Intrinsic Power Research Articles

Comparison Between Supercharged Ulnar Nerve Repair by Anterior Interosseous Nerve Transfer and Isolated Ulnar Nerve Repair in Proximal Ulnar Nerve Injuries

To compare combined ulnar nerve repair with supercharged end-to-side anterior interosseous nerve to ulnar motor nerve transfer (UR+SETS) with conventional isolated ulnar repair techniques in proximal ulnar nerve transection, with respect to intrinsic muscle power recovery and claw hand deformity correction. We conducted a comparative matched-paired series prospectively on 21 patients with proximal ulnar nerve transection injury. Eleven patients were managed by UR+SETS and 10 by isolated ulnar repair. The outcome was reported at 3, 6, 12, and 18 months using the score of Birch and Raji and Brand's criteria. A total of 21 patients with acute proximal ulnar nerve transection injury had completed 18 months' follow-up. We observed better results in the UR+SETS group regarding the return of intrinsic function and reduction of deformity with earlier improvement in the score of Birch and Raji and Brand's criteria. In the short term, UR+SETS transfer appears to result in better intrinsic muscle reinnervation and clawing deformity correction after proximal ulnar nerve transection injury. Therapeutic II.

“Essa estranha instituição chamada literatura” e o direito

This paper analyzes, in a punctual and problematic way, the famous article by Jacques Derrida titled “This Strange Institution Called Literature”, with aims of finding possible implications for law and legal thinking. Based on Derrida’s ideas, we attempt to map the fundamental aspects of the Law and Literature approach, as well as its meaning regarding philosophy. By studying Derrida, however, we do not hinder the dialogue with other thinkers, who may have influenced him as well as opened up the possibility for disagreeing in substantial matters, such as the supposed possibility of literature to “say everything”. Thus, the non-institutionality of literature and its intrinsic democratic power are hereby explored as fundamental elements to see this approach as more than casual. With its invaluable capacity of raising questions, literature is a powerful rival to totalitarian regimes and a strong democracy fosterer. Furthermore, with the aesthetic pleasure granted by its narratives, literature also has a deconstruction trait, and it shields us against the ever-present risks of decisionism.

Complexity Theory

Computational Complexity Theory is the mathematical study of the intrinsic power and limitations of computational resources like time, space, or randomness. The current workshop focused on recent developments in various sub-areas including arithmetic complexity, Boolean complexity, communication complexity, cryptography, probabilistic proof systems, pseudorandomness, and quantum computation. Many of the developments are related to diverse mathematical fields such as algebraic geometry, combinatorial number theory, probability theory, representation theory, and the theory of error-correcting codes.

Modified Core-Shell Double Gate Junctionless MOSFET with High ON-State and Low Leakage Currents

In this proposed article, an investigation has been studied for low leakage current and high on-state current with heavily doping in source and drain region of Double Gate Junctionless Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (DG JL MOSFET). Conventional DG JL MOSFET is facing problem in fabrication because of high contact resistance at source and drain region. This contact resistance can be reduced by considering heavily doping in source and drain region but this leads to high leakage current for Conv. JL MOSFET. However, low doping, narrow channel thickness and high work function gate materials are used Conv. DG JL MOSFET and Core-Shell DG JL MOSFET are providing low leakage current but on-state current is also reduced. The proposed modified Core-Shell DG JL MOSFET with heavily doping in source and drain to reduce the contact resistance is displaying low leakage current with high amount of on-state current. RF performance such as Trans-conductance, capacitance, Cut-off frequency, maximum operating frequency and intrinsic power gain (S21), have also been investigated of modified Core-Shell DG JL MOSFET.

