Introduction Of New Mechanisms Research Articles

INFLUENCE OF DINITROSALICYLIC ACID ON THE PROTECTIVE SYSTEM OF COTTON SEEDLINGS (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Cotton growing, being an important agro-industrial object, is being improved through the introduction of new mechanisms to increase resistance to various external stress factors. Taking into account the previously studied phytohormones, the purpose of our study was to identify the effect of the salicylic acid derivative, dinitrosalicylic acid (DNSA), on the biochemical processes in the common cotton AP-317 genotype. It was established that low concentrations of DNSA-0.01 mM decreased production of NO radical, catalase and PPO activity, as well as absorption of phosphorus-anions from the nutrient medium, while higher doses of them has led to the stimulation of NO radical production, increased peroxidase activity, stabilized absorption of phosphorus anions. It was also found that at low concentrations of DNSA took place slightly activation of SOD activity, but not at relatively high concentration of DNSA. Electron paramagnetic resonance analysis of the root and leaf tissue of the plant showed an increase in the concentration of magnesium and iron ions when exposed to DNSA. It was also found that DNSA increased the concentration of lipid peroxide radicals at 0.1 mM in both tissues.

STATE POLICY OF SUPPORTING WAR VETERANS IN THE ACTIVE PHASE OF COMBATS IN UKRAINE

The article analyzes the state policy of supporting war veterans in Ukraine in the active phase of hostilities, prospects for the introduction of new mechanisms, problems of providing for veterans and ways to solve them. Among the main problems that currently exist in Ukraine: failure to identify the real needs of veterans and members of their families, as well as their dramatic changes since the full-scale invasion; ignorance by veterans and members of their families about opportunities from the state, budgetary institutions, and international organizations; support for veterans is organized as a system of payments and benefits, for which veterans must apply separately. The purpose of the article is to analyze the state policy of supporting war veterans in Ukraine in the active phase of hostilities, prospects for the introduction of new mechanisms, problems of providing for veterans and ways to solve them. Methods of analysis and synthesis were used (in the study of the system of medical and social support for combatants in Ukraine); theoretical methods - a systematic approach (analysis of state policy to solve problems in the field of medical, physical and psychological rehabilitation of combatants); empirical methods - comparison (experience in the field of managing medical and social support for combatants was analyzed). The key priorities of the Ministry of Veterans are summarized, including: rehabilitation and return of veterans to normal life; memory and respect; resocialization. The system of social protection, healthcare, psychological rehabilitation and socialization of war veterans, which need improvement, has been partially revealed.

Розвиток підприємницьких структур на основі впровадження сучасних організайно-технологічних систем

tems. Review article. The article deepens the understanding of modern innovative entrepreneurship – a multi-level object of research. Innovations are one of the main factors in ensuring the economic development of an enterprise. In addition to the introduction of innovative technologies, it is necessary to have organizational and managerial methods for carrying out innovative activities. Given the objective of the study, the concepts of "system" and "organization" are analyzed and clarified. The article considers innovation-active entrepreneurship as one of the types of social systems, as an important component of modern innovative development of Ukraine in difficult military conditions. Identification of the factors influencing innovation-active enterprises allows to determine what will hinder or, on the contrary, facilitate the introduction of new mechanisms. The article analyzes the process of formation of organizational and technological systems, which are considered as the basis for the development of impulses, elements of the mechanism. The reason for the creation of a variety of organizational and technological systems is the ability of their elements to receive, identify and perceive information and analytics, i.e. to create connections.

MODERN PRACTICES OF COMBATING BUREAUCRACY IN WESTERN EUROPE

The article is devoted to the disclosure of modern practices of countering bureaucracy in Western Europe. Based on the results of the analysis of the scientific literature on this problem, it was proved that the mechanisms of countering bureaucracy began to form around the relevant legal field, the main of which are: ensuring the election of officials and the possibility of their recall; increasing the responsibility of officials; change of the remuneration system; reducing the field of application of "personal discretion"; conclusion of fixed-term contracts, contracts; control, revision and audit; expansion of opportunities to protect the rights and freedoms of citizens; reducing the limits for the use of personal discretion; professional education. The key areas of implementation of public sector reforms are highlighted: reducing the size and scope of public sector powers; improvement of the system of providing state (administrative) services; as short as possible terms of obtaining public services; change of the civil service management system; introduction of new mechanisms of relations with the public, ethical norms and standards for civil servants; changing the pay system for officials. It is proved that the opposition to bureaucracy in Western Europe had the character of improvement, rationalization of bureaucracy, subordination of its professional activities to the interests of citizens and civil society.

