Introduction Of Nanotechnology Research Articles

Soft Bioelectronics Using Nanomaterials and Nanostructures for Neuroengineering.

ConspectusThe identification of neural networks for large areas and the regulation of neuronal activity at the single-neuron scale have garnered considerable attention in neuroscience. In addition, detecting biochemical molecules and electrically, optically, and chemically controlling neural functions are key research issues. However, conventional rigid and bulky bioelectronics face challenges for neural applications, including mechanical mismatch, unsatisfactory signal-to-noise ratio, and poor integration of multifunctional components, thereby degrading the sensing and modulation performance, long-term stability and biocompatibility, and diagnosis and therapy efficacy. Implantable bioelectronics have been developed to be mechanically compatible with the brain environment by adopting advanced geometric designs and utilizing intrinsically stretchable materials, but such advances have not been able to address all of the aforementioned challenges.Recently, the exploration of nanomaterial synthesis and nanoscale fabrication strategies has facilitated the design of unconventional soft bioelectronics with mechanical properties similar to those of neural tissues and submicrometer-scale resolution comparable to typical neuron sizes. The introduction of nanotechnology has provided bioelectronics with improved spatial resolution, selectivity, single neuron targeting, and even multifunctionality. As a result, this state-of-the-art nanotechnology has been integrated with bioelectronics in two main types, i.e., bioelectronics integrated with synthesized nanomaterials and bioelectronics with nanoscale structures. The functional nanomaterials can be synthesized and assembled to compose bioelectronics, allowing easy customization of their functionality to meet specific requirements. The unique nanoscale structures implemented with the bioelectronics could maximize the performance in terms of sensing and stimulation. Such soft nanobioelectronics have demonstrated their applicability for neuronal recording and modulation over a long period at the intracellular level and incorporation of multiple functions, such as electrical, optical, and chemical sensing and stimulation functions.In this Account, we will discuss the technical pathways in soft bioelectronics integrated with nanomaterials and implementing nanostructures for application to neuroengineering. We traced the historical development of bioelectronics from rigid and bulky structures to soft and deformable devices to conform to neuroengineering requirements. Recent approaches that introduced nanotechnology into neural devices enhanced the spatiotemporal resolution and endowed various device functions. These soft nanobioelectronic technologies are discussed in two categories: bioelectronics with synthesized nanomaterials and bioelectronics with nanoscale structures. We describe nanomaterial-integrated soft bioelectronics exhibiting various functionalities and modalities depending on the integrated nanomaterials. Meanwhile, soft bioelectronics with nanoscale structures are explained with their superior resolution and unique administration methods. We also exemplified the neural sensing and stimulation applications of soft nanobioelectronics across various modalities, showcasing their clinical applications in the treatment of neurological diseases, such as brain tumors, epilepsy, and Parkinson's disease. Finally, we discussed the challenges and direction of next-generation technologies.

An Overview of the Application of Nanoscience in Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment

Cancer is one of the most common causes of death. One of the most important problems in cancer treatment is the side effects of drugs and treatments. The limiting factor in cancer treatment is the lack of selectivity of drugs against cancer cells. Today, nanotechnology has been able to help in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease because most biological processes such as the creation of cancer occur in nano dimensions, therefore, in order to reduce side effects and improve existing drugs, various drug delivery systems based on nanotechnology have been developed. Cancer researchers use the ability of nanotechnology to evaluate cells and achieve the following goals: 1- Simulating the reaction of cells with protein and nucleic acids at the molecular level, and then obtaining a proper knowledge of cell behavior. 2- Studying the structure and function of intracellular proteins and research in the field of proteomics. 3- Initial determination of cancer. This article is written based on reviews of various articles in reputable journals and books related to the use of nanotechnology in cancer treatment. The selection of sources is based on suitability to the topic, year of research, non-repetition and comprehensiveness of the content. The effective treatment of cancer with the least side effects is considered one of the challenges of medical and pharmaceutical sciences, and the introduction of nanotechnology into therapeutic fields promises the production of a new group of anti-cancer drugs that provide diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities simultaneously. These structures have a special place in cancer treatment as drug carriers and optically and thermally active substance