Structural and in-vitro assessment of ZnxFe3−xC (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) nanoparticles as magnetic biomaterials

For this study, ZnxFe3−xC (0 < x ≤ 1) MNPS were synthesized using sol-gel technique followed by calcination at 700 °C in N2 atmosphere. The phase was confirmed by X-ray diffraction, electron diffraction and Mössbauer spectroscopy whereas the morphology by transmission electron microscope. The presence of Fe, Zn and C was indicated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The saturation magnetization value for x = 0.1 sample was 58 Am2/kg which decreased minutely with increased Zn substitutions. The maximum specific absorption rate and intrinsic loss power values, were 85 W/g and 1.9 nHm2/kg for the sample x = 0.7, at 25 mT external magnetic field. The cytotoxicity of these MNPS was examined with human lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cells using SRB assay. The cells were viable up to ~88% after a treatment with 2 mg/mL of each of Zn0.5F2.5C and ZnFe2C nanoparticles after 48 h. Fluorescence microscopy showed unaltered morphology for the cells treated with 1 mg/mL of Zn0.5Fe2.5C nanoparticles. The preliminary results on these carbides were comparable to their oxide counterparts and deserve further investigations.

Structural Characterization, Magnetic Properties, and Heating Power of Nickel Ferrite Nanoparticles

Magnetic nanoparticles of nickel ferrite were synthesized by using the high-temperature thermal decomposition method. The crystal structure and the size of the nanoparticles were determined. The magnetic properties of the nanoparticles were studied in detail, as well as the heating power of a magnetic fluid prepared with the synthesized nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction revealed that the nanoparticles crystallized in the cubic spinel structure. Transmission electron microscopy showed two populations of dispersed nanoparticles. The mean particle size of the most abundant population is approximately 13 nm. Magnetization measurements showed that the nanocompound is in the superparamagnetic regime at room temperature. It was found that nanoparticles have giant magnetic moments of more than 16 $\text{k}\mu _{\mathrm {B}}$ . Self-heating experiments carried out in ac magnetic fields indicate that the nanoparticles have high efficiency as heating agents. Specific power absorption (SPA) and intrinsic loss power (ILP) values as large as 997 W/g and 3.6 nH $\cdot \text{m}^{2}$ /kg, respectively, were obtained.

Role of zinc substitution in magnetic hyperthermia properties of magnetite nanoparticles: interplay between intrinsic properties and dipolar interactions

Optimizing the intrinsic properties of magnetic nanoparticles for magnetic hyperthermia is of considerable concern. In addition, the heating efficiency of the nanoparticles can be substantially influenced by dipolar interactions. Since adequate control of the intrinsic properties of magnetic nanoparticles is not straightforward, experimentally studying the complex interplay between these properties and dipolar interactions affecting the specific loss power can be challenging. Substituting zinc in magnetite structure is considered as an elegant approach to tune its properties. Here, we present experimental and numerical simulation results of magnetic hyperthermia studies using a series of zinc-substituted magnetite nanoparticles (ZnxFe1-xFe2O4, x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4). All experiments were conducted in linear regime and the results were inferred based on the numerical simulations conducted in the framework of the linear response theory. The results showed that depending on the nanoparticles intrinsic properties, interparticle interactions can have different effects on the specific loss power. When dipolar interactions were strong enough to affect the heating efficiency, the parameter σ = KeffV/kBT (Keff is the effective anisotropy and V the volume of the particles) determined the type of the effect. Finally, the sample x = 0.1 showed a superior performance with a relatively high intrinsic loss power 5.4 nHm2kg−1.

Ultrathin surface coated water-soluble cobalt ferrite nanoparticles with high magnetic heating efficiency and rapid in vivo clearance

To obtain magnetic nanoparticles with high magnetic heating efficiency and rapid in vivo clearance, this study utilized an improved linear response theory model to theoretically simulate the specific absorption rate (SAR) value versus the particle size of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (CFNPs). An accurate SAR curve consistent with experimental results was obtained using cubes instead of spheres as the shape of CFNPs, given that cube was closer to the actual shape of prepared CFNPs. Under the guidance of simulation, we predicted and prepared water-soluble cubic CFNPs of 10–13 nm in size, with an ultrathin surface coating less than 1 nm in thickness. These CFNPs were experimentally verified to have high magnetic heating efficiency and rapid in vivo clearance rate. Our CFNPs of 11.8 nm in size had a high intrinsic loss power of 12.11 nHm2/kg. Most of the cells were killed within 30 min under magnetic heating with CFNPs. In an in vivo study, these CFNPs can heat a tumor area to 45 °C (ΔT > 9 °C) within 120 s under a weak alternating magnetic field (27 kA/m, 115 kHz). Notably, these CFNPs had significant tumor inhibition rate in vivo and can be cleared from the body by more than 64% within 2 weeks, demonstrating excellent rapid in vivo clearance. This result was close to the clearance level of the magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent Feridex. Therefore, our CFNPs had high magnetic heating efficiency and rapid in vivo clearance rate, indicating their great potential for future clinical applications.

