Intrinsic Motivational Factors Research Articles

The factors affecting teachers’ adoption of AI technologies: A unified model of external and internal determinants

Abstract This study examines factors influencing teachers' intention to adopt Generative AI technologies in education by extending the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). The proposed comprehensive model incorporates both external factors (exposure to AI information, information credibility, and institutional support) and internal factors (intrinsic motivation and self-efficacy). A survey of 400 teachers reveals that teachers’ exposure to credible AI information positively influences perceptions of Generative AI usefulness, which ultimately impacts their intention to use AI. Importantly, institutional support has both direct and indirect effects on teachers' intention to use AI, with the indirect effect mediated by the internal factors of intrinsic motivation and self-efficacy. This research complements TAM theory by integrating psychological and contextual factors, offering a nuanced framework for understanding Generative AI adoption in educational settings. The findings suggest that for educational leaders and policymakers, developing strategies that allocate resources for infrastructure, technical support, and professional development—such as Generative AI training programs—will be crucial in driving Generative AI adoption among teachers. By addressing both external and internal determinants, this study provides a comprehensive perspective of the dynamics behind technology acceptance in the classroom.

Collaborative learning in translation and interpreting: a meta-study

ABSTRACT Over the past two decades, there has been a surge in empirical research examining collaborative learning (CL) within translator and interpreter training contexts, with a particular emphasis on elucidating the perceptions and experiences of participants. In the present study, we explored qualitative studies on this topic through a meta-study approach. Specifically, we reviewed the research design, underlying theories, and methods for data collection and analysis employed across the included studies. Furthermore, the study delves into the perceived factors influencing the CL experience. The analysis reveals certain methodological and theoretical shortcomings prevalent among the examined studies, highlighting the need for more robust and rigorous investigations in this domain. Additionally, the study identifies 16 influencing factors, which are categorised into eight distinct themes. These themes encompass both individual factors, such as interpersonal dynamics, intrinsic motivation, personality development, and psychological factors, as well as external factors, including extrinsic motivation, support, productivity, and fairness. Subsequently, a model of CL in translation and interpreting is proposed, synthesising the key findings to elucidate the underlying processes at play. The present inquiry delineates lacunae in the prior research, elucidates practical implications, and illuminates prospective avenues for further exploration.

On fostering employee participation in voluntary corporate-sponsored wellness programs.

As organizations are increasingly turning to voluntary wellness programs to improve employee well-being, the majority of studies in literature have focused on corporate-level benefits of wellness programs, such as productivity. However, there is a scarcity of studies that examine the intrinsic motivators that influence employee participation in such programs. In this study, we use a unique secondary dataset from a voluntary corporate wellness program and propose a novel theoretical framework based on motivational and behavioral theories to examine and understand the participants' behavior. Our findings show that frequent participants are overall healthier and have a stronger intrinsic motivation to commit to a wellness program, as they are better in allocating their limited time resources between various wellness activities. In contrast, one-time participants prove to be less health-conscious and interested in investing time and energy in a wellness program. This study makes several contributions to theory and practice by identifying the individual characteristics and intrinsic motivational factors that compel participants to engage in frequent participation in wellness programs. We also offer recommendations to program administrators on how to personalize ongoing wellness programs to bolster employees' participation and promote more health-conscious behaviors.

Motivation and Bidding Intention on Crowdsourcing Platforms: A Study of Malaysian Digital Workers

Crowdsourcing has been identified as an emerging industry that can serve as a platform to generate additional income and allow businesses to conduct their operations more innovatively. To ensure the platform’s success, the crowdsourcing system heavily relies on the bidding intention of the crowd’s participation. As a result, it is critical to understand the reasons behind digital workers’ crowdsourcing bid intentions. Nevertheless, much research has been conducted on the motivational factors that influence bid intention in crowdsourcing, either intrinsic or extrinsic factors. Regrettably, past research typically isolates intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors to determine which factors are more significant and impact participation in crowdsourcing. Therefore, this paper aims to provide insight into the relationship’s significance between intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors. As a result, this paper explains motivational synergy using the stimulus-organisation-response (S-O-R) model. The stimulus-organisation-response (S-O-R) model explains how hedonic pleasure, an intrinsic motivation, affects external motivations (like money and the game-like aspect) and the intention to bid in crowdsourcing. This model explains how the relationship between internal and external motivations can be combined to have the best influence on bidding intention. The model was tested using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) analysis by taking an online survey from 129 digital workers who participated in eRezeki, LinkedIn, and Freelancer.com. As hypothesised, hedonic pleasure mediates the relationship between monetary reward and gamification elements with bidding intention, which is significant. Furthermore, monetary reward and gamification elements were found to have a non-significant direct relationship with bid intention. Therefore, this result proves that the synergy between internal and external motivations is important in influencing bid intentions in crowdsourcing.