New Public Management in the Public Administration System

The purpose of the article is to study the concept of new management, clarify the essence, goals and tasks of new public management as an approach to organizing the activities of power institutions. The methodology base of the research involves the use of methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization and forecasting. The traditional model of public administration has undergone serious changes and has actually been replaced by a new model of public administration. This change is a change characterized by a transition from administration to management and from bureaucracy to the market. This transformation was the result of economic pressures resulting from the ongoing financial crisis, which was associated with the rise of conservative political parties in Western democracies. The development of democracy raises the level of requirements for the quality of public administration. Modern societies strengthen control over the activities of state organizations, demanding both economic efficiency and effectiveness of activities, but also the provision of clientoriented results of activities (social values). Modern processes of democratization of Ukrainian society and reform of the system of public administration of Ukraine include not only the use of new management technologies, but also the introduction of innovative and effective management models. Such models of public management as «new public management», «governance» and «good governance» have been successfully tested by many developed countries of the world, the essence of these models is the gradual transition from executive-administrative forms of management to governance focused on satisfying needs and interests customers. Analysis of the concept of new public management, its goals, principles and characteristics shows that its elements are based on existing theoretical developments and have already been applied in one form or another in world practice. At the same time, due to the wide application of market mechanisms, the new public management is a different view of public management. The scientific novelty consists in the study of the essence of the traditional model of public administration. The main characteristics of New Public Management are presented. Conclusions. New public management arises as a result of the application of an economic approach to the analysis of the activity of the public administration system. The introduction of new mechanisms of New Public Management in public administration has led to serious changes in procedures, processes, chains and network relations between organizations and within organized government bodies. Key words: public administration, public administration, public management, New Public Management, modern management.

Парадигма розвитку медичного права в Україні

The article formulates the paradigm of the development of medical law in Ukraine, and also considers the constituent elements that form it. We believe that the legal relations included in the subject of medical law should be divided into two groups. The first group is represented by those relations that arise during the implementation of medical activities in the process of providing medical assistance. That is, the relationship between the doctor and the patient during the implementation of the first diagnostic, treatment and preventive measures. We believe that they are the basis of relations in the field of medicine. The second group of relations includes relations related to the provision of medical care, in particular, in the field of internal organization of the provision of medical services, mandatory medical insurance, control and supervision in the field of health care, licensing and accreditation of medical organizations, etc. We propose to call such relations organizational and legal in the field of medicine, since they are the basis of the emergence of relations in the process of implementing medical activities regarding the provision of medical assistance and ensure its quality provision. It is proved that medical law is an independent complex branch of law, which was formed on the border of profiling branches of law (which, in our opinion, are civil, administrative law, social security law), the subject of which is social relations that arise in the process of implementing medical activities in relation to provision of medical care and organizational and legal relations in the field of medicine. Their legal regulation is based on the combined (imperative-dispositive method). Thus, awareness of the independent sectoral affiliation of medical law will contribute to its further development, improvement of legal regulation of individual sectoral institutes, introduction of new mechanisms of protection and protection of the rights and interests of subjects in the field of health care.

Improving the Mechanism of Budget Expenditures in the Healthcare Sector

The article presents indicators of the effectiveness of the formation of goals and performance indicators of health care financing, depending on the function of financing budget expenditures, the introduction of new mechanisms for financing medical institutions

The impact of in-service and retraining education on the professional development of teachers in international practice

In our republic, as in all fields, successful reforms are ongoing in the field of education. Integration of Azerbaijani education into world education, adaptation to international standards, use of progressive world experience at all stages and levels of education serves sustainable development. The fulfillment of a global task, such as the transformation of material resources into human capital, requires, first of all, the introduction of new mechanisms at all stages and levels of education. The rapid flow of information in society results in the rapid change of knowledge and information. Even in the most perfect educational system, a significant part of the acquired knowledge loses its activity from time to time. Therefore, in the rapidly changing, globalized world, knowledge and skills need to be constantly renewed, improved, and reconciled with the requirements of the time. From this point of view, it is necessary to change and improve the professional knowledge of professionals working in all areas of public life, including teaching staff, both quantitatively and qualitatively. The continuous training of pedagogical personnel working in the field of education, who shape the intellectual potential of the society and the future of the nation, are considered the most leading direction in the state's policy, is needed today. Experience shows that the educational system of society's development poses many important problems, the realization of which depends on the level of professionalism of the teaching staff.

