Introduction Of Ether Research Articles

Introducing and Studying the Materials and Methods of Anesthesia and Analgesia in Ancient Iran.

In ancient Iran, humans have been looking for ways to anesthetize, control, and reduce pain to perform surgeries to treat diseases, which is evident in ancient scientists' medical and nonmedical works. Although modern anesthesia expanded with the introduction of ether into this process, this great success was achieved after years of suffering and with the efforts of scientists throughout history who have played an essential role in advancing this knowledge. In ancient Iran, may (wine) was one of the materials of anesthesia, as in the Avesta, and Minooye Kherad, the properties of wine as an anesthetic are mentioned. Marijuana and Haoma were also used as other substances. The creation of a "hypnotic sponge" in ancient times made general anesthesia and many surgical procedures possible in subsequent centuries. In the history of medicine in Iran, various terms such as Mokhadir (anesthetic), Monavim (sedative), Mosabbit (hypnotic), and Mosakkin (pain relief) have been used to control pain. The purpose of this research was to introduce and study the materials and methods of anesthesia and analgesia in ancient Iran. The results show that anesthesia owes its early progress in part to the works of early Iranian practitioners.

Optimizing the conjugated structure of aromatic polyurea for high-temperature capacitive energy storage

Polymer dielectrics that can operate under simultaneous electric and thermal extremes are urgently needed in advanced electrical and electronic devices. However, the high thermal stability of polymers is typically endowed by the conjugated aromatic backbones, leading to enhanced conduction loss and poor energy storage density. Herein, we regulate the bridge linkages between adjacent benzene rings to simultaneously improve the thermal stability and optimize the conjugated structure of polyurea (PU), thereby achieving high-temperature energy storage performance. With the introduction of ether, methylene, and isopropyl structural units, the dihedral angles between adjacent benzene planes gradually increase, enabling PU to achieve excellent energy density (Ue) and charge–discharge efficiency (η) with suppressed leakage conduction and improved breakdown strength. The optimal PU with isopropyl moiety achieves an attractive Ue of 5.1 and 2.1 J/cm3 with η above 90% at 30 and 150 °C, respectively. This work provides a facile strategy to improve the energy storage performance of aromatic polymers by optimizing the interaction between adjacent conjugated benzene planes.

Insight into the solute-solvent interactions by physicochemical and excess properties in binary systems of the ether- and allyl-based functionalized ionic liquids with acetonitrile

• The ether- and allyl-based functionalized ionic liquids [C 1 OC 2 pyrr][DCA], [C 1 OC 2 pyrr][NTf 2 ] and [Amim][NTf 2 ] were synthesized and characterized. • The excess properties α p E and V E values are all negative, which could be interpreted in terms of H-bonding interaction and structural effect, and Δ n D findings are also well supported by the results. • The molar refraction, R m and the molar polarizability α, which suggest that the existent interactions between ILs and acetonitrile are ion-dipole interactions. Ionic liquid is a significant new media and one of the most compelling solvents mentioned in many fields. It is clear that the introduction of ether or allyl group has the advantages of low viscosity and wide application. In this work, [C 1 OC 2 pyrr][DCA], [C 1 OC 2 pyrr][NTf 2 ] and [Amim][NTf 2 ] were synthesized and characterized. The density, surface tension, and refractive index of the three ionic liquids and their binary systems with acetonitrile were investigated across a complete composition range. The thermal expansion coefficient ( α p E ), excess molar volumes ( V E ), and refractive index deviations (Δ n D ) are also calculated. The α p E and V E are all negative while the Δ n D are found positive in the entire concentration range, indicating the presence of strong interactions between ionic liquids and acetonitrile. The properties are fitted to a Redlich-Kister equation and the results have been interpreted in terms of H-bonding interaction and structural effect, at the same time, the corresponding IR spectra are also carried out. The molar refraction and the molar polarizability calculated which suggest that the existent interactions between ionic liquids and acetonitrile are ion-dipole interactions. The molar Gibbs free energy can be measured and explained properly by the improved Eӧtvӧs equation. And the molar surface enthalpy also can be gained and is a temperature-independent constant.

Henry Jacob Bigelow (1818-1890): A Champion for Anesthesia and Catalyst for the Advancement of Surgery.

