in the same industry. The complex of transformations in the system of standardization, certification and quality management has been carried out since the first years of independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan. These transformations have been observed over the years, vivid examples of which are: the application of the European model of technical regulation to the modern realities of the economic situation in the Republic of Kazakhstan, accession to the Customs Union, the adoption of unified technical regulations of the Customs Union, the introduction of new regulations and legal acts defining the share of local content in products and services, as well as the potential of domestic industries. The results of these transformations have proved that the system of technical regulation of the Republic of Kazakhstan is an effective tool for the development of the economy. The development of new Kazakhstani normative legal acts and normative documents introduced to support the domestic producer of goods and services will contribute to the transformation of the old system and the creation of a new one that is fundamentally different from the previous one. The article discusses problematic issues in the field of industrial certification, namely: a lack of qualified personnel; unregulated pricing system for work carried out in this area; the complexity of the industrial certification procedure; a lack of automation of processes of the industrial certification mechanism. Analyzing the practice of industrial certification, this article offers recommendations for solving the above problematic issues. New edition of amendments and additions to the «Rules for the formation and maintenance of the register of domestic manufacturers of goods, works and services, as well as the issuance of an Industrial certificate» approved by the decision of the Presidium of the National Chamber of Entrepreneurs of the Republic of Kazakhstan «Atameken» dated 28.12.2018. No. 28 is designed to reconstruct the process of obtaining the Industrial Certificate. The process should become more transparent, understandable and highly efficient. Also, with the introduction of changes, the problems that hindered the receipt of the Industrial certificate by individual enterprises should be resolved.

Current and future flood risk of new build homes across different socio-economic neighbourhoods in England and Wales

Despite improvements in the management of flood risk and the introduction of new regulations, losses from flooding remain high. An important driver is the continuation of new assets being built in flood prone locations. Over the last decade over 120 000 new homes in England and Wales have been built in flood prone areas. While the yearly rates of new homes in flood risk areas have increased only moderately on the national level, significant differences between and within regions as well as between different flood types exist. Using property level data on new homes built over the last decade and information on the socio-economic development of neighbourhoods, we analyse spatial clusters of disproportional increase in flood exposure from recently built homes and investigate how these patterns evolve under different future climate scenarios. We find that a disproportionately higher number of homes built in struggling or declining neighbourhoods between 2008 and 2018 is expected to end up in areas at a high risk of flooding over their lifetime as a result of climate change. Based on these findings, we discuss issues regarding future spending on flood defences, affordability of private level flood protection and insurance as well as the role of spatial planning for adaptation in the face of climate change.

Climbing the Integration Ladder: A Case Study on an Interdisciplinary and Case-Based Approach to Teaching General Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology in the Veterinary Curriculum.

The School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland, restructured the teaching of general pathology, parasitology, and microbiology in third year in 2018 as part of the development of an outcome-based curriculum. A new integrated teaching module was created, called Veterinary Pathobiology, which encompassed the three paraclinical subjects, worth 20 ECTS credits. Subject integration was driven and supported by case-based learning (CBL) activities, and practical classes, which were aimed at facilitating the understanding of basic disease processes, infectious agents, and the application of diagnostic tests. The disciplines maintained their identities within lectures which were aligned by content. The restructuring led to a reduction of contact hours by 20% and of assessment time by 40%. The examinations included integrated questions with an emphasis on the material students had covered in their CBL. Despite positive outcomes, which included equivalent examination scores and positive written feedback by students on teaching and learning, understanding, assessment, relevance, CBL, group work, and generic skills, the average scores for overall student satisfaction dropped dramatically in the second academic year of implementation. This followed the introduction of new regulations by the University relating to student progression, which was capped at "carrying" 10 ECTS credits, thus preventing students that failed the new module from progressing. Other criticisms of the new module by students included too little communication on the changes implemented in its first iteration and a workload perceived to be too heavy. Further restructuring is therefore necessary. This study highlights the process/pitfalls of integration/curricular innovation.

Research on Marine Photovoltaic Grid-connected System Based on Super Capacitor

Ships undertake more than 90% of the logistics and transportation of world trade, but shipping also brings about a large amount of pollutant emissions. According to statistics, 30% and 5% of global pollutants NOx and SOx come from ships. With the continuous introduction of new regulations and policies, green and low-carbon has become the current development trend of ships. The application of new energy power generation through inverter control technology to connect to the ship’s power grid is one of the technical approaches, of which photovoltaic power generation technology is representative. Through the review of relevant literature and books, learn the working principles and characteristics of each component of the photovoltaic power generation system, and complete the selection and design of the main equipment of the system according to the needs of ro-ro ships.