New approaches to international reserves: The lack of credibility in reserve currencies

The ongoing international reserve paradigm based on trust will experience a major transformation despite being convenient, flexible and low-cost. The underlying issue is a loss of trust. Due to the massive financial sanctions imposed on Russia and other states, traditional reserve currencies have lost their footing, compromising confidence in international reserves. Consequently, countries will need a comprehensive revision of their reserve asset management options. This paper overviews these options, which range from trade-offs to non-orthodox solutions. In total, we list twelve options, which can be categorized into three groups according to their novelty and “degree of orthodoxy­.” The first group implies countries can expand the use of available instruments, i.e., investments in gold, renminbi, and currencies of friendly countries, and enlarge the network of swap lines and the toolbox of sovereign wealth funds. In the second group, options call for the introduction of new mechanisms for international reserves functions, such as accumulating physical resources and private cryptocurrencies­, issuing stablecoins by central banks, and building up assets of regional financing arrangements. The third group includes options to shift the energy standard (currency) paradigm and establish a synthetic international currency or form a macroeconomic paradigm with no international reserves. Furthermore, applying our analysis, we move beyond Russia and look at the issue from the perspective of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization members and observers, as it is a leading platform where countries openly discuss this matter.

Against ‘instantaneous’ expertise

BackgroundHealthcare is predicated on the use of biotechnology and medical technology, both of which are indispensable in diagnosis, treatment, and most aspects of patient care. It is therefore imperative that justifications for use of new technologies are appropriate, with the technologies working as advertised. In this paper, I consider philosophical accounts of how such justifications are made.MethodsCritical philosophical reflection and analysis.ResultsI propose that justification in many prominent accounts is based on the designer’s professional experience and on expert testimony. I argue, however, that professional designers are not in a position to justify a new biotechnology or medical device if the justification is based on testimony or past experience of presumably similar technologies. I argue (1) that similarity judgments offered by instantaneous experts cannot be viewed as contributing (epistemically) to evidential justification of new and unproven technologies; and (2) that designers and manufacturers cannot endorse a technology’s effective function in a patient-care context until it has been successfully used in that context.ConclusionI show that an expert’s past professional experiences can never predict or justify the impact of a novel technology on human health. This is because any new technology leads to the introduction of new mechanisms with unprecedented functions. The new technology therefore needs to be studied in situ and justified as a newly created mechanism within the relevant healthcare setting. Ultimately, justifications of this type rely on the scientific community and society engaging in repeated experimentation and observation of the technology, and confirming its successful use.

Legal Challenges for Ukraine under Martial Law: Protection of Civil, Property and Labour Rights, Right to a Fair Trial, and Enforcement of Decisions

Background: On 24 February, Russia launched a military attack on the entire territory of Ukraine, in connection with which the President of Ukraine declared martial law. According to the Law of Ukraine ‘On Martial Law’, martial law is a special legal regime introduced in the event of armed aggression, danger to the state independence of Ukraine, or its territorial integrity and arranges for the provision of appropriate state authorities, military command, military administrations, and local authorities self-governance of the powers necessary to avert the threat, repel armed aggression and ensure national security, and eliminate the threat of danger to the state independence of Ukraine, its territorial integrity, as well as the temporary restriction of the constitutional rights and freedoms of persons and citizens and the rights and legitimate interests of legal entities within the validity period of these restrictions. This study is designed to analyse the consequences of armed aggression against Ukraine and the introduction of the appropriate legal regime in such areas as the realisation of property rights, the administration of justice, the enforcement of court decisions, and labour relations. Methods: To achieve the goals of the research, general scientific and special methods of scientific research were applied, such as comparative-legal and semantic-structural methods and the method of grouping, analysis, synthesis, and generalization. Results and Conclusions: The introduction of the martial law regime throughout the territory of Ukraine affected all spheres of life and, as a result, requires adaptation to modern realities. In particular, this consists of changes to the current legislation because the martial law regime involves the restriction of certain constitutional rights and freedoms of persons and the introduction of new mechanisms – for example, the suspension of labour relations, changes in the jurisdiction of courts for the possibility of justice, expanding the competence of private executors, and even making changes to the regulations of ICAC due to the impossibility of sending documents by mail, as well as allowing process participants to personally participate in meetings.