Prior to the advent of anesthesia, surgery was limited in scope due to the excruciating pain experienced by patients. This raised challenges for surgeons who were distressed by the inadvertent suffering caused by surgery. The first successful use of ether anesthesia by William Thomas Green Morton (1819-1868) in 1846 at Massachusetts General Hospital was a turning point for the profession. The innovation and proliferation of operations catalyzed by the introduction of anesthesia altered the landscape of surgical practice. Initially, the introduction of ether into the field was met with hesitation and resistance by several parties in the medical field. It took the efforts of prominent surgeons to ensure that ether achieved its full potential. The greatest supporter of ether during this epoch was the young surgeon Henry Jacob Bigelow (1818-1890), who spent 30 years of his career advocating for and experimenting with anesthesia. The efforts of Bigelow, a gifted surgeon renowned for his contributions to orthopedic surgery, were instrumental in the promotion of anesthesia and the advancement of the surgical profession. In this article, we discuss the life, career, and contributions of Bigelow, particularly in the context of the introduction of modern anesthesia.

J. Marion Sims and the Vesicovaginal Fistula: Historical Understanding, Medical Ethics, and Modern Political Sensibilities.

To review the historical background surrounding the early work of Dr. J. Marion Sims, who developed the first consistently successful surgical technique for the repair of obstetric vesicovaginal fistulas by operating on a group of young, enslaved, African American women who had this condition between 1846 and 1849. Review of primary source documents on Sims and his operations, early 19th century clinical literature on the treatment of vesicovaginal fistula, the introduction of ether and chloroform anesthesia into surgical practice, and the literature on the early 19th century medical ethics pertaining to surgical innovation. The goals are to understand Sims's operations within the clinical context of the 1840s and to avoid the problems of "presentism," in which beliefs, attitudes, and practices of the 21st century are anachronistically projected backward into the early 19th century. The object is to judge Sims within the context of his time, not to hold him accountable to standards of practice which were not developed until a century after his death. A narrative of what Sims did is presented within the context of the therapeutic options available to those with fistula in the early 19th century. Review of the available material demonstrates that Sims' first fistula operations were legal, that they were carried out with express therapeutic intent for the purpose of repairing these women's injuries, that they conformed to the ethical requirements of his time, and that they were performed with the patients' knowledge, cooperation, assent, and assistance.

The Chloroform Controversies

It was the introduction of ether by Morton in 1846 that provided the necessary conditions for the development of Modern Surgical practice. Previous to its use Surgery was swift and brutal, its scope confined to the body surface, i.e. the evacuation of pus, amputation of limbs, excision of superficial tumours. It is revealing to examine the operations performed in the Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, in the years 1831-34, a total of one hundred and forty, an average of thirty-five a year. Hovell remarks, “Although in 1829 the staff of the Royal Infirmary included surgeons of great reputation, very few operations were performed, and the operation theatre served little purpose.”It is hard today to realise the impact of the new discovery on the medical profession, yet in a very short time ether was to be supplanted by chloroform. I have often wondered why this happened. History is rather vague on this point. The major objection appears to have been its unpleasant smell. I suspect there were other reasons. The entrepreneurs of the time, realising the importance of the event, were anxious to participate in it. A frantic search for new drugs began and in November 1847 Simpson of Edinburgh used chloroform, first in obstetrics and then nearly six months later in general surgery.

An Itinerant Mesmerist

Mesmerism had its roots in late 18th century France, but it was not until the 1830s in Britain that it was systematically applied to the problem of pain. The application of mesmerism in the clinical setting was extremely contentious and it was with some relief that doctors turned to the far more consistent results of chemical anaesthesia. However, though mesmerism were superseded by chemical anaesthetic agents in many areas of application, mesmerism continued to have a life during the second half of the 19th century. In the 1850s, the decade following the introduction of ether and chloroform, Dr John Elliotson established the London Mesmeric Infirmary, in which he used mesmerism both therapeutically and for pain relief, and established a training programme for apprentice mesmerists. In the mid-1890s on the other side of the globe, Mr Newham Waterworth travelled from Tasmania up the east coast of Australia, performing public demonstrations of mesmerism for pain relief during dental extractions. The first of these took place in Hobart in 1890, more than 40 years after many in Britain had declared mesmerism dead. The extractions were performed by respected dentists and, according to witnesses, Waterworth's mesmerism produced the same effects of insensibility to pain as ether and chloroform. With an examination of the continued application of mesmerism after the advent of chemical anaesthesia, this paper will focus on the work of Newham Waterworth in the 1890s and speculate as to why mesmerism might have resurfaced to some appeal in the Australian colonies in this period.

Structure–properties correlation of copolymers derived from poly(phenylene vinylene) (PPV)

Bond lengths and Mullikan charges distribution as well as optoelectronic properties including electronic structure and simulated optical and emission spectra on ground and excited states of modified PPV containing a random repetition of PV and ether's units, model structure, are examined by the use of density functional theory (DFT). Accordingly, the effect of ether inserting on the phenylene vinylene units at single or both sides and those of terminal groups are carried out. Findings are correlated with time transient photoluminescence decays (TR-PL) of standard PPV structure. Then, introduction of ether's segment on PPV backbone induces exciton confinement ant trapping process.

