Intrinsic Frame Of Reference Research Articles

Characterization of retardance of nondepolarizing and depolarizing media

A criterion for the characterization of the retardance effects produced by depolarizing and nondepolarizing linear media on interacting light is established based on Mueller matrices algebra. A consistent general description of retardance properties is performed by means of a serial decomposition of the Mueller matrix into three components, namely an element that encompasses the enpolarizing and depolarizing properties sandwiched by two elliptical retarders containing complete and decoupled information on retardance. The inherent ambiguity derived from the coincident formal structure of rotation matrices and circular retarders is removed though the introduction of the entrance and exit intrinsic reference frames, leading to the concepts of the intrinsic entrance and exit linear retarders, which are defined from the Mueller matrix itself and that are independent of the laboratory reference frames used to represent the incident and emerging polarized light beams, respectively.

Information structure of a polarization state: the concept of metaspin

A complete description of the polarization properties of a random, stationary, generally three-dimensional (3D) optical field in a point is provided by the 3×3 polarization matrix. We show that its nine degrees of freedom can be represented by nine independent and decoupled parameters with simple and significant physical meanings. These cover the three orientation angles determining the intrinsic reference frame with respect to an arbitrary one, the three principal intensities representing the strengths of the components of the electric field along the respective intrinsic reference axes, and a real-valued vector, which we term metaspin, whose three components are given by the intrinsic correlations of the field components. Consequently, any given polarization state has an associated intensity-isotropic state, called the metaspin state, whose spin vector is fully determined by the metaspin vector. We also show that the concept of metaspin provides an illustrative synthesis procedure for 3D polarization states. The results can straightforwardly be applied to any 3×3 density matrix.

Examination of Spatial Deictic Markers in KingoniExamination of Spatial Deictic Markers in Kingoni

This study aimed to examine spatial deixis in Kingoni within the framework of the cognitive semantics approach. A total of 60 adults and grandparents that were purposively selected from 30 households in Songea Rural District were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires. Data on Kingoni spatial orientation was analysed using thematic and quotation analysis techniques, with special interest in underlying coordinates, body-sidedness, and the absolute and intrinsic frame of reference. The study results show that Kingoni has five deictic terms with movement or motion components categorised into two groups: go (hambai, wukai) and come (bwelai, wuyai, and kiliwukai). It has also been realised that Kingoni is a hybrid system of frames of reference, changing from one frame to another when interacting. It uses object-sidedness (intrinsic frame of reference) and body-sidedness to express or point to something like kumangiga (the right hand) or kumandyoli (the left-hand side). Kingoni exhibits four spatial dimension differences when expressing the location of an object from a given viewpoint. These are apa (near), pala (near far), palanaha (far), and palé (far most). Accordingly, the study recommends continued research in natural language to enrich existing knowledge about deictic markers.

In vivo label-free tissue histology through a microstructured imaging window.

Tissue histopathology, based on hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of thin tissue slices, is the gold standard for the evaluation of the immune reaction to the implant of a biomaterial. It is based on lengthy and costly procedures that do not allow longitudinal studies. The use of non-linear excitation microscopy in vivo, largely label-free, has the potential to overcome these limitations. With this purpose, we develop and validate an implantable microstructured device for the non-linear excitation microscopy assessment of the immune reaction to an implanted biomaterial label-free. The microstructured device, shaped as a matrix of regular 3D lattices, is obtained by two-photon laser polymerization. It is subsequently implanted in the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of embryonated chicken eggs for 7 days to act as an intrinsic 3D reference frame for cell counting and identification. The histological analysis based on H&E images of the tissue sections sampled around the implanted microstructures is compared to non-linear excitation and confocal images to build a cell atlas that correlates the histological observations to the label-free images. In this way, we can quantify the number of cells recruited in the tissue reconstituted in the microstructures and identify granulocytes on label-free images within and outside the microstructures. Collagen and microvessels are also identified by means of second-harmonic generation and autofluorescence imaging. The analysis indicates that the tissue reaction to implanted microstructures is like the one typical of CAM healing after injury, without a massive foreign body reaction. This opens the path to the use of similar microstructures coupled to a biomaterial, to image in vivo the regenerating interface between a tissue and a biomaterial with label-free non-linear excitation microscopy. This promises to be a transformative approach, alternative to conventional histopathology, for the bioengineering and the validation of biomaterials in in vivo longitudinal studies.