Arrays of Annular Antennas With SINIS Bolometers

For improving the dynamic range and sensitivity at high power load, we have integrated superconductor-insulator-normal metal-insulator-superconductor (SINIS) bolometers with a frequency selective surface (FSS)-based distributed absorber formed by a series and parallel array consisting of 25 annular antenna elements, each containing two SINIS bolometers. By using a design with 50 bolometers, we reduce incident power load on each bolometer, increase sensitivity and saturation power which is important for ground-based and balloon-borne telescopes with high background power loads. Our main detector pixel is optimized for a frequency band centered at 345GHz. The detectors are matched to incoming telescope beam by a back-to-back horn with a back reflector. Such a configuration improves both the efficiency and the bandwidth of the receiver. Measured voltage responsivity approaches 210(9) VW with an amplifier-limited voltage noise of 20nVHz(12), which corresponds to a NEP 10(-17) WHz(12). The linear voltage response for incoming power is observed for absorbed power of about 5 pW. The current responsivity for parallel array is 210(4) AW and the shot noise limited intrinsic noise equivalent power is NEP 510(-18)WHz(12). The noise equivalent temperature difference is NETD 100 KHz(12) at 2.7-K background radiation temperature.

An ultra-stable 2.9 μm guided-wave chip laser and application to nano-spectroscopy

We present a configurable guided-wave planar glass-chip laser that produces low-noise and high-quality continuous-wave laser emission tunable from 2.82 to 2.95 µm. The laser has a low threshold and intrinsic power and mode stability attributable to the high overlap of gain volume and pump mode defined by an ultrafast laser inscribed waveguide. The laser emission is single transverse-mode with a Gaussian spatial profile and M2x,y ∼ 1.05, 1.10. The power drift is ∼0.08% rms over ∼2 h. When configured in a spectrally free-running cavity, the guided-wave laser emits up to 170 mW. The benefit of low-noise and stable wavelength emission of this hydroxide resonant laser is demonstrated by acquiring high signal-to-noise images and spectroscopy of a corroded copper surface film with corrosion products containing water and hydroxide ions with a scattering-scanning near-field optical microscope.

Applications of Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Fatigue, Sleep Deprivation, and Social Cognition.

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is an optical diffusion technique that allows the non-invasive imaging of cortical activity. During the last two decades, rapid technical and methodological advances have made fNIRS a powerful tool to investigate the cerebral correlates of human performance and cognitive functions, including fatigue, sleep deprivation and social cognition. Despite intrinsic limitations such as restricted brain depth and spatial resolution, its applicability, low cost, ecological validity, and tolerance to movements make fNIRS advantageous for scientific research and clinical applications. It can be viewed as a valid and promising brain imaging approach to investigate applied societal problems (e.g., safety, children development, sport science) and complement other neuroimaging techniques. The intrinsic power of fNIRS measurements for the study of social cognition is magnified when applied to the hyperscanning paradigm (i.e., measuring activity in two or more brains simultaneously). Besides consolidating existing findings, future fNIRS research should focus on methodological advances (e.g., artefacts correction, connectivity approaches) and standardization of analysis pipelines, and expand currently used paradigms in more naturalistic but controlled settings.