‘No one cares about the animal like me.’ Indian veterinarians’ experiences of improving animal welfare through Continuing Professional Development

Abstract Veterinarians are custodians of animal welfare, ensuring practices remain current and effective in the face of the ever-changing demands of the profession. Continuing Professional Development (CPD) is essential for protecting animal welfare, however access to quality CPD is a challenge in many countries. India has one of the fastest growing veterinary industries globally, emphasising the importance of accessible CPD opportunities that are relevant to this setting. This study used focus groups to explore how Indian veterinarians identify relevant CPD, barriers they encounter, and their experiences with CPD. We describe three themes: (1) ‘career vs calling’, where veterinarians’ extrinsic and intrinsic motivational factors were identified, such as their desire to protect animal welfare; (2) being ‘willing to learn but can’t’, with context-specific barriers, such as accessing reliable CPD information; and (3) ‘real interactions matter’, where participants described how pedagogical design influenced their choices, e.g. being able to observe animal welfare improvements through practical teaching. We have three recommendations: firstly, to improve CPD learning opportunities informed by evidence-based methods, to meet knowledge and skills gaps such as the high demand for practically focused training; secondly, the development of a unified accreditation and quality assurance framework to assess content, relevance and delivery standards of available CPD options to veterinarians; and, lastly, improved support from employers to address current barriers and facilitate attendance. These findings contribute to the current knowledge gap of factors that influence Indian veterinarians’ experiences of attaining relevant, accessible CPD and makes suggestions to improve standards of veterinary care and, ultimately, patient welfare.

Learning Arabic Language: Motivational Factors of Students in Singapore

Rising awareness of the value of learning a foreign language has led to many learning foreign languages for various reasons. While globalisation has motivated many to learn one or two foreign languages to enhance their skills and capability in various aspects, such as business, society, education, politics, and society, some are driven by a sense of personal achievement that they want to attain. This paper examines the motivational factors influencing students at Nanyang Technological University to learn Arabic as a foreign language. This study aims to identify the intrinsic and extrinsic factors influencing students’ motivation and achievement in learning a foreign language. It examines aspects such as demographics, fields of study, and the underlying reasons for enrolling in language courses. The researcher adopts a quantitative approach, utilizing survey analysis to gather responses from 45 students across various years of study, specialisations and faculties. The results reveal a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors influencing students’ engagement in foreign language learning, encompassing accomplishment factors, knowledge factors, religious factors, and expected learning outcomes. The findings will help more educators, curriculum developers, and language institutes in teaching and developing their syllabi.

Association study between environmental factors and English listening learning motivation of left-behind students in Chinese vocational schools

This study focuses on finding correlation between English listening motivation and the aspect of a specific environment of left-behind students at Chinese vocational schools. This study employs both qualitative and quantitative methods and uses quantitative surveys(N=428) together with qualitative interviews(N=48) in order to find out the factors motivating the learners to acquire listening skills pertaining English language. The findings show that environmentally school support M=3.42, SD=0.86 has more negative impact on family support M=2.87, SD=1.03 comparison of students’ learning motivation. Teacher support is positively associated with both intrinsic (r=0.62, p<.01) as well as extrinsic motivational factors (r=0.56, p<.01). From the longitudinal analysis it is observed that there is a gradual increase in extrinsic motivation over the academic year whereas a moderate increase of intrinsic motivation factors is observed. The works sheds light on the centrality of emotion and peer support in the context of the observed relationship between teacher support and motivation levels in general. Such findings shed light on the interplay of motivational contexts in language learning among left-behind children and have concrete recommendations for vocational schools’ corrective measures.

Extrinsic and intrinsic motivational drivers of online second- hand luxury purchases

The second-hand luxury market in China has experienced substantial growth, primarily driven by Generation Y’s engagement with online platforms. Despite this expansion, it faces significant trust erosion due to fraud and counterfeit concerns, underscoring the need to explore the external and internal factors influencing the second-hand luxury market. In response, this study presents a conceptual model based on the Theory of Planned Behavior and Self-Determination Theory to examine the extrinsic and intrinsic motivational factors influencing online second-hand luxury purchases on the Xianyu app. Analyzing 816 data samples via SPSS and PLS-SEM, the findings indicate that the willingness to purchase second-hand luxury is positively influenced by perceived behavioral control, attitude, and reference group influence. Extrinsic factors enhance perceived behavioral control, while intrinsic factors, except for critical motivations, are positively influenced by reference groups. This study provides valuable academic insights and practical guidance, enabling Asian businesses to better understand and effectively promote second-hand luxury purchases.

