Intrinsic Force Research Articles

Paraspinal muscle fibre structural and contractile characteristics demonstrate distinct irregularities in patients with spinal degeneration and deformity.

Paraspinal and spinopelvic muscular dysfunction are hypothesized to be a causative factor for spinal degeneration and deformity; however, our fundamental understanding of paraspinal muscle (dys)function remains limited. Twelve surgical patients with spinal degeneration were recruited and categorized into group DEG (four patients) with no sagittal imbalance and no usage of compensatory mechanisms; group DEG-COMP (four patients) with no sagittal imbalance through use of compensatory mechanisms; and group DEG-COMP-UNBAL (four patients) with sagittal imbalance despite use of compensatory mechanisms. From each patient, four biopsies were collected from right and left multifidus (MULT) and longissimus (LONG) for single fibre contractile and structural measurements. Eight of 48 (17%) biopsies did not exhibit any contractile properties. Specific force was not different between groups for the MULT (p = 0.47) but was greater in group DEG compared to group DEG-COMP-UNBAL for the LONG (p = 0.02). Force sarcomere-length properties were unusually variable both within and amongst patients in all groups. Thin filament (actin) lengths were in general shorter and more variable than published norms for human muscle. This study is the first to show a heightened intrinsic contractile muscle disorder (i.e. impaired specific force generation)in patients with spinal degeneration who are sagittally imbalanced (compared to patients without deformity). Additionally, there are clear indications that patients with spinal degeneration (all groups) have intrinsic force sarcomere-length properties that are dysregulated. This provides important insight into the pathophysiology of muscle weakness in this patient group.

Specific tension of human muscle in vivo: a systematic review.

The intrinsic force production capability of human muscle can be expressed as "Specific Tension," or, the maximum force generated per cross-sectional area of muscle fibers. This value can be used to determine, for example, whether muscle quality changes during exercise, atrophy, disease, or hypertrophy. A value of 22.5 N/cm2 for mammalian muscle has generally become accepted based on detailed studies of small mammals. Determining the specific tension of human muscle is much more challenging as almost all determinations are indirect. Calculation of human muscle specific tension requires an understanding of that muscle's contribution to joint torque, its activation magnitude, tendon compliance, and joint moment arm. Determining any of these parameters is technically challenging in humans and thus, it is no surprise that human specific tension values reported vary from 2 to 73 N/cm2. In this systematic review, we screened 1,506 published papers and identified the 30 studies published between 1983 and 2023 that used appropriate methods and which reported 96 human specific tension values. We weighted each parameter based on whether it was directly measured, estimated, or calculated based on the literature, with decreasing weighting used, the more indirect the methods. Based on this exhaustive review of the relevant human literature, we suggest that the most accurate value that should be used for human muscle specific tension is 26.8 N/cm2.

Advancing Rehabilitation Accuracy: A Robotic-Human-Like Controller for Continuous Passive Motion with Natural Behavioural Responses

Conventionally, researchers have primarily focused on developing gravity-compensation robots without considering the voluntary resistant force in continuous passive motion (CPM) therapy. This leads to critical limitations in robot-assisted therapy compared to conventional therapy administered by therapists, particularly in terms of generating natural behavioural responses in patients. To address this limitation, our proposed technique aims to investigate model-based dynamic force estimation specifically related to intrinsic muscular force in order to develop a robotic-human-like controller for CPM therapy. We conducted an estimation of the muscular force based on surface electromyography (sEMG) signals using Ridge Polynomial, Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) approaches. Strategic preprocessing and model optimization procedures were implemented. The optimized results demonstrate that ANN exhibits slightly superior performance enhancing the accuracy and precision with its quicker testing time. Moreover, the substantive results demonstrate a notable comparison between the use of conventional gravity compensation and our novel technique which integrates both intrinsic muscular force and gravity compensation. It reveals that our approach yields calculated voluntary forces that more closely approximate to the actual values in comparison to the conventional method. In conclusion, this research makes a significant contribution to the development of a smart robotic controller offering high-accuracy measurement of voluntary forces for CPM therapy, thereby facilitating natural behavioural responses.