Thermal characterization of novel aliphatic polyesters with ether and thioether linkages

AbstractSeveral novel ether or thioether linkage containing aliphatic polyesters and poly(alkylene dicarboxylate)s were synthesized for comparison and characterized in terms of chemical structure and molecular weight. The thermal behavior was examined by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. All the polymers showed a good thermal stability, even though lower for the ether or thioether linkage-containing polyesters. The decrement of the thermal stability appears to be more relevant in the case of the presence of sulphur atoms. At room temperature the samples appeared semicrystalline, except PTTDG and PDEDG, which were viscous oils; the effect of the introduction of ether or thioether group was an increment of the Tgvalue, a decrement of the melting temperature and a significant decrease of the crystallization rate. The entity of the variations was found to be affected by the kind of group introduced, and the trend observed can be explained on the basis of atom electronegativity and dimensions

Comparison of the chemical composition of boron-doped diamond surfaces upon different oxidation processes

In spite of the high stability of polycrystalline diamond, oxidation of the hydrogenated surface is relatively easy to perform. This results in the introduction of ether (C–O–C), carbonyl (C O) and hydroxyl (C–OH) groups on the surface. For further surface functionalization, it is important to quantify the presence of each group on the diamond surface when different oxidation processes are used. In this paper, we investigate the composition of oxidized boron-doped diamond surfaces using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) when electrochemical, photochemical or oxygen plasma methods were employed to introduce oxygen functionalities on as-deposited diamond interfaces. Cyclic voltammetry and C– V measurements were additionally performed to identify more clearly the formation of C–OH, C–O–C and/or C O functions.

Toward Second Generation Hepatitis C Virus NS3 Serine Protease Inhibitors: Discovery of Novel P4 Modified Analogues with Improved Potency and Pharmacokinetic Profile

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a global health crisis leading to liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver failure in humans. Recently, we disclosed the discovery of Boceprevir, SCH 503034 (1), a novel, potent, selective, orally bioavailable NS3 protease inhibitor that is currently undergoing phase III clinical trials. Our efforts toward a second generation HCV NS3 serine protease inhibitor were directed at improving the overall profile of the inhibitor. This article will elaborate on our studies leading to the discovery of new P4 modified inhibitors with enhanced potency and improved oral bioavailability. Thus, introduction of ether and carbamate-derived P4 moieties resulted in improving the replicon potency significantly. Incorporation of the P' secondary amide residue afforded significant improvement in pharmacokinetic properties. Combining the preferred moieties, identified from comprehensive SAR studies, resulted in inhibitors that displayed superior potency and very good oral as well as target organ exposure in rats.

Charles Thomas Jackson, “The Head Behind the Hands.” Applying Science to Implement Discovery in Early Nineteenth Century America.

Charles Thomas Jackson, “The Head Behind the Hands.” Applying Science to Implement Discovery in Early Nineteenth Century America.

The Introduction of Ether in Paris Revisited**A version of this material was presented by the first author at the annual meeting of the Anesthesia History Association, Nashville, Tennessee, May, 2007.

Modern accounts of the introduction of ether anesthesia in France are mainly based on a letter written in February 1947 to the editor of the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal by Francis Willis Fisher, a young Boston surgeon at that time a student in Paris. Fisher's letter hints that his efforts were the main impetus to the acceptance of ether by the French academic surgeons. The authors have reviewed the contemporary medical literature, especially the numerous French journals, relative to that event. Their review suggests that Fisher was largely ignored by the French surgeons and by his young competitors then studying in Paris. He seems to have exaggerated his role in the acceptance of ether anesthesia in France. The reviewed literature also provides some additional details and some corrections to Fisher's account. Modern accounts of the introduction of ether in France have relied heavily on a letter sent in February 1847 to the editor of the Boston Medical & Surgical Journal by Francis W. Fisher, a young Boston physician then studying in Paris. Fisher's report is often vague, occasionally incorrect, and probably exaggerates his role in the acceptance of anesthesia in Paris. This review attempts to complement and correct Fisher's account.