X-cigale: fitting AGN/galaxy SEDs from X-ray to infrared

ABSTRACT Code Investigating GALaxy Emission (cigale) is a powerful multiwavelength spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting code for extragalactic studies. However, the current version of cigale is not able to fit X-ray data, which often provide unique insights into active galactic nucleus (AGN) intrinsic power. We develop a new X-ray module for cigale, allowing it to fit SEDs from the X-ray to infrared (IR). We also improve the AGN fitting of cigale from UV-to-IR wavelengths. We implement a modern clumpy two-phase torus model, skirtor. To account for moderately extincted type 1 AGNs, we implement polar-dust extinction. We publicly release the source code (named ‘x-cigale’). We test x-cigale with X-ray detected AGNs in SDSS, COSMOS, and AKARI-NEP. The fitting quality (as indicated by reduced χ2) is good in general, indicating that x-cigale is capable of modelling the observed SED from X-ray to IR. We discuss constrainability and degeneracy of model parameters in the fitting of AKARI-NEP, for which excellent mid-IR photometric coverage is available. We also test fitting a sample of AKARI-NEP galaxies for which only X-ray upper limits are available from Chandra observations, and find that the upper limit can effectively constrain the AGN SED contribution for some systems. Finally, using x-cigale, we assess the ability of Athena to constrain the AGN activity in future extragalactic studies.

Biodegradable and biocompatible spherical dendrimer nanoparticles with a gallic acid shell and a double-acting strong antioxidant activity as potential device to fight diseases from "oxidative stress".

Gallic acid (GA) is a natural polyphenol with remarkable antioxidant power present in several vegetables and fruits. A normal feeding regime leads to a daily intake of GA which is reasonably regarded as "natural" and "safe" for humans. It owns strong potentials as alternative to traditional drugs to treat several diseases triggered by oxidative stress (OS), but poor gastrointestinal absorbability, pharmacokinetic drawbacks, and fast metabolism limit its clinical application. In this work, a fifth-generation polyester-based dendrimer was firstly prepared as a better absorbable carrier to protect and deliver GA. Then, by its peripheral esterification with GA units, a GA-enriched delivering system (GAD) with remarkable antioxidant power and high potential against diseases from OS was achieved. Scanning electron microscopy results and dynamic light scattering analysis revealed particles with an average size around 387 and 375 nm, respectively, and an extraordinarily spherical morphology. These properties, by determining a large particles surface area, typically favour higher systemic residence time and bio-efficiency. Z-potential of - 25 mV suggests satisfactory stability in solution with tendency to form megamers and low polydispersity index. GAD showed intrinsic antioxidant power, higher than GA by 4 times and like prodrugs, and it can carry contemporary several bioactive GA units versus cells. In physiological condition, the action of pig liver esterase (PLE), selected as a model of cells esterase, hydrolyses GAD to non-cytotoxic small molecules, thus setting free the bioactive GA units, for further antioxidant effects. Cytotoxicity studies performed on two cell lines demonstrated a high cell viability. Graphical Abstract Graphical Abstract.

99mTc-, 90Y-, and 177Lu-Labeled Iron Oxide Nanoflowers Designed for Potential Use in Dual Magnetic Hyperthermia/Radionuclide Cancer Therapy and Diagnosis.

Development of a complex based on iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) for diagnosis and dual magnetic hyperthermia/radionuclide cancer therapy accomplishing high yields of radiolabeling and great magnetic heat induction is still a challenge. We report here the synthesis of citric acid, poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and poly(ethylene glycol) coated IONPs and their labeling with three radionuclides, namely, technetium (99mTc), yttrium (90Y), and lutetium (177Lu), aiming at potential use in cancer diagnosis and therapy. Polyol-synthesized IONPs are a flowerlike structure with 13.5 nm spherically shaped cores and 24.8 nm diameter. PAA-coated nanoparticles (PAA@IONP) showed the best characteristics such as easy radiolabeling with very high yields (>97.5%) with all three radionuclides, and excellent in vitro stabilities with less than 10% of radionuclides detaching after 24 h. Heating ability of PAA@IONP in an alternating external magnetic field showed intrinsic loss power value of 7.3 nH m2/kg, which is one of higher reported values. Additionally, PAA@IONP itself presented no significant cytotoxicity to the CT-26 cancer cells, reaching IC50 at 60 μg/mL. However, under the external magnetic field, they show hyperthermia-mediated cells killing, which correlated with the magnetic field strength and time of exposure. Since PAA@IONP are easy to prepare, biocompatible, and with excellent magnetic heat induction, these nanoparticles radiolabeled with high-energy beta emitters 90Y and 177Lu have valuable potential as agent for dual magnetic hyperthermia/radionuclide therapy, while radiolabeled with 99mTc could be used in diagnostic imaging.