Nuclear DFT electromagnetic moments in heavy deformed open-shell odd nuclei

Within the nuclear DFT approach, we determined the magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments for paired nuclear states corresponding to the proton (neutron) quasiparticles blocked in the π11/2− (ν13/2+) intruder configurations. We performed calculations for all deformed open-shell odd nuclei with 63≤Z≤82 and 82≤N≤126. Time-reversal symmetry was broken in the intrinsic reference frame and self-consistent shape and spin core polarizations were established. We determined spectroscopic moments of angular-momentum-projected wave functions and compared them with available experimental data. We obtained good agreement with data without using effective g-factors or effective charges in the dipole or quadrupole operators, respectively. We also showed that the intrinsic magnetic dipole moments, or those obtained for conserved intrinsic time-reversal symmetry, do not represent viable approximations of the spectroscopic ones.

Comparing end-effector position and joint angle feedback for online robotic limb tracking.

Somatosensation greatly increases the ability to control our natural body. This suggests that supplementing vision with haptic sensory feedback would also be helpful when a user aims at controlling a robotic arm proficiently. However, whether the position of the robot and its continuous update should be coded in a extrinsic or intrinsic reference frame is not known. Here we compared two different supplementary feedback contents concerning the status of a robotic limb in 2-DoFs configuration: one encoding the Cartesian coordinates of the end-effector of the robotic arm (i.e., Task-space feedback) and another and encoding the robot joints angles (i.e., Joint-space feedback). Feedback was delivered to blindfolded participants through vibrotactile stimulation applied on participants' leg. After a 1.5-hour training with both feedbacks, participants were significantly more accurate with Task compared to Joint-space feedback, as shown by lower position and aiming errors, albeit not faster (i.e., similar onset delay). However, learning index during training was significantly higher in Joint space feedback compared to Task-space feedback. These results suggest that Task-space feedback is probably more intuitive and more suited for activities which require short training sessions, while Joint space feedback showed potential for long-term improvement. We speculate that the latter, despite performing worse in the present work, might be ultimately more suited for applications requiring long training, such as the control of supernumerary robotic limbs for surgical robotics, heavy industrial manufacturing, or more generally, in the context of human movement augmentation.

The Impact of Block Play on Young Children’s Production of Intrinsic Frame of Reference: A Quasi-Experiment

ABSTRACT Research Findings: Although the importance of block play to children’s spatial ability has been recognized globally, little is known about children’s use of spatial frames of reference during spatial processing. This study investigated the intervention with guided block play to promote children’s use of their intrinsic frame of reference, an identified effective frame of reference for spatial information. Participants included 42 kindergarten children ( months, SD = 3.91, 48% girls) and 42 pre-kindergarten children ( months, SD = 3.63, 57% girls) from one public kindergarten in Shanghai, China. A quasi-experiment method was used with a four-month intervention program designed for the experiment groups. Statistically significant differences were identified in the performance of the spatial tasks between the experiment and control groups in both kindergarten and pre-kindergarten children after the intervention. The results revealed that block-play interventions can effectively increase children’s ability to use their intrinsic frame of reference and their preference in using this frame for spatial representations. Practice or Policy: These findings provided a new perspective on analyzing children’s spatial competence and supported the benefits of block play interventions with empirical evidence.