A Book That Informed My Practice

What a Blessing She Had Chloroform by Donald Caton, Yale University Press, 1999, $30.00 When her eldest daughter gave birth in 1859, Queen Victoria remarked, “What a blessing she had chloroform. Without it I think her strength would have suffered very much.” The Queen, an experienced mother, saw no controversy in the use of pain relief in labor. Yet the subject has continually been dogged by controversy (witches were burnt for it). Donald Caton, an eminent chronicler of the history of obstetric analgesia, has written a fascinating account of the social background to its evolution since the introduction of ether, then chloroform, to obstetrics by James Young Simpson in Edinburgh in 1847. The subject is viewed in the wider context of the whole metamorphosis of medicine in the 19th century. The story began when medicine, religion, and philosophy were intermixed and the balance of earth, air, fire, and water still controlled our bodies, with science a late partner to medicine. Pain had an important role in society: to maintain order and collect information—a purpose still prevalent in some societies today. Its role in childbirth—education, punishment (“She's got to learn”), atonement, redemption, and bonding (“You'll love your baby all the more”)—also survives. Writing in the middle of the 19th century, John Stuart Mill pointed out that it was not God but nature that inflicted pain. It was surely permissible to improve on nature. Anesthesia formed part of a new humanitarian movement that aimed “to eliminate suffering from human experience, a tendency that was not particularly apparent before then.” Writing with grace and humor, Caton traces the progress of obstetric anesthesia and analgesia through the bombastic overexuberance of Simpson, the opposition from a cautious medical profession, the diligent and innovative perspicacity that enabled Snow to put the technique on its feet and quell the opposition, the ill-advised enthusiasm for twilight sleep, and the reaction to the overuse of drugs embodied in Grantly Dick Read's natural childbirth campaign. The need for analgesia in labor was thought to result from the decadent lifestyle (or heightened sensibilities) of modern civilized women. Read resurrected this 19th century belief in asserting, apparently from a personal series of two, that “primitive” people had painless, trouble-free labors but that educated women need feel no pain if fear were eliminated. Would that either of these assertions were true. Both medical and non-medical readers will enjoy this book but may find the blanket term “anesthesia” confusing. It is used to refer to inhalational analgesia as developed by Snow, true anesthesia (throughout labor) as advocated by Simpson, deep sedation as in twilight sleep, regional (epidural) anesthesia as once used for labor and now reserved for surgery, and the milder regional analgesia. Caton does not mention, perhaps because it still eludes most of humanity, that effective analgesia with mobility and an alert mother and baby can now be provided for labor. Historically, women have demanded analgesia in labor when the medical profession approached it with caution, yet now that it has become vastly safer, many women reject it as dangerous.

The introduction of ether and chloroform to Dublin

The introduction of ether and chloroform to Dublin

BLOOD SUGAR CONCENTRATION AND THE EXTERNAL SECRETION OF THE PANCREATIC GLAND

The relations between external and internal secretions of the pancreatic gland are far from being clearly understood, although some of the data seem to point to a certain connection between them.1The data concerning the activity of the acinous tissue of the pancreas during diabetes are very contradictory. Labbe, Nepveux and Adlersberg2and Gavrila and Paraschivesco3reported a diminution of the enzymatic power of the pancreatic juice activated by intraduodenal introduction of ether in human diabetes. Katsch and von Friedrich4found lower tryptic values in one out of five cases of diabetes. Jones, Castle, Mulholland and Barley5state that in sixty-eight cases of diabetes approximately half the patients showed a diminution in the digestive power of the pancreatic juice. The poor state of nutrition of some of these patients might have played some part in this phenomenon. According to Deusch and Drost,6clinical manifestations

CARBON DIOXID AS AN AID IN GENERAL ANESTHESIA

The introduction of ethylene into the field of anesthesia in the early part of 1923 by Luckhardt 1 suggested the need for an enlarged gas machine by which ethylene, nitrous oxid, oxygen, carbon dioxid and ether could be administered. 2 The work of Henderson, Haggard and Coburn 3 and White, 4 showing that carbon dioxid aids in the introduction of ether 5 as well as in its elimination, and that it is also an aid in ethylene anesthesia, 6 prompted me to include a control for carbon dioxid, thus making an apparatus of the four-control type. Some of these machines were the Gwathmey type; others were the Heidbrink type. Attachments for the ordinary gas machine were not satisfactory. In the cases discussed here, in which the apparatus was used, carbon dioxid was shown to be an aid in gas and in gas-ether anesthesia. The tabulation of cases shows the various

GYNECOLOGY, ITS CONTRIBUTION TO GENERAL SURGERY.

As we stand upon the threshold of a new century, it is wise that we review the history of the past and garner its lessons for the future. Until within the latter half of the Nineteenth Century, the practice of medicine had continued in quite the same general way as for the indefinite past. Even surgery, as a specialty, was so exceptional that, after my return from the army service as surgeon, in 1865, my revered master, Dr. Henry I. Bowditch, urged that I abandon my purpose of making surgery my lifework, with the statement that there was but one man in New England who, as a surgeon, obtained more than a competency. The introduction of ether into general use, followed by the wide experience gained by a large proportion of our younger graduates in the civil war, gave to surgery in America a new impeteus, and this, with a

Dr. Bigelow and the Introduction of Ether

Dr. Bigelow and the Introduction of Ether