Behavioral Responses of Households to Tax Reforms

Over the past 10 years, significant reforms have taken place in the Russian tax area. Households are under the influence caused by the following changes: the rules for property and land tax recalculating according to the cadastre data including summer cottages and garages in the list of taxable objects, the transport tax on luxury cars, and the introduction of a progressive personal income tax scale. Accordingly, the purpose of this article is to examine the response of households to changes in tax policy and to interpret this response using behavioral approach. The key hypothesis of the study is that households demonstrate varying degrees of reaction to any changes in tax legislation. Likewise, in the context of the deteriorating fiscal environment, households seek to optimize the tax burden. The authors analyzed the theoretical and methodological basis of this topic, which allowed the authors to propose improvements in methods of studying households. The study was conducted on the basis of data on payments of taxes by the Russian households. The authors revealed the features of the relationship of tax payments and different economic indicators. It is established by the Pearson correlation coefficient that there are varying degrees of households' reaction to changes in tax legislation, and households' responses are not uneven for all types of taxes. Authors also calculated the coefficient of elasticity of tax payments depending on various factors. The approach given in the article is needed for a more complete understanding of how effects of tax changes to households may be used to create effective techniques and measures in tax policy. This study makes unique contributions to further researches in the area, which will lead to the introduction of new mechanisms for state programs in tax area and forecast their implementation for the medium- and long-terms.

Enhancing sustainability of Indian PPP procurement process using system dynamics model

PurposeIncreasingly adopted by various governments for infrastructure development, public-private partnerships (PPPs) have become a popular procurement delivery system, outperforming other systems. However, PPPs have been especially criticised due to the lack of sustainability aspect during the development and implementation of the projects. In India, similar critiques have been raised, as these qualities have inhibited the development of society and increased the time and cost overrun in the development of PPP projects. This paper, therefore, aims to address the sustainability issues in PPPs and systematically analyses from the perspective of the principles of sustainable development.Design/methodology/approachBased on literature review and focussed interviews with stakeholders in India, a qualitative system dynamics (SD) model using causal loop diagramming is developed to propose the inclusion of various strategies in the PPP procurement process, which can enhance the sustainability of the PPP process. Finally, the integration of these strategies in the current PPP procurement process has been highlighted in the form of the introduction of new mechanisms and policies and modification of the existing mechanism and procurement policies.FindingsThe paper first highlights key sustainability issues in the PPP procurement process and suggests 34 strategies to address the issues. The modelling approaches and the proposed strategies, along with their interrelationships, could help the PPP decision makers in implementing responsive policies in bringing sustainable development in the PPP procurement process.Research limitations/implicationsThe SD model developed is based on limited data, primarily focussed on PPP procurement practices in the context of infrastructure development in India. Developing the model with the analysis of a wider range of data and constructing a customised model can take broader perspectives into account.Social implicationsAdoption of the identified strategies can facilitate the inclusion of sustainability practices in the development of infrastructure projects, which are even procured using private finance.Originality/valueStudies on how to promote sustainable infrastructure development when procured through the PPP route are in the nascent stage. This study, therefore, extends the current body of knowledge on infrastructure projects implementation through PPPs from financial engineering and risk management to a sustainability perspective.

Common agricultural policy: experience of recent reform

The use of positive international practice in state support for the agriculture and rural areas is becoming an increasingly urgent task for domestic politicians, and a thorough study of international experience is an important mission of modern science. The experience of European countries, the implementation of the Common Agricultural Policy of which is famous by both a long history and constant evolution to changing external conditions, is useful from the point of view of the possibilities of incorporation into domestic practice. The article examines a specific period (2014–2020) in the development of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), characterized, firstly, by introduction of new mechanisms and principles, secondly, by active implementation simultaneously with the first component of the policy (First Pillar ) of its second component (Second Pillar), which is aimed at harmonious rural development, means an attempt to link the European (common) context with local characteristics and priorities in the development of rural areas. Important theoretical and practical conclusions proposed for discussion by the scientific community and politicians were obtained in the study as a result of a thorough analysis of Eurostat data, the annual reports of the European Commission, the European Parliament, accompanying the implementation of CAP funds (EAFR, EAGF). The scientific hypotheses formulated and verified in the course of the research can be reduced to the following conclusions: 1) the directions and instruments of state agrarian policy require constant updating following the fluctuations of the agrarian sphere surrounding environment; 2) the priorities of agrarian policy (European, domestic) are naturally and gradually shifted towards the support of rural areas, within the boundaries of which agricultural production is carried out and the life of the rural population takes place; 3) global challenges and threats (climate change, environmental degradation, the spread of viral infections, etc.) inevitably make significant adjustments to the economic, social, political life of society, which, of course, affects the organization of any state (region) agrarian policy.