Green Motivation for Responsible Innovation: Empirical Evidence from the Chinese Construction Industry

While identifying firms’ green motivation for responsible innovation is a hot topic in the literature, many questions about these drivers in developing countries still need to be answered. This study aims to empirically influence Chinese construction firms’ primary motivations for adopting responsible innovation. To achieve this goal, a conceptual model was developed using partial least squares analysis and tested on data from contracting firms in the construction industry. This study shows that a combination of green intrinsic and extrinsic motivation factors triggers responsible innovation. However, in the Chinese construction industry, extrinsic incentives, such as recognition, subsidies, and reputation, partly influence responsible innovation through intrinsic motivation. The analysis further suggests that corporate social responsibility moderates the relationship between green motivation and responsible innovation through the ability to adopt appropriate responsible innovation responses by combining intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Furthermore, firms with more effective resource commitments tend to engage in more responsible innovation activities. This study contributes to a more detailed understanding of the factors that drive responsible innovation.

Job satisfaction and organisational commitment amongst employees in the south African department of education: Issues and challenges

It is common in the Umlazi and Pinetown districts of the Department of Education (DoE) that employees resign before their retirement age. Available data showed that 1,310 employees of the DoE in the two districts have resigned in the past five years. This is an indication of a sharp rise in staff turnover, with its impacts on the quality of education and service delivery. This study examined how the working environment of the districts influences job satisfaction. With 249 participants, using a mixed method, the study further examined the correlation between job satisfaction and employee turnover and how intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors influence job satisfaction at the districts. examines how the working environment of the Department’s districts influences job satisfaction. The study further examines the correlation between job satisfaction and employee turnover at the Department of Education, as well as how intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors influence job satisfaction. The findings of the study indicate that there is a correlation between job satisfaction and organisational commitment. The findings further indicate that due to lack of job satisfaction, employees are less committed and loyal to their organisation. The study further suggests further research on strategies that can be implemented to improve employee job satisfaction and employee commitment for the benefit of the organisations.

Augmented reality in preschool settings: a cross-sectional study on adoption dynamics among educators

ABSTRACT Augmented Reality (AR) offers transformative, immersive learning experiences in preschool education. However, its successful adoption largely depends on educators' willingness to integrate this technology. This study investigates AR adoption in preschool education by combining the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Flow Theory, and Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) into a unified framework. Data from 1050 pre-service and in-service preschool teachers across Turkey were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling. Results indicate a significant positive correlation between educators' perceptions of AR's usefulness, ease of use, and their intent to adopt it. Intrinsic motivational factors, such as perceived enjoyment and concentration, also played key roles in influencing behavioral intentions towards AR. Our unified model provides a deeper understanding of the determinants impacting teachers' intentions to use AR in preschool settings, compared to existing theories. This research offers actionable insights for educators, curriculum designers, and policymakers to harness AR’s potential in early childhood education, aiming to provide engaging and effective learning experiences for young children.

Team climate and knowledge management in knowledge-intensive teams: does team empowerment matter? Evidence from R&D teams

PurposeBased on the job-demands resources (JD-R) model and the self-determination theory (SDT), this paper aims to explore team empowerment (TEMP) as a mediating mechanism through which team climate (TC) marked by innovativeness, cohesion and trust and knowledge management (KM) in teams.Design/methodology/approachUsing a convenience sampling method, data were gathered from 246 employees of Tunisian knowledge-intensive firms (KIFs) and involved within 69 R&D teams. The partial least square-structural equation modeling approach through SMART PLS 3.2 software was used to evaluate the constructs’ psychometric properties and hypotheses. The mediating effect in the model was evaluated through the non-parametric bootstrapping method.FindingsResults highlight that TC marked by innovativeness, cohesion and trust represents a key team contextual antecedent promoting TEMP and KM in teams. In turn, TEMP, as a critical intrinsic task motivation factor, is revealed as a driver of KM practices. This research demonstrates that TEMP partially mediates the relationship between TC and KM in teams.Originality/valueThis study pioneers the examination of TEMP’s mediating role between a TC marked by innovativeness, trust and cohesion and KM. By applying insights from the JD-R model and SDT to team-level dynamics, it uniquely positions TEMP as an intrinsic motivational factor explaining the mechanism through which the contextual resources provided by a supportive TC promote KM practices. It provides practical insights for KIFs’ managers through highlighting how intrinsically motivated teams of knowledge workers, empowered by a cohesive, innovative and trust-based TC, can effectively navigate the challenges inherent in knowledge-intensive teamwork, leading to enhanced KM practices.