The intrinsic frame of reference and the Dhivehi ‘FIBO’ system

Abstract While geocentric and relative frames of reference have figured prominently in the literature on spatial language and cognition, the intrinsic frame of reference has received less attention, though various subtypes of the intrinsic frame have been proposed. This paper presents a revised classification of the intrinsic frame, distinguishing between three subtypes: a ‘direct’ subtype, an ‘object-centered’ subtype and a ‘figure-anchored’ subtype, with a cross-cutting distinction between ‘function-based’ and ‘shape-based’ systems. In addition, the ‘FIBO’ (front = inner, back = outer) system in Dhivehi is analyzed as an example of a borderline case, with some important features of the intrinsic frame but also some differences, presenting a challenge for existing frame of reference classifications. The rotational properties of these various systems are also considered. The analysis underscores the considerable diversity within intrinsic systems but also points to a closer relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic frames than has previously been appreciated. This may have implications for broader theoretical issues including how frames of reference are acquired, how speech communities come to use different frames and whether patterns of frame use in discourse shape patterns of non-verbal frame use.

TEMPORAL USES OF TRƯỚC AND SAU: AN ANALYSIS OF TEMPORAL FRAMES OF REFERENCE IN VIETNAMESE

This paper aims at studying the temporal meanings of trước and sau in Vietnamese concerning temporal frames of reference. These words are respectively to FRONT and BEHIND terms. They originally mean spatial directions with a deictic center. When being transferred to the domain of time, they appear in three situations: 1. Expressing the ‘future/past’ meanings correlating with an absolute frame of reference which motivates both dynamic and static temporal events, the orientation of the absolute frame of reference in Vietnamese is provided by the arrow of time; 2. Expressing the ‘past/future’ meanings correlating with an intrinsic frame of reference, this frame of reference applies for binary temporal relations which encompass deictic events and earlier/later relations, FRONT is mapped onto the past in both cases.; 3. Expressing ternary temporal relations correlating with a relative frame of reference: we argue that two variants of the relative frame of reference proposed by Bender and colleagues [1, 2] cannot be applied to describe ternary temporal relations in Vietnamese. In this language, if G occurs in the future, FRONT is assigned to the past of G which is the V’s future, and BEHIND to G’s future, whereas if G occurs in the past, FRONT is assigned to the G’s past, and BEHIND to G’s future which is also Ego’s past. The only difference between the intrinsic and the relative frame of reference in Vietnamese, therefore, is whether or not the Ground coincides with the Ego.

Mapping visual spatial prototypes: Multiple reference frames shape visual memory

Categories provide a fundamental source of information used to structure our perception of the world. For example, when people reproduce the remembered location of a dot in a circle, they implicitly impose vertical and horizontal axes onto the circle, and responses are biased towards the center of each of the resulting quadrants. Such results reveal the existence of spatial prototypes, which function as Bayesian priors and which are integrated with actual memory traces. Spatial prototypes have been extensively investigated and described in previous studies, but it remains unclear what type of information is used to create spatial categories. We developed a new approach that allowed to ‘image’ patterns of spatial bias in detail, and map the internal representational structure of objects and space. Previous studies, using circular shapes suggested that boundaries are established based on a viewer-based frame of reference, therefore using cues extrinsic to the object. Given that a circle has radial symmetry, the axes imposed cannot come from the shape itself. Here we investigated if the same applies for shapes with clearly-defined symmetry axes and thus intrinsic frames of reference. Using rotated shapes (squares and rectangles), where extrinsic and intrinsic cues are dissociated, we observed flexible usage of multiple reference frames. Furthermore, in certain contexts, participants relied mostly on cues intrinsic to the shape itself. These results show that humans divide visual space as a function of multiple reference frames, in a flexible, and context dependent manner.

