Abstract
Presently, with the introduction of nanotechnology, the evolutions and applications of biosensors and/or nanobiosensors are becoming prevalent in various scientific domains such as environmental and agricultural sciences as well as biomedical, clinical, and healthcare sciences. Trends in these aspects have led to the discovery of various biosensors/nanobiosensors with their tremendous benefits to mankind. The characteristics of the various biosensors/nanobiosensors are primarily based on the nature of nanomaterials/nanoparticles employed in the sensing mechanisms. In the last few years, the identification, as well as the detection of biological markers linked with any form of diseases (communicable or noncommunicable), has been accomplished by several sensing procedures using nanotechnology vis-à-vis biosensors/nanobiosensors. Hence, this study employs a systematic approach in reviewing some contemporary developed exceedingly sensitive nanobiosensors alongside their biomedical, clinical, or/and healthcare applications as well as their potentialities, specifically for the detection of some deadly diseases drawn from some of the recent publications. Ways forward in the form of future trends that will advance creative innovations of the potentialities of nanobiosensors for biomedical, clinical, or/and healthcare applications particularly for disease diagnosis are also highlighted.
Highlights
The detecting of any disease be it communicable or noncommunicable is one of the dominant aspects toward the improvement of the efficiency of any biomedical/clinical/healthcare process [1,2,3,4]
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the basic human diseases and infections are identified with the deficiency in access to good food and clean drinking water; explicitly, the utilization of hazardous water mostly from industrial activities represents about 80.00% of most diseases [5,6,7]
The two basic prognoses in biomedical/ clinical/healthcare diagnosis are the confirmation of the disease and the investigation of the vulnerability of an individual’s as an age-linked category for several diseases
Summary
The detecting of any disease (known as diagnosis in the medical terms) be it communicable (which result in about 4 million deaths annually around the world) or noncommunicable (causing over 70.00% of all deaths globally) is one of the dominant aspects toward the improvement of the efficiency of any biomedical/clinical/healthcare process [1,2,3,4]. The detection of diseases, retinal prostheses, cellular miRNA appearance in colorectal cancerous complications, imaging of contrast during MRIs, diagnosis of the heart, medicinal mycology, and the monitoring of health are the main momentous physiognomies or largely characterized areas well served with BioSS/NanoBioSS benefits [31,32,33] These all-encompassing applications and proficiencies improve the biomedical/clinical/healthcare services to an innovative pinnacle together with exceptional societal services [34,35,36]. There are, few reported commercialized BioSS for biomedical/clinical/healthcare applications; some of these are contained in Table 3 as adopted and modified from the broad review work of [8]
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