Nanomaterials in biomedicine, drug delivery and pharmaceutical analysis

After the introduction of nanotechnology as a new science, there were tremendous changes in its application. Nanomaterials rapidly penetrate a diverse area of biomedicine and pharmaceutical research, including drug development, drug delivery, tissue engineering and medicinal chemistry. Its versatile use helps in alleviating complex difficulties faced with drug administration and absorption, controlled release, targeted delivery and cellular uptake. Due to their distinctive physico-chemical properties and ability to form various solid-state formulations, they find increased use in the preparation of new drug formulations, imaging techniques and particularly in medicinal chemistry as catalysts for the sensitive determination of drugs and other biologically active compounds. The role of nanomaterials as catalysts in the preparation of substances with pharmacological properties, the preparation of sensors, or the degradation and removal of medicinal compounds polluting the environment is undeniable.

Complete valorization of bamboo biomass into multifunctional nanomaterials by reactive deep eutectic solvent pretreatment: Towards a waste-free biorefinery

The introduction of nanotechnology into conventional biorefinery will facilitate complete valorization of lignocellulosic biomass. In this work, a microwave-assisted deep eutectic solvent (DES) pretreatment was developed for one-pot fractionation of bamboo biomass into three scalable fractions (cellulose-rich residue, lignin and recovered DES), which were then respectively upgraded to three value-added bio-based nanomaterials, namely lignin-containing cellulose nanofibrils (LCNFs), lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) and carbon quantum dots (CDs). After the mild and rapid DES pretreatment (130 °C, 20 min), 51.0% cellulose-rich residue was recovered accompanied by 90.6% delignification ratio. The cellulose-rich residues were mechanically fibrillated into LCNFs with a width of 5–20 nm. In-situ esterification of carboxylic acid groups from DES with cellulose hydroxyl groups improved the hydrophobicity of LCNFs. The LCNFs film prepared exhibited excellent hydrophobic (water contact angle of 103.3°). In-situ esterification, condensation and cleavage reactions of lignin during DES fractionation enhanced its amphiphilicity and facilitated lignin self-assembly into LNPs with diameters of 30–75 nm. Furthermore, using the recovered DES as carbon precursors, CDs were successfully prepared by a typical hydrothermal method, which provides a new approach for the disposal of waste DES. In short, the proposed waste-free biorefinery scheme realizes the complete valorization of bamboo biomass into bio-based multifunctional nanomaterials, which can be further applied in various downstream fields.

Досвід використання сучасної опалубки при зведенні монолітних будинків в місті Кропивницькому

This work highlights the extent to which the construction industry is equipped with the latest technologies, and analyzes the foreign practice of introducing innovations. An example of the application of innovative technologies in monolithic construction, in particular the use of work automation and the introduction of nanotechnology, is presented. The pace of development of the urban environment in general and construction in particular requires the introduction of innovative technologies in residential construction. The analysis of modern trends in the introduction of new construction technologies and materials in economically developed countries of the world allows us to assert that the basis of dynamic introduction into practice for the next 10-20 years will be materials and technologies obtained on the basis of achievements and developments in the field of monolithic construction. The rapid development of the latest technologies, on the one hand, involves the use of the achieved results of fundamental research in applied areas of the construction industry, and on the other hand, the development of monolithic construction itself is impossible without new approaches to the design and construction of objects. The use of monolithic construction is one of the most popular and promising directions in the construction industry all over the world. Its technology makes it possible to erect buildings of any architectural complexity and number of floors in a short period of time. This is the process of building buildings from reinforced concrete, which is an iron structure (frame) filled with concrete. Due to the hardness of the metal and the strength of the cement coating, these structures are able to withstand enormous loads, thereby ensuring the durability of the buildings. Having many advantages over other types of construction, this technology is used both in civil and industrial construction. It is used in the construction of private houses, residential complexes, office centers, warehouses, garages, reservoirs and swimming pools, etc. The quality of the construction of a monolithic building depends on the correct execution of construction works using special equipment and materials at all technological stages of its construction.