The Influence of Motivation on Students' Participation in English-Speaking Activities at a University in Vietnam

This study investigates the influence of motivation on students' participation in English-speaking activities at a university in Vietnam. Recognizing that language proficiency, particularly in speaking, is crucial for students in a globalized world, the research examines how intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors impact students’ willingness to engage in speaking activities. Using a mixed-methods approach, data were collected through surveys and interviews with a sample of students from various academic disciplines. The findings reveal that intrinsic motivation—such as personal interest in mastering English and the desire for self-improvement—significantly enhances students’ active participation. Extrinsic factors, including the pressure of grades, social recognition, and future career opportunities, also play a role, though their influence is often dependent on the level of personal commitment to language acquisition. This study suggests that enhancing both intrinsic and extrinsic motivators can increase participation in English-speaking activities, thereby contributing to improved language proficiency. The results provide insights for educators to design more engaging and supportive language-learning environments that foster both forms of motivation among students.

Pengalaman Self Directed Learning Mahasiswa dalam Project Based Learning

This study aims to see an overview of students' self-directed learning experiences when conducting project-based learning. This study uses a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach. Participants in this study are students who are or have participated in project-based learning. Data analysis was carried out using the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) method to understand students' in-depth experience in managing self-directed learning. The validity of the research is maintained through triangulation of data sources and confirmation of results to participants The research results show that students who have good self-directed learning skills can overcome various challenges in project based learning such as problems in team collaboration and time management. In addition, the self-evaluation carried out by students during the learning process helps them improve critical thinking skills, resource management and independence. Intrinsic motivation factors and external support play an important role in supporting the success of self-directed learning in project based learning. This research concludes that self-directed learning plays a significant role in increasing the effectiveness of studenjt learning in project based learning, both in terms of academic results and life skills development

Gamification, Serious Games, and Simulation in Health Professions Education.

Health care educators may enhance learning with thoughtful incorporation of game elements. Gamification has shown success across various fields in medical education. It has demonstrated deeper engagement by leveraging both intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors. While beneficial, gamification requires thoughtful implementation to increase active learning and avoid potential negative effects, such as unhealthy competition. Serious games integrate learning objectives directly within their framework, making the educational experience an intrinsic part of gameplay. These games are specifically designed to enhance knowledge and skills while promoting decision making, teamwork, and communication. The immersive nature of serious games requires players to actively engage and apply their knowledge to solve complex problems. Serious games and simulation represent transformative educational approaches that not only enhance learning and retention but also develop essential competencies crucial for health care professionals. These strategies, when combined with effective debriefing, provide a robust framework to enrich education and training in health care. [Pediatr Ann. 2024;53(11):e401-e407.].

The interplay of organizational factors, incentive systems, and employee performance

This systematic review aims to explore the relationships between organizational factors, incentive systems, and employee performance in modern workplaces, addressing the need for a comprehensive understanding of these interconnected elements. A rigorous three-stage methodology was employed, including a comprehensive database search of international databases such as Google Scholar and Scopus, screening based on predefined inclusion/exclusion criteria, and quality assessment using the Mixed-methods Appraisal Tool. This was followed by qualitative synthesis and framework analysis to identify patterns and trends across the selected literature. The review reveals that well-designed incentive systems can significantly enhance the impact of positive organizational factors on employee performance, while emphasizing the importance of considering both intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors. Several moderating variables, including organizational culture, leadership styles, and individual employee characteristics, were identified as influencing incentive system effectiveness. The study also highlights the need for organizations to adapt their incentive strategies to evolving work paradigms, such as remote work and the gig economy. These findings provide valuable insights for managers and policymakers seeking to optimize their organizations' performance management strategies, emphasizing the importance of aligning incentive structures with organizational goals and employee needs. The review suggests that a holistic approach, considering multiple interconnected factors, is crucial for sustaining organizational performance and employee productivity. Future research directions include cross-cultural studies and longitudinal approaches to further understand the dynamic interplay between incentives, organizational factors, and employee productivity in changing work environments.