Healthcare marketing

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to examine the process of the use of management’s positivity and negativity sources and their mediation on pharmaceutical members’ satisfaction that, in turn, enable a health-care organization to meet its business objectives with more agility.Design/methodology/approachData were obtained from a survey of 106 pharmaceutical members regarding their relationships with management.FindingsThe results of LISREL analysis revealed that the use of positivity variables such as reward enhanced each of referent, expert and positive conflict; in addition, referent boosted satisfaction. However, the use of negativity variables such as opportunism enhanced power, but weakened each of referent, expert and legitimate power sources. The use of coercion enhanced power too, but produced dissatisfaction. Further, the prevalence of negative conflict caused dissatisfaction.Originality/valueThis study also reported major contributions when it examined the effect of the mediation of the use of positivity intrinsic power sources on satisfaction. It found that referent power functioned as a full mediator by dropping the amount of the relationship between the use of reward and satisfaction to zero and as a partial mediator by dropping the amount of the relationship between the use of coercion and satisfaction. In addition, the use of referent power mediated the joint effect of both the use of coercion and reward power sources, triggering a positive effect on satisfaction. Several managerial implications were discussed.

Cobalt doped magnetite nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization, optimization and suitability evaluations for magnetic hyperthermia applications

Abstract Cobalt doped magnetite nanoparticle (CoxFe3-xO4 NPs) is synthesized using different amount of cobalt (x = 0, 0.3, 0.6 and 1) and reducing agent (0.5, 2.5, 4.5 and 6.5 mmol), at various pH levels (9.5, 10.5 and 11.5). The concentration of reducing agent and pH had an effect on obtaining pure spherical magnetic NPs. Also, the amount of cobalt ion in CoxFe3-xO4 spinel ferrite had a significant effect on specific loss power (SLP) and intrinsic loss power (ILP). At an optimum level of cobalt content (x = 0.6), SLP and ILP values of 117.12 W/g and 9.86 nHm2/kg were achieved, respectively. The optimized NP was then coated using polyethylene glycol (PEG). In vitro cytotoxicity evaluations revealed the non-cytotoxic nature of PEG coated NPs. The optimized NPs with SLP and ILP values, higher than the commercial ferrofluids, can be an appropriate choice for magnetic hyperthermia application.

Between πόλεμος and δύναμις: the notion of power as origin of the noble and slave morality in Nietzsche’s On the genealogy of morals

This article focuses on the first treatise of Nietzsche’s On the Genealogy of Morals , regarding the historical origins of the noble and slave morality, and proposes the intrinsic possession or lack of power as a key notion to understand these origins. Given the significance that Nietzsche ascribed to the Ancient world, the notion of power will be elucidated through a comparison with some selected texts by Heraclitus and Plato. The first part deals with intrinsic power as the primary source of the noble morality, its consequences with regards to the notion of good and the image human beings have of themselves and their place in the world. The second part presents powerlessness as the root of all moral resentment, i.e. of the slave morality, focusing on Plato’s conception of the ἰδέαι , as well as his definition of being as the power ( δύναμις ) to perform an action or to be acted upon. The third part synthesizes the previous sections and shows the relation between the noble and slave morality regarding both power and cruelty, i.e. their own account of what good and evil are. Keywords : Greek philosophy, Heraclitus, history of morality, Homer, Friedrich Nietzsche, Plato, Paul Ree.

Therapeutic potential of low-cost nanocarriers produced by green synthesis: macrophage uptake of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles.

Aim: The primary goal of this work was to synthesize low-cost superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) with the aid of coconut water and evaluate the ability of macrophages to internalize them. Our motivation was to determine potential therapeutic applications in drug-delivery systems associated with magnetic hyperthermia. Materials & methods: We used the following characterization techniques: x-ray and electron diffractions, electron microscopy, spectrometry and magnetometry. Results: The synthesized SPIONs, roughly 4nm in diameter, were internalized by macrophages, likely via endocytic/phagocytic pathways. They were randomly distributed throughout the cytoplasm and mainly located in membrane-bound compartments. Conclusion: Nanoparticles presented an elevated intrinsic loss power value and were not cytotoxic to mammalian cells. Thus, we suggest that low-cost SPIONs have great therapeutic potential.