Functionalized Nanoparticles: A Paradigm Shift in Regenerative Endodontic Procedures.

Clinical treatment of inflamed tooth pulp mostly involves the removal of the entire pulp tissue. Because the vitality of the tooth is important for its ability to function, optimal regenerative biomaterials must be developed to maintain the vitality. Despite vast advances in the field of endodontics, the clinical translation of regenerative endodontic procedures and materials remains challenging. Patient-specific, tissue-derived stem cells play a major role in regeneration and revascularization, and these stem cells require an infection-free environment for a successful outcome. However, the high doses of antibiotics currently used to maintain an infection-free environment for tissue regeneration can be toxic for the stem cells. The introduction of nanotechnology in the field of regenerative procedures has overcome these issues and demonstrated promising results. Nanoparticles can be used to deliver antibiotics at very low doses owing to their small size, thereby enhancing antimicrobial activity and reducing the cytotoxic effect. Additionally, nanofibrous scaffolds provide an environment that is favorable for stem-cell migration and proliferation, thereby favoring the regeneration of the pulp-dentin complex. Nanotechnology can be used in the construction of nanofibrous scaffolds incorporated with different bioactive nanoparticles for favorable clinical outcomes. Nonetheless, the role of nanotechnology and the controlled release of various bioactive nanomolecules enhancing stem cell proliferation and regeneration of true pulp-dentin complex remains poorly understood. Given the importance of nanotechnology in tissue regeneration, this review provides an overview of the potential applications of nanotechnology in tooth pulp-dentin regeneration.

Diamondized carbon nanoarchitectures as electrocatalytic material for sulfate-based oxidizing species electrogeneration

The introduction of nanotechnology seems to be an imperative factor to intensify the synergic effects of electrocatalytic materials to produce strong oxidant species or to increase the active sites on their surfaces as well as to enhance the conversion yield in a fuel cell, high-added value products, electrolytic treatment for environmental protection or the detection limit in electroanalysis. Recently, a new type of 3D-diamond electrodes was developed with boron-doped carbon nanowalls (B:CNW), which was manufactured using the microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process, improving the charge transfer and enhancing the electrochemical performance. The applicability of a BDD/boron-doped carbon nanowalls (BDD/B:CNW) anodes to degrade organic pollutants has been already investigated; however, no attempts at the electrosynthesis of oxidizing species using these diamond-carbon nanostructures have been reported yet. Therefore, the electrosynthesis of sulfate-based oxidizing species was studied here to answer relevant questions from both fundamental and practical point-of-view. The results demonstrated that persulfate was efficiently produced at the BBD electrode, while that the ion-radical sulfate could be the most important oxidant at BDD/B:CNW anode when compared to other electrocatalytic materials, including BDD surfaces. Persulfate concentrations ranged from 3 to 6 µM, depending on the applied current density (2.5, 5.0, and 15 mA cm−2), at diamond electrodes. A dye-model pollutant - methyl orange (MO) was degraded below the limit of detection within 45 min using BDD/B:CNW when in-situ sulfate-based oxidizing species were electrogenerated. These kinds of 3D-diamond-carbon nanostructures are thus promising as novel electrocatalyst for various catalytic applications in the environmental and energy fields.