The influence of emotional intelligence and employee motivation on employee performance in telecommunication companies in the sultanate of Oman

This study examines the impact of emotional intelligence (EI) and employee motivation on employee performance within the telecommunication industry in the Sultanate of Oman. The target population consisted of 4344 non-managerial employees across nine telecommunication companies, including Omantel, Ooredoo, Vodafone, Oman Broadband Company, Awasr Oman & Co, TEO, Oman Tower Company L.L.C, Helios Tower, and Connect Arabia International. Employing a deductive research approach, finally data were collected via an online survey from 354 respondents. The hypotheses were tested using multiple regression analysis. The results indicate that all dimensions of EI self-awareness, self-regulation, empathy, and social skills positively and significantly influence employee performance, with social skills having the strongest effect. Furthermore, both intrinsic motivation factors, such as work itself and career development, and extrinsic motivation factors, including wages, rewards, working environment, and co-worker relationships, significantly enhance employee performance. The interaction between EI and employee motivation was found to amplify these positive effects. Among control variables, age and education level showed significant impacts, while gender did not. These findings underscore the critical role of both emotional intelligence and motivation in driving employee performance. The study suggests that managers and policymakers should adopt integrated strategies that develop EI competencies and enhance motivational factors to optimize employee performance, thereby contributing to the success of organizations in the telecommunication sector.

Energy Citizenship: Revealing the Intrinsic Motivational Factors Suggested by Self-Determination Theory

This study investigated the motivational factors driving energy citizenship through the lens of self-determination theory. Utilizing data from a survey of 749 respondents, we examined the role of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations in predicting energy citizenship. Our findings reveal that intrinsic motivations, such as personal responsibility for climate change, community involvement, and the desire to reduce one’s carbon footprint, significantly predict engagement in energy citizenship. Conversely, extrinsic motivations, including financial incentives and external pressures, were not significant predictors. The study underscores the importance of intrinsic motivations in fostering sustained pro-environmental behaviours, particularly as the complexity of these behaviours increases. These insights suggest that policymakers should focus on enhancing intrinsic motivations through education, community engagement, and autonomy-supportive initiatives to promote active participation in sustainable energy practices.

The Effect of Work Stress and Work Environment on Job Performance in Manufacturing Industry: A PLS-SEM Approach

Employee performance is a critical determinant of growth and success within manufacturing organizations, making it essential to understand the factors influencing it. This study delves into the effects of work stress and the work environment on job performance, specifically within the electronics manufacturing sector in Penang, Malaysia. The research addresses how role ambiguity and conflict can act as stressors and also explores how intrinsic and extrinsic motivation factors related to the work environment affect job performance. The study sample comprised 116 participants from five electronics manufacturing firms located in Bayan Lepas, Penang. Data collection was conducted through a structured questionnaire, and the analysis was performed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). The results confirmed that the measurement model was robust, providing a solid foundation for validating the structural model. The PLS-SEM analysis demonstrated that the model had significant predictive capability, revealing that both work stress and the work environment exert substantial effects on job performance within the electronics manufacturing industry in Penang. Specifically, role stressors such as ambiguity and conflict were found to negatively impact job performance, while a supportive and motivating work environment positively influenced it. The study's results align with the theoretical frameworks of role stressors and self-determination, suggesting that effective management of stressors and the cultivation of a motivating work environment are essential for optimizing employee performance in the manufacturing sector.

ESG performance and corporate carbon emission intensity: based on panel data analysis of A-share listed companies

This study investigates the impact of ESG performance on enterprise carbon emission intensity, using panel data from A-share listed companies over 2011–2022. The findings suggest that ESG can encourage enterprises to actively engage in environmental governance, enhancing their profitability and reducing carbon emission intensity, thereby achieving dual optimization of environmental and economic benefits. The mechanism test reveals the intermediary roles of institutional investors’ participation, total factor productivity, and green technology innovation. Heterogeneity analysis indicates that the relationship between ESG performance and enterprise carbon emission intensity varies with different degrees of management shortsightedness, ownership separation, equity balance, legitimacy status, and industrial pollution characteristics, reflecting the heterogeneous influence driven by Intrinsic motivation and external factors. Notably, the mitigating influence of ESG on enterprise carbon emission intensity is mainly attributed to enhanced corporate profitability, which effectively decelerates the growth rate of enterprise carbon emissions, albeit insufficient to arrest the overall increase. This observation points to a certain degree of “green paradox” phenomenon. Overall, the analysis underscores the significant contribution of ESG in promoting enterprises’ green transformation efforts.