Effects of animacy and linguistic construction on the interpretation of spatial descriptions in English and Spanish

abstractThe languages of the world differ in their use of intrinsic, relative, and absolute reference frames to describe spatial relationships, but factors guiding reference frame choices are not yet well understood. This paper addresses the role of animacy and linguistic construction in reference frame choices in English and Spanish. During each trial of two experiments, adult participants saw a spatial scene along with a sentence describing the location of an object (locatum) relative to another object (relatum) that was animate or human(-like) to varying degrees. The scene presented two possible referents for the locatum, and participants decided which referent the description referred to, revealing which reference frame they used to interpret the sentence. Results showed that reference frame choices differed systematically between languages. In English, the non-possessive construction (X is to the left of Y) was consistently associated with the relative reference frame, and the possessive construction (X is on Y’s left) was associated with the intrinsic reference frame. In Spanish, the intrinsic interpretation was dominant throughout, except for the non-possessive construction with relata that were not anthropomorphic, animate, or human. We discuss the results with respect to the languages’ syntactic repertory, and the notion of inalienable possession.

Generalization via superposition: combined effects of mixed reference frame representations for explicit and implicit learning in a visuomotor adaptation task.

Studies on generalization of learned visuomotor perturbations have generally focused on whether learning is coded in extrinsic or intrinsic reference frames. This dichotomy, however, is challenged by recent findings showing that learning is represented in a mixed reference frame. Overlooked in this framework is how learning appears to consist of multiple processes, such as explicit reaiming and implicit motor adaptation. Therefore, the proposed mixed representation may simply reflect the superposition of explicit and implicit generalization functions, each represented in different reference frames. Here we characterized the individual generalization functions of explicit and implicit learning in relative isolation to determine whether their combination could predict the overall generalization function when both processes are in operation. We modified the form of feedback in a visuomotor rotation task in an attempt to isolate explicit and implicit learning and tested generalization across new limb postures to dissociate the extrinsic/intrinsic representations. We found that the amplitude of explicit generalization was reduced with postural change and was only marginally shifted, resembling an extrinsic representation. In contrast, implicit generalization maintained its amplitude but was significantly shifted, resembling a mixed representation. A linear combination of individual explicit and implicit generalization functions accounted for nearly 85% of the variance associated with the generalization function in a typical visuomotor rotation task, where both processes are in operation. This suggests that each form of learning results from a mixed representation with distinct extrinsic and intrinsic contributions and the combination of these features shapes the generalization pattern observed at novel limb postures. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Generalization following learning in visuomotor adaptation tasks can reflect how the brain represents what it learns. In this study, we isolated explicit and implicit forms of learning and showed that they are derived from a mixed reference frame representation with distinct extrinsic and intrinsic contributions. Furthermore, we showed that the overall generalization pattern at novel workspaces is due to the superposition of independent generalization effects developed by explicit and implicit learning processes.

Zamansal Dilde Dışsal Referans

Referans çerçeveleri, nesneler arasındaki uzamsal ilişkileri belli bir perspektiften belirlemeye, tanımlamaya ve hesaplamaya yarayan zihinsel ve/ya dilsel koordinat sistemleridir (Bender vd., 2010, s.286; Bender vd., 2012, s.1; Bennardo, 2004, s.1; Majid vd., 2004, s.108). Bunun için sağladıkları temel strateji, uzamda konumlanmak istenen bir nesneden belli bir uzaklıkta bulunan ve ortamda öne çıkan diğer bir nesne seçmek, daha sonra da bu referans nesne üzerinden bir açı tanımlayarak bir arama alanı oluşturmaktır. Böylelikle, bir nesnenin konumu, diğerininki üzerinden belirlenebilmiş olur (Levinson, 2003, s.67) Evrensel olarak üç referans çerçevesi bulunduğu kabul edilmektedir (Levinson, 1996, 2003; Levelt, 1996; Tversky, 1996): Göreli referans çerçevesi, konuşucunun bakış açısını ve yönelimini temel almaktadır ve başına-ayaklarına, vücudunun önüne arkasına, sağına-soluna göre üç farklı doğrultuda olabilmektedir. İçsel referans çerçevesi, belli bir nesnenin ön-tanımlı içsel özelliklerini temel almakta ve eksenler bunlar üzerinden tanımlanmaktadır. Dışsal referans çerçevesinde ise, içinde bulunulan ortama ait belirgin özellikler eksenin doğrultusunu belirlemekte kullanılmaktadır (Carlson-Radvansky ve Logan, 1997, s.412). Temelde uzam alanıyla ilişkili olan 'referans çerçevesi' kavramını zaman alanına da uyarlayan çalışmalara alanyazında gittikçe daha çok rastlanmaktadır. Ancak bu çalışmalarda verilen dilsel örnekler son derece kısıtlıdır. Bu yazıda, söz konusu kısıtlılığın 'dışsal referans' alt türü için ne türden sorunlar ortaya çıkardığı ele alınmakta ve alternatif bakış açıları tartışılmaktadır.