Flowering and fruiting of Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) Benth according to agro climatic zones and land use system in Souhtern Mali

Flowering and fruiting of Parkia biglobosa were monitored along the north–south climatic gradient in Mali. Three sites (Somasso, Zanzoni and Diou) were concerned. Adult trees were monitored in field and fallow stands. Significant variations of flowering and fruiting were observed according to site and stand. The onset of phenological events started earlier in the south and progressed toward the north. Four to five months of flowering and three to four months of fruiting were observed in all sites. The trend of flowering and fruiting was similar for fields and fallows. The difference between sites like that between stands was not significant for the length of flowering and of fruiting. The number of flowering trees varied according to year and stand in all sites. At Somasso 100% of trees in the fallow stand flowered all years, while in the field stand, it fluctuated from 93% in 2019 and 2020 to 100% in 2021. At Zanzoni, 100% of trees in field stand flowered all years, while in the fallow stands it fluctuated from 93% in 2019 and 2021 to 73% in 2020. At Diou, 60% of trees in the fallow stand flowered all years, while in the fields it fluctuated from 73% in 2019 and 2020 to 77% in 2021. The trend of fruiting was similar to that of flowering. The results indicate that phenological events of P. biglobosa are controlled by an intrinsic force and they can be influenced by other factors, such as management practices.

Vision-Based Force Estimation for Minimally Invasive Telesurgery Through Contact Detection and Local Stiffness Models

In minimally invasive telesurgery, obtaining accurate force information is difficult due to the complexities of in-vivo end effector force sensing. This constrains development and implementation of haptic feedback and force-based automated performance metrics, respectively. Vision-based force sensing approaches using deep learning are a promising alternative to intrinsic end effector force sensing. However, they have limited ability to generalize to novel scenarios, and require learning on high-quality force sensor training data that can be difficult to obtain. To address these challenges, this paper presents a novel vision-based contact-conditional approach for force estimation in telesurgical environments. Our method leverages supervised learning with human labels and end effector position data to train deep neural networks. Predictions from these trained models are optionally combined with robot joint torque information to estimate forces indirectly from visual data. We benchmark our method against ground truth force sensor data and demonstrate generality by fine-tuning to novel surgical scenarios in a data-efficient manner. Our methods demonstrated greater than 90% accuracy on contact detection and less than 10% force prediction error. These results suggest potential usefulness of contact-conditional force estimation for sensory substitution haptic feedback and tissue handling skill evaluation in clinical settings.

Charged compact star with Gaussian density profile showing spin retardation

A charged compact star is modelled within the framework of general relativity and electromagnetism to investigate the intricate complexities arising from charge accumulation through the accretion of surrounding charged baryonic matter, charged dark matter, or both. The Einstein–Maxwell field equations are solved for the compact star PSRJ0740+6620 in anisotropic regime by employing a Gaussian type density profile over a coherent background. A radially modulated exponential function is used as a seed ansatz for coherently connecting the class-one type metric. The structural stability and feasibility are then probed through physical bounds on stellar parameters at equilibrium. The key findings associated with charge accretion emphasised: (i). the existence of a transition zone close to mass M∈[1.262,1.271]M⊙ and radius R∈[12.497,12.505]km, indicating the formation of a core–shell type stellar structure (ii). the plane shifting of intrinsic force fields and (iii) the spin retardation, both suggest a non-vanishing spin–charge coupling between the stellar spin and the accreted charge, whether it be from baryonic matter, dark matter, or both.

Albumin-Based MUC13 Peptide Nanomedicine Suppresses Liver Cancer Stem Cells via JNK-ERK Signaling Pathway-Mediated Autophagy Inhibition.

Targeting liver cancer stem cells (LCSCs) is a promising strategy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) therapy. Target selection and corresponding inhibitor screening are of vital importance for eliminating the stemness of LCSCs. Peptide-based agents are hopeful but have long been hindered for in vivo application. Herein, we selected a clinically significant target MUC13 and screened out a suitable peptide for preparation of an albumin-based MUC13 peptide nanomedicine, P3@HSA, which suppressed liver cancer stem cells via JNK-ERK signaling pathway-mediated autophagy inhibition. The selected target MUC13 was highly expressed in LCSCs and associated with the prognosis of liver cancer patients. Encouraged by this observation, we screened the corresponding peptide-based inhibitor P3 for further evaluation. P3 could interact with albumin through the intrinsic hydrophobic force and formed the nanomedicine P3@HSA. The prepared nanomedicine could inhibit LCSCs through JNK-ERK signaling pathway-mediated autophagy inhibition and exert potent antitumor effect both in vitro and in vivo. Together, this study provides a promising peptide-based nanomedicine for high-performance HCC treatment.

Reversible Light-Triggered Stretching of Small-Molecule Photochromic Organic Nanoparticles.

Functional organic nanomaterials are nowadays largely spread in the field of nanomedicine. In situ modulation of their morphology is thus expected to considerably impact their interactions with the surroundings. In this context, photoswitchable nanoparticles that are manufactured, amenable to extensive disassembling upon illumination in the visible, and reversible reshaping under UV exposure. Such reversibility turns to be strongly impaired for photochromic nanoparticles in close contact with a substrate. In situ atomic force microscopy investigations at the nanoscale actually reveal progressive disintegration of the organic nanoparticles under successive UV-vis cycles of irradiation, in