The emergence of nanotechnology and a revolution in diagnostic methods of biological threat agents

Nanotechnology is applied in wide-ranging fields including energy, information technology, consumables, medicine, etc. Nanomedicine includes the medical applications of nanomaterials in the fields of diagnosis and treatment. This paper focuses on the application of nanotechnology in medical diagnostics for which the main applications of nanomedicine include the detection and discovery of specific biomarkers and rapid identification of biological agents. The introduction of nanotechnology into the medical field before a serious increase in disease symptoms makes early diagnosis possible, thereby preventing more damage to the patient. With the manufacture of nanomaterials and novel entities, reduced size of sensing instruments, as well as biochips and bionanosensors, nanotechnology has revolutionized diagnostic methods. Gold nanoparticles (NPs), quantum dots (QDs), nanotubes, polymeric NPs, and liposomes are among NPs used in medical diagnostics. The importance of these diagnostic methods is redoubled whenever there is a need for the rapid and accurate diagnosis of biological threat agents

The cytotoxic effect of graphene oxide nanoparticles on bacterial cells

The results of research on the introduction of nanotechnology in various fields of scientific activities are presented. In medical and veterinary practice, nanoparticles of various forms of carbon are considered promising, because they have a wide arsenal of biomodulatory effects on the body, exhibiting little ecotoxic and organismotoxic effects. Their antibacterial effect is of great importance for the use in medicine. Microorganisms are one of the objects of study of the cytotoxic properties of new medicinal products. The cytotoxic effect of oxidized graphene nanoparticles on the main types of bacterial cells was evaluated by light and atomic force microscopy. Light microscopy allowed to establish that the effect of subinhibitory concentrations of nanoparticles of oxidized graphene, achieved by studying the colonies of microorganisms on the border of their growth inhibition, can lead to tinctorial transversion in Gram-positive microorganisms, in particular Staphylococcus aureus, while in Gram-negative E. coli such a phenomenon is not observed. Using the method of atomic force microscopy, it was found that toxic concentrations of oxidized graphene nanoparticles lead to morphological degradation, the degree of which depends on the exposure time of nanoparticles. Morphological degradation of cells in the main types of bacteria (cocci, bacilli), accompanied by a decrease in cell contours, was observed at 30 min exposure. When the exposure was increased from 30 to 90 min, complete morphological destruction of the bacterial cells and decay of the bacterial population composition were observed. The cytotoxic concentration of oxidized graphene nanoparticles is more than 75 µg·ml-1, as determined by the results of microscopy of test culture samples (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538).

Fundamentals and applications of metal nanoparticle- enhanced singlet oxygen generation for improved cancer photodynamic therapy.

The introduction of nanotechnology in the field of Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) has proven to have great potential to overcome some of the challenges associated with traditional organic photosensitizers (PS) with respect to their solubility, drug delivery, distribution and site-specific targeting. Other focused areas in PDT involve high singlet oxygen production capability and excitability of PS by deep tissue penetrating light wavelengths. Owing to their very promising optical and surface plasmon resonance properties, combination of traditional PSs with plasmonic metallic nanoparticles like gold and silver nanoparticles results in remarkably high singlet oxygen production and extended excitation property from visible and near-infrared lights. This review summarizes the importance, fundamentals and applications of on plasmonic metallic nanoparticles in PDT. Lastly, we highlight the future prospects of these plasmonic nanoengineering strategies with or without PS combination, to have a significant impact in improving the therapeutic efficacy of cancer PDT.

Green Approach to the Synthesis of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Used As Alternative Remedy to Multidrug Resistance

The introduction of nanotechnology into our world has ushered in a slew of changes and provided a wealth of knowledge that has fuelled progress in many sectors of existence. Recent advances in nanotechnology have shown the importance of metal oxide nanoparticles due to their potentials in different sectors, particularly in nanomedicine and related biomedical fields. Metal oxide nanoparticles (MOx-NPs) such as titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs), copper oxide, silicon dioxide, zinc oxide and Iron oxide have gained a lot of prominence as a result of their unique properties. Metal and MOx-NPs based nanoparticles are being employed to create a novel antibacterial drug formulation, which is a revolutionary and ground breaking method to drug discovery and development. Different methods are employed for the synthesis of these nanoparticles of which green synthesis is found to be a better option. It involves the use of plant extracts which is a non-toxic solvent. Green materials offer a variety of advantages, such as low energy consumption and the capacity to operate under moderate operating conditions (such as pressure and high temperature) without the use of harmful chemicals or catalysts. Therefore, more research efforts should be geared toward the advancement of this important technology.