Temporal and spectral profiles of conflict processing among multiple frames of reference.

Individuals rely on various frames of reference (FORs), such as an egocentric FOR (EFOR) and intrinsic FOR (IFOR), to represent spatial information. Previous behavioral studies have shown different IFOR-IFOR (II) and EFOR-IFOR (EI) conflict effects and an effect of their interaction. However, the neural mechanism of conflict processing between two FOR-based conflicts is unclear. In the current ERP study, two FOR-based conflicts were manipulated using a two-cannon task to elucidate common and distinct brain mechanisms that underlie FOR-based conflict processing. The behavioral results showed that both conflicts exhibited longer reaction times and larger error rates in the II (180° cannon angle) and EI (target cannon pointed down) incongruent conditions than in the II (0° cannon angle) and EI (target cannon pointed up) congruent conditions and that an interaction existed between the two conflicts. The ERP results indicated that, for both conflicts, more negative N2 amplitudes and less positive P3 amplitudes occurred in the incongruent conditions than in the congruent conditions, and the interactions between the two conflicts during later P3 amplitudes were significant. Time-frequency analysis further indicated that, in the early time window, the II conflict and the EI conflict specifically modulated power in the theta bands and beta bands, respectively. In contrast, in the later time window, both conflicts modulated power in the alpha and beta bands. In summary, our findings provide insights into the potential existence of two specific early conflict monitoring systems and a general late executive control system for FOR-based conflicts.

Behavior of the collective rotor in wobbling motion

The behavior of the collective rotor in wobbling motion is investigated within the particle-rotor model for the nucleus $^{135}$Pr by transforming the wave functions from the $K$-representation to the $R$-representation. After reproducing the experimental energy spectra and wobbling frequencies, the evolution of the wobbling mode in $^{135}$Pr, from transverse at low spins to longitudinal at high spins, is illustrated by the distributions of the total angular momentum in the intrinsic reference frame (azimuthal plot). Finally, the coupling schemes of the angular momenta of the rotor and the high-$j$ particle for transverse and longitudinal wobbling are obtained from the analysis of the probability distributions of the rotor angular momentum ($R$-plots) and their projections onto the three principal axes ($K_R$-plots).

The principle of canonical orientation: a cross-linguistic study

abstractThis paper presents a cross-linguistic investigation of a constraint on the use on intrinsic frames of reference proposed by Levelt (1984, 1996). This proposed constraint claims that use of intrinsic frames when the ground object is in non-canonical position is blocked due to conflict with gravitational-based reference frames. Regression models of the data from Arabic, K’iche’, Spanish, Yucatec, and Zapotec suggest that this constraint is valid across languages. However, the strength at which the constraint operates is predicted by the frequency of canonical intrinsic frames in the particular language. The ratio of the incidence of intrinsic usage with canonical vs. non-canonical orientation appears to be remarkably uniform across languages, which suggests the possibility of a strong cognitive universal.

Interlimb Generalization of Learned Bayesian Visuomotor Prior Occurs in Extrinsic Coordinates.