Multifunctional magnetic-polymeric nanoparticles based ferrofluids for multi-modal in vitro cancer treatment using thermotherapy and chemotherapy

In this work, we have developed novel multifunctional magnetic-polymeric nanoparticles (MMPNs) based ferrofluids by encapsulating oleylamine (OM)-coated hydrophobic superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) inside the poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) individually, and along with two drugs such as curcumin (Cur, a chemotherapeutic drug (CHD)), and/or verapamil (Ver, a calcium channel blocker (CCB)). Herein, several parameters such as weighed amount (wt%) of PLGA polymer (i.e., Resomer), stabilizer (i.e., polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)), organic solvents, amount of the SPIONs (in liquid suspension and powder forms), and amount of the drugs (i.e., Cur or/and Ver) are varied during the encapsulation process to optimize the formulation of PLGA NPs. The resulting polymeric NPs including empty PLGA NPs (i.e., without SPIONs/drugs), and MMPNs such as SPIONs-loaded PLGA NPs, Cur-SPIONs-loaded PLGA NPs, Ver-SPIONs-loaded PLGA NPs, and Cur-Ver-SPIONs-loaded PLGA NPs have displayed (i) hydrodynamic diameters and zeta potentials in the range of 280.8–287.3 nm, and −21 to – 26 mV, respectively, and (ii) better encapsulation efficiency for the SPIONs/Cur/Ver. In addition, the MMPNs have exhibited (i) magnetization values in the range of 7.6–9.5 emu/g with superparamagnetic behaviour, (ii) concentration based time-dependent temperature raise up-to 42 °C (minimum therapeutic temperature in magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH)/thermotherapy) with heating efficacies i.e., specific absorption rate (SAR) and intrinsic loss power (ILP) values ranging from 7 to 36 W/gFe and 0.1–0.4 nHm2/kg, respectively and (iii) better cytocompatibility. Finally, the SPIONs and dual-drugs (Cur &Ver) co-loaded PLGA NPs have shown enhanced therapeutic efficacy in HepG2 cancer cells via combined therapies (i.e., thermotherapy and chemotherapy), as compared to the individual therapy (i.e., thermotherapy or chemotherapy) using the SPIONs/Cur/Ver loaded PLGA NPs. Thus, the as-prepared SPIONs/dual-drugs co-loaded PLGA NPs (i.e., MMPNs based ferrofluids) are potential therapeutic candidates for multi-modal treatment of cancer in vitro using thermotherapy and chemotherapy.

Entre hiperinformação e desinformação: o “fio de ariadne” para a preservação da informação na web | Between hyperinformation and disinformation: the "ariadne’s wire" for the preservation of information on the web

RESUMO No cenário da era digital, partimos de uma reflexão sobre os desafios à preservação da informação na web diante da hiperinformação que trafega pela rede, com destaque para os caminhos percorridos entre informação e desinformação. Pretendemos abordar aspectos da memória no espaço da web e tomar a atual circulação de fake news como exemplo que ilustra a dialética da liberdade sociotécnica contemporânea. Em tal contexto, destacamos a relevância dos estudos de “competência crítica em informação” empreendidos por pesquisadores da ciência da informação, que auxiliam a compreender como as informações veiculadas na internet atendem a propósitos específicos de determinados agentes e grupos políticos, reforçando elementos de poder intrínsecos aos regimes de informação.Palavras-chave: Hiperinformação; Memória; Preservação; Competência Crítica em Informação; Era Digital.ABSTRACT In the scenario of the digital age, we start from a reflection on the challenges to the preservation of information on the web in view of the hyperinformation that travels through the network, highlighting the paths traveled between information and disinformation. We intend to address aspects of memory in the web space and take the current fake news circulation as an example that illustrates the dialectics of contemporary sociotechnical freedom. In this context, we highlight the relevance of studies of "critical information literacy" undertaken by Information Science researchers, which help to understand how the information transmitted on the Internet serves the specific purposes of certain agents and political groups, reinforcing intrinsic power elements of information regimes.Keywords: Hyperinformation; Memory; Preservation; Critical Information Literacy; Digital Age.