Introduction Of Division Research Articles

Introduction of Russian state judiciary on the territory of Ukraine (end of XVIII – early XIX century)

The article reveals the peculiarities of the implementation of the Russian judicial system in the Hetmanate in the second half of the XVIII - first half of the XIX century. It is pointed out that the incorporation policy of the Russian Empire provided for the full inclusion of Ukrainian lands in the empire, both in administrative and legal aspects. Beginning with the abolition of the institution of the Hetmanate, the regimental-hundred system, the imperial authorities tried to eradicate from life all the legal attributes of the Cossacks, which were traditional for the population and differed from the classical Russian. One of such attributes of statehood was the system of the judiciary and the judiciary. Having determined the specifics and characteristics of the traditional Ukrainian judicial system, which has been implemented in the Hetmanate since the middle of the XVII century, judicial reforms of P. Orlyk, K. Rozumovsky, the peculiarities of the introduction of the Russian class system of justice are established. After the liquidation of the regimental-hundred system and the introduction of division in the provinces, zemstvo (provincial) and county courts began to be established on the territory of Ukraine, which had a wide range of powers and were divided into criminal and civil departments. Zemsky courts were the court of the highest instance and the main appellate body, but decided only cases involving the nobility. The formal election of judges and their subordination to the emperor was a compromise that satisfied both the government and guaranteed the loyalty of the nobility. County courts were under the control of the nobility, which leveled the transparency of decisions. The lowest judiciary was the village courts, which dealt with most economic and administrative issues related to the most vulnerable. The practice of «arbitration» and «conscientious» courts, whose task was to resolve disputes at the pre-trial stage, can be considered a certain positive. They minimized and debureaucratized the judicial system, forming an effective alternative to county courts. Contractual principles in the judiciary, given the existence of about 10 thousand legal acts, some of which were naturally not known to judges, and sometimes contradicted each other, became the key to the stability of the judiciary in the pre-reform period.

«Пространство» гражданского законодательства как проблема развития частного права

Monopolization and expansion of civil law has no clear
 designation in science. But the problem of expanding of spatial boundaries
 of private law does exist. Introduction of division of legal entities
 and corporations unitary organization will have a serious impact on the
 expansion of private law in the area of labor law. The author denotes
 the problem of expanding forms of participation of the state in the sphere
 of private law.

The kernel of monoid morphisms

This paper introduces what the authors believe to be the correct definition of the kernel of a monoid morphism a, : M+ N. This kernel is a category, constructed directly from the constituents of 9. In the case of a group morphism, our kernel is a groupoid that is divisionally equivalent to the traditional kernel. This article is a continuation of the work in [8]. The thesis of [8] is that categories, as generalized monoids, are essential ingredients in monoid decomposition theory. The principal development in [S] was the introduction of division, a new ordering for categories, which extend the existing notion for monoids. Since its introduction in [3], division has proved to be the ordering of choice for monoids. This extension of division to categories allows for the useful comparison of monoids and categories. A strong candidate for the title ‘kernel’ was introduced in [8]. This candidate is also a category and is called the derived category of 9. The derived category operation and the wreath product of monoids are shown to have an adjoint-like relationship. This relationship is summed up in the Derived Category Theorem [8, Theorem 5.21. The derived category has its origins in [6], where it appears as the derived semigroup. The kernel construction of this paper is an improvement over the derived category for a variety of reasons. First, it is smaller in the divisional sense. Second, it is a reversal invariant construction. Third, it combines more effectively with classical structure theories. For example, when applied to surmorphisms that cannot be further factored, the kernel has a particularly simple form. This leads to important decomposition theorems for finite monoids.

Separation process synthesis for multicomponent products.

Introduction of division and blending into the separation process of multicomponent products is effective from the viewpoint of reduction of the separation mass load, but it is difficult to solve this synthesis problem because there exists information feedback between the separation sequence and introduction of division and blending. A useful method composed of two stages-search for the optimal separation sequence, and optimization of the separation process by introduction of division and blending-is developed for synthesis of the separation process of two multicomponent products. For the former the evolutionary method, developed for the synthesis of the separation process of pure-substance products, is adopted, and for the latter a new evolutionary method, which uses the material allocation diagram to obtain useful information about the separation process, is developed. A 5-component separation process synthesis problem demonstrates the effectiveness of this method.