Fluorescent Nanotechnology: An Evolution in Optical Sensors

Background:The optical properties of nanomaterials have evolved enormously with the introduction of nanotechnology. The property of materials to absorb and/or emit specific wavelength has turned them into one of the most favourite candidates to be effectively utilized in different sensing applications e.g organic light emission diodes (OLEDs) sensors, gas sensors, biosensors and fluorescent sensors. These materials have been reported as a sensor in the field of tissue and cell imaging, cancer detection and detection of environmental contaminants etc. Fluorescent nanomaterials are heling in rapid and timely detection of various contaminants that greatly impact the quality of life and food, that is exposed to these contaminants. Later, all the contaminants have been investigated to be most perilous entities that momentously affect the life span of the animals and humans who use those foods which have been contaminated.Objective:In this review, we will discuss about various methods and approaches to synthesize the fluorescent nanoparticles and quantum dots (QDs) and their applications in various fields. The application will include the detection of various environmental contaminants and bio-medical applications. We will discuss the possible mode of action of the nanoparticles when used as sensor for the environmental contaminants as well as the surface modification of some fluorescent nanomaterials with anti-body and enzyme for specific detection in animal kingdom. We will also describe some RAMAN based sensors as well as some optical sensing-based nanosensors.Conclusion:Nanotechnology has enabled to play with the size, shape and morphology of materials in the nanoscale. The physical, chemical and optical properties of materials change dramatically when they are reduced to nanoscale. The optical properties can become choosy in terms of emission or absorption of wavelength in the size range and can result in production of very sensitive optical sensor. The results show that the use of fluorescent nanomaterials for the sensing purposes are helping a great deal in the sensing field.

A Methodical Review on the Applications and Potentialities of Using Nanobiosensors for Disease Diagnosis.

Presently, with the introduction of nanotechnology, the evolutions and applications of biosensors and/or nanobiosensors are becoming prevalent in various scientific domains such as environmental and agricultural sciences as well as biomedical, clinical, and healthcare sciences. Trends in these aspects have led to the discovery of various biosensors/nanobiosensors with their tremendous benefits to mankind. The characteristics of the various biosensors/nanobiosensors are primarily based on the nature of nanomaterials/nanoparticles employed in the sensing mechanisms. In the last few years, the identification, as well as the detection of biological markers linked with any form of diseases (communicable or noncommunicable), has been accomplished by several sensing procedures using nanotechnology vis-à-vis biosensors/nanobiosensors. Hence, this study employs a systematic approach in reviewing some contemporary developed exceedingly sensitive nanobiosensors alongside their biomedical, clinical, or/and healthcare applications as well as their potentialities, specifically for the detection of some deadly diseases drawn from some of the recent publications. Ways forward in the form of future trends that will advance creative innovations of the potentialities of nanobiosensors for biomedical, clinical, or/and healthcare applications particularly for disease diagnosis are also highlighted.

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)-based nanostructures for tissue engineering applications: prospects and challenges.

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanostructures have recently earned substantial thoughts from the scientific communities owing to their unique physicochemical, optical and electrical properties. Although MoS2 has been mostly highlighted for its industrial applications, its biological applicability has not been extensively explored. The introduction of nanotechnology in the field of tissue engineering has significantly contributed to human welfare by displaying advancement in tissue regeneration. Assimilation of MoS2 nanostructures into the polymer matrix has been considered a persuasive material of choice for futuristic tissue engineering applications. The current review provides a general discussion on the structural properties of different MoS2 nanostructures. Further, this article focuses on the interactions of MoS2 with biological systems in terms of its cellular toxicity, and biocompatibility along with its capability for cell proliferation, adhesion, and immunomodulation. The article continues to confer the utility of MoS2 nanostructure-based scaffolds for various tissue engineering applications. The article also highlights some emerging prospects and possibilities of the applicability of MoS2-based nanostructures in large organ tissue engineering. Finally, the article concludes with a brief annotation on the challenges and limitations that need to be overcome in order to make plentiful use of this wonderful material for tissue engineering applications.