Recent work suggests that the brain represents probability distributions and performs Bayesian integration during sensorimotor learning. However, our understanding of the neural representation of this learning remains limited. To begin to address this, we performed two experiments. In the first experiment, we replicated the key behavioral findings of Körding and Wolpert (2004), demonstrating that humans can perform in a Bayes-optimal manner by combining information about their own sensory uncertainty and a statistical distribution of lateral shifts encountered in a visuomotor adaptation task. In the second experiment, we extended these findings by testing whether visuomotor learning occurring during the same task generalizes from one limb to the other, and relatedly, whether this learning is represented in an extrinsic or intrinsic reference frame. We found that the learned mean of the distribution of visuomotor shifts generalizes to the opposite limb only when the perturbation is congruent in extrinsic coordinates, indicating that the underlying representation of learning acquired during training is available to the untrained limb and is coded in an extrinsic reference frame.

The Grammatical Encoding of Space in Yonghe Qiang

Like other languages of the Western Sichuan linguistic area, the Yonghe variety of Qiang has robust grammatical systems for spatial concepts. Within the noun phrase, there are specialized locative casemarkers for different degrees of distance of the object being located. There is also a set of locational nouns, which are structured based on an intrinsic frame of reference, at least for some speakers. In the verb phrase, there is a system of five existential verbs, four of which have locational semantics; choice of existential depends on containment and attachment, then secondarily on the animacy of the referent being located. There is also a set of eight directional prefixes. These have different discourse frequencies, reflecting different levels of prefix-verb collocation. In addition, the prefixes primarily occur in perfective clauses and imperatives; however, they are optional when an adverbial phrase is also used. Thus, the system approximates derivation rather than inflection. These patterns of distribution, together with comparative data from other Western Sichuan languages, suggest a grammaticalization pathway from directional prefix to perfective to imperative.

How Grammar Encodes Space in Cogtse Rgyalrong

This paper presents the grammatical systems that are used for the concepts of space in the Cogtse dialect of Rgyalrong. Cogtse is noted for the way it lexicalizes a rich set of orientations (up-down, east-west, upstream-downstream) in terms of nominals, pronominals, verbs, and adverbials. Together with locative postpositions and the relator-noun construction, they constitute the three primary kinds of grammatical devices to incorporate notions of space. Despite the fact that Cogtse lexicalizes the intrinsic, relative, and absolute (based on the six orientations) frames of reference; no occurrence of ‘left’ and ‘right’ has been observed in the discourse data, spontaneous or preplanned. Speakers clearly prefer the absolute references that take the above-mentioned orientations as the basis. Finally, this paper illustrates from two socio-cultural perspectives how entrenched the orientation system is in Rgyalrong. The selection of semantically-dependent perfectivizer reveals the way Rgyalrong speakers conceptualize events in orientational terms; while the seating arrangement in the Rgyalrong house demonstrates that in assigning orientation terms to refer to various indoor spaces, cultural conceptions override natural geographical settings.

Representing Spatial Layout According to Intrinsic Frames of Reference: Limitations From Position Regularity and Instructions.

Mou and McNamara have suggested that object locations are represented according to intrinsic reference frames. In three experiments, we investigated the limitations of intrinsic reference frames as a mean to represent object locations in spatial memory. Participants learned the locations of seven or eight common objects in a rectangular room and then made judgments of relative direction based on their memory of the layout. The results of all experiments showed that when all objects were positioned regularly, judgments of relative direction were faster or more accurate for novel headings that were aligned with the primary intrinsic structure than for other novel headings; however, when one irregularly positioned object was added to the layout, this advantage was eliminated. The experiments further indicated that with a single view at study, participants could represent the layout from either an egocentric orientation or a different orientation, according to experimental instructions. Together, these results suggest that environmental reference frames and intrinsic axes can influence performance for novel headings, but their role in spatial memory depends on egocentric experience, layout regularity, and instructions.