Rural multifunctional social centers and their investment potential: from foreign experience to domestic practice

Other features of the modern Russian rural society include the weakening of the position of agriculture itself, the increasing diversity of rural employment, the formation of rural-urban labor markets, all of which are directly related to the saturation of rural areas with urban residents, which gives impetus to the use of innovative forms of investment activity in the social sphere of emerging rural agglomerations. At the same time, the tasks set in the new State Program "Integrated Development of Rural Territories" (the beginning of implementation of which falls on January 2020) are not large-scale both to the existing networks of rural social services, and to the system of rural settlement and the nature of demographic processes in rural areas of Russia. There is an institutional imbalance, in which the management of the infrastructural development of the rural sociosphere is extremely difficult, and requires the introduction of new mechanisms, including related. The purpose of the study is to summarize the domestic and foreign experience of creating multifunctional public centers in rural areas, as well as to identify the possibility of realizing their investment potential. It is shown that the functioning of multifunctional public centers is an effective method for improving the quality of life of the rural population in the socio-cultural, socioeducational, social and leisure, social and household, tourist and educational spheres. The generalization of foreign experience allows us to distinguish centers by their functions (on the basis of educational institutions, cultural institutions, leisure centers); by spatial solution (in one building or several buildings); by location in a settlement (in the center of a settlement, near a transport hub, in an inter-settlement equidistant space). The domestic experience of providing multidisciplinary services to the rural population is primarily associated with two integrated approaches, when the resource-based approach.

Social protection of ATO/JFO participants and their family members: regional aspect

The social protection of participants of the Anti-Terrorist Operation and the Joint Forces Operation and their family members has become one of the most important issues in our country, due to the fact of the seventh year of war in Eastern Ukraine. Considering the current state of social protection of ATO/JFO participants and their families and the analysis of some regulations, the social protection can be characterized as reduced mainly to material support, i.e., benefits, subsidies, cash payments and others. Although there are some programs on social adaptation, psychological rehabilitation, etc., at present they are used by a small percentage of combatants. The financing of these programs is of great importance although the budget for these programs is increasing over the years, the amount of payments remains stable, i.e., the economic situation of the country should be taken into account while calculating payments. At the same time, the trends of expanding the range of services and benefits provided are analyzed and highlighted. The importance of the Law of Ukraine «On the Status of War Veterans, Guarantees of their Social Protection» as one of the main legislative acts on social protection of ATO/JFO participants is emphasized. It specifies the guarantees and assistance provided to ATO/JFO participants and their families. Both state programs and programs implemented on regional level are considered as those aimed at improving the quantity and quality of social support services, rehabilitation, the efficiency of regional policy to enhance the quality of life, introduction of new mechanisms for providing services for ATO/JFO participants. The analysis of regional programs made it possible to assess the level of social protection of ATO/JFO participants and their family members in Ukraine and Lviv region. Particularly, the analyzed Comprehensive Program on Social Support of ATO/JFO Participants and their Families, ATO Volunteer Fighters, as well as Families of Heaven’s Hundred Heroes in Lviv region for 2018–2020 allowed to reveal the strengths and weaknesses of the regional program, as the same program was approved for 2020–2025.

DIFFERENTIATION OF METHODS AND MEANS OF PROTECTION OF PATIENTS ‘RIGHTS IN UKRAINE

Purpose: to explore the main ways and means of protecting their rights. Research methods: philosophical, general scientific and special legal methods, in particular the dialectical method, the method of analysis, the system-functional method, the formal-logical method, the hermeneutic method. Results: the main ways and means of protection of patients’ rights in Ukraine are generalized. Discussion: it is established that ensuring human rights and freedoms, honor and dignity are the main factors in the formation and development of society. Thus, in the context of democratization of Ukrainian society, the issue of ensuring and protecting the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of citizens becomes especially acute. And one of the basic non-property rights of a person is the right to health. Today, Ukraine is entering a period of creating a new health care system - a system based on the needs of the population, ie aimed at the patient, respect for his rights, the implementation of basic protection provisions. The proclamation by the Constitution of Ukraine of a person, his life, honor and dignity, inviolability and security as the highest social value determines the duty of the state not only to guarantee, but also to actually ensure the inalienable and inviolable rights of citizens to health care. The concept of the patient and his legal status are clarified; the rights of the patient in Ukraine are characterized. The main ways and means of protecting their rights are considered. However, the issue of their actual provision and compliance is one of the most problematic and requires immediate solution through the improvement of existing and introduction of new mechanisms for their protection, able to quickly and effectively address important legal issues of patients caused by ignorance, non-compliance, non-compliance or direct violation. medical care, state-prescribed legal regulations designed to protect the rights of patients.

ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЙНИХ ЗМІН ПРОФЕСІЙНОЇ ОСВІТИ В ДОБУ НЕЗАЛЕЖНОСТІ УКРАЇНИ

Актуальність статті зумовлена запитом суспільства на: відродження і зміцнення української державності; забезпечення реального суверенітету та гідного місця України в світовому співтоваристві; перехід до якісно іншої форми соціально-економічної організації суспільства; формування нової економічної, інтелектуальної та духовної еліти з інноваційним державницьким мисленням; децентралізацію управлінських повноважень у всіх сферах суспільного життя; автономізацію управлінських структур на основі розподілу управлінських повноважень; розвиток партнерських взаємовідносин між державою, приватним сектором й інституціями громадянського суспільства та ін. У зв’язку з цим актуалізується значущість урахування впливу різних тенденцій на розвиток освітньої сфери, і, зокрема, системи професійної освіти в різні періоди. Мета: виявити й охарактеризувати тенденції трансформаційних змін професійної освіти в добу незалежності України. Методи: аналіз наукових джерел, законодавчо-нормативних документів – для з’ясування сучасних тенденцій розвитку професійної освіти; методи аналізу, синтезу, узагальнення і порівняння – для виявлення спільного й відмінного, встановлення причинно-наслідкових зв’язків у процесі вивчення освітніх феноменів досліджуваного періоду. Результати: функціонування системи професійної освіти в добу незалежності – це відображення змін у соціально-економічному, політичному, духовному і культурному розвитку суспільства та трансформаційних перетворень на світовому й вітчизняному ринках праці, що впливали на: зміст професійної освіти; формування мережі закладів освіти; зміну форм управління; обсяги фінансування; механізми взаємодії з економічними структурами та ринком праці. Висновки: виявлено основні тенденції трансформаційних змін професійної освіти в добу незалежності (гуманізація, демократизація, безперервність, стандартизація, технологізація, цифровізація, економізація, соціальне партнерство); охарактеризовано пов’язані з ними пріоритети її розвитку в сучасних соціально-економічних умовах (оновлення змісту; оптимізація мережі закладів освіти; вдосконалення форм управління; підвищення рівня фінансового, кадрового й навчально-методичного забезпечення; запровадження нових механізмів взаємодії з економічними структурами та ринком праці з питань підготовки, перепідготовки та підвищення кваліфікації робітничих кадрів).

Constitutional-Legal and Political Responsibility of Political Parties in the Russian Federation to Electors

The processes of development of government institutions in the Russian Federation have required the introduction of new mechanisms of legal responsibility of subjects of power relations in legislation. In recent times, the most significant practical interest is the problem of the early termination of the exercise of power of elected officials in legislative positions. The objective of the article is therefore to analyze the legal and political responsibility of the officials of the democratically elected state before their voters. In the process on the subject of the study, the formal-legal and comparative-legal methods were used, which allowed to formulate the following conclusions. The subjects of the above responsibility may be elected officials of the legislative (representative) bodies of state power. The constitutional status of elected persons exercising public authority on behalf of individuals suggests the possibility of terminating their powers as sanctions only on the basis of the rules of law enshrined in the relevant acts and establishing clear reasons and procedures for liability. The current legislation of the Russian Federation provides for various types of constitutional and legal sanctions. They consist of depriving elected officials of their powers.

Transcendental behavior and disturbance behavior favor human development

The evolution of network cooperation has become a hot topic in recent years. When players participate in a network game, they gain payoffs by playing games with their neighbors according to their different choices. Besides the network game itself, we focus on two interesting human behaviors: transcendental behavior and disturbance behavior. The former means some players choose a different strategy if they recognize global information and not just local information, and the latter describes the benchmark effect from all populations. To explore our proposed mechanisms, we introduce new transfer rules: the amendatory Fermi rule and transcendental probability, in the framework of memory-based donor and recipient game and observe their final cooperation rates and payoff distribution. The results from human experiments and simulations show that the introduction of new mechanisms will lead higher cooperation rates, which in turn will lead to a balanced payoff distribution. Finally, we observe that a fair society dominated by cooperative behavior will undoubtedly promote the development of human society.