Nanotechnologies in agricultural production as a factor of transition to a new level of technological design

The article discusses one of the directions of the transition of agricultural production in Russia to the sixth technological order based on the introduction of nanotechnology in the field of hygrothermal effects on grain crops. The features of hygrothermal action on grain under vacuum conditions are presented. The distinctive features of such processing as nanotechnology are substantiated. Based on the method of similarity in the functioning of technical systems for vacuum-capillary processes of humidification, drying, and wet-heat treatment, generalized similarity criteria are obtained, their numerical values are determined, and generalized criterion dependences of the intensity of the processes under consideration on the processing parameters are obtained. The implementation of this method made it possible to quantitatively describe the processes of vacuum capillary hygrothermal treatment of grain, to assign processing parameters and control them.

Biosensors for the Detection of Bacillus anthracis.

Bacillus anthracis, present in two forms of vegetative cells and spores, is a pathogen that infects humans through contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products and is also maliciously used in terrorist acts. Therefore, a rapid and sensitive test for B. anthracis is necessary but challenging. The challenge comes from the following aspects: an accurate distinction of B. anthracis from other Bacillus species due to their high genomic similarity and the horizontal gene transfer between Bacillus members; direct detection of the B. anthracis spores without damaging them for component extraction to avoid the risk of spore atomization; and the rapid detections of B. anthracis in complex samples, such as soil and suspicious powders, without sample pretreatments and expensive large-scale equipment. Although culturing B. anthracis from samples is the conventional method for the detection of B. anthracis, it is time-consuming and the detection results would not be easy to interpret because many Bacillus species share similar phenotypic features such as a lack of motility and hemolysis, resistance to gamma phages, and so on. Intensive and extensive effort has been expended to develop reliable detection technologies, among which biosensors exhibit comprehensive advantages in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and portability. Here, we briefly review the research progress, providing highlights of the latest achievements and our own practice and experience. The contents can be summarized in three aspects: the discovery of detection targets, including genes, toxins, and other components; the creation of molecular recognition elements, such as monoclonal antibodies, single-chain antibody fragments, specific peptides, and aptamers; and the design and construction of biosensing systems by the integration of appropriate molecular recognition elements and transducer devices. These sensor devices have their own characteristics and different principles. For example, the surface plasmon resonance biosensor and quartz crystal microbalance biosensor are very sensitive, while the multiplex PCR-on-a-chip can detect multitargets. Biosensors for direct spore detection are highly recommended because they are not only fast but also avoid contamination from aerosol-containing spores. The introduction of nanotechnology has significantly improved the performance of biosensors. Superparamagnetic nanoparticles and phage-displayed gold nanoparticle ligand peptides have made the results of spore detection visible to the naked eye. Because of space constraints, many advanced biosensors for B. anthracis are not described in detail but are cited as references. Although biosensors provide a variety of options for various application scenarios, the challenges have not been fully addressed, which leaves room for the development of more advanced and practical B. anthracis detection means.

The revolution of cosmeceuticals delivery by using nanotechnology: A narrative review of advantages and side effects.

The qualified and paradigm jump in the formulation and production of cosmeceuticals refer in some way to the great revolution in nanotechnology. Nowadays, the industry of nano-formulated cosmeceuticals plays a significant and essential role in the evolution and growth of the pharmaceutical industries. This review manuscript focuses on the use of nanocarriers in delivering the cosmetic agents into the target area such as skin, hair, and nails. Many steps were performed in the preparation of this review including identification of different classes of nanocarriers for delivery of nanocosmeceuticals, literature survey of relevantstudies regarding the applications of nanotechnology in cosmeceuticals and their toxicological effects. When nanoparticles introduced in the cosmetic industry, the quality and the elegance of the final products were raised significantly. Sadly, this revolution is accompanied by many health hazards as these tiny molecules can penetrate intact skin barriers and cause undesired effects. Cosmeceuticals with nanotechnology include sunscreens, hair cleansing products, nail products, and agents fighting fine lines. The expansion and growth of the cosmetic industry and the introduction of nanotechnology in cosmeceuticals industry necessitates the urgent need for scientific research investigating their efficacy, safety profile and use.

English

Nanotechnology is the science of manipulating matter, measured in the billionths of a nanometer, roughly the size of two or three atoms. It is widely used in our day-today life including its use in medicine and is considered as a vital current technology of the 21st century based on its economic and scientific potential. Its application is being experimented in various domains in orthodontics, from surface coatings to the development of novel materials. Orthodontic materials must have specific characteristics such as biological safety, functionality, and adequate tissue response. They have to pass specific biocompatibility tests to meet regulatory standards. Any material used in oral cavity might encourage unnecessary disturbance due to its complex and varied environment. The nanomaterials have many advantages in the field of orthodontics, especially with improved mechanical and antimicrobial properties. Nanoparticles can easily penetrate tissues and can affect biological behaviours at different levels. The introduction of nanotechnology gives better opportunities to both patient and orthodontist to new physicochemical, mechanical, and antibacterial properties of nanosized materials and can be used in coating orthodontic wires, elastomeric ligatures, and brackets, producing shape memory polymers and orthodontic bonding materials. The present review article focuses on the application of nanoparticles in orthodontics. This article presents a brief overview of nanotechnology, types of nanoparticles, biological safety of different nanoparticles used in orthodontics and their applications in the field of dentistry and orthodontics. KEY WORDS Nanoparticles, Biocompatibility, Orthodontics, Nanoscience

Improving the method of grinding substances to a nanostate

At the end of the 20th century, a theory was put forward, suggesting that with the help of universal molecular robots, it would be possible to collect any objects from improvised molecules according to a given program. The process was called "nanotechnology". The term «nano» comes from the Greek word "nanos" (dwarf) and corresponds to one billionth of a unit. Nanotechnology is the most modern and advanced direction of science and technology development. The excavations of archaeologists prove that nanomaterials were widely used in the ancient world, for instance, the Mayan civilization used clay, the structure of which contained nanofragments. In ancient Mesopotamia, weapons and glasses painted with metal nanoparticles were produced. In 2007, the state corporation "Russian Corporation of Nanotechnologies" was officially registered in Russia. For the implementation of processes occurring at the molecular level, it was necessary to develop methods for grinding substances to design new substances with super-efficient properties. Due to the introduction of nanotechnology to science, technology, medicine and other fields, there will be significant changes in people's lives. Recently, the problem of introducing nanotechnology into medicine and pharmacology to obtain effective medicines of superhigh quality is especially urgent. One of the main issues nanotechnologists are facing is the problem of grinding substances to a nanostate. The existing processes of grinding substances often require not only high energy costs and labor intensity, but also do not allow achieving the desired result. The article presents an original method of grinding various substances to the molecular level by grinding the molecules of the substance with the particles of the complex "carbyne-cyclic ion-ligand" during the rotation of the complex under the influence of an external electric field. The conducted laboratory tests confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Nanotechnology in Food Packaging

In recent years, food packaging continues to grow along with the modern technology. Modern lifestyle led people too busy to cook a proper meal at home. Due to time constraint and hectic schedules people prefer readymade foods and packed ingredients to consume. This creates increased demand on innovations in food packaging. Introduction of nanotechnology has brought new techniques and methodologies in packaging. Food packaging with nano materials acts as a barrier to microorganisms and ensures quality and safety. This paper explains the impact of nanotechnology and role of nano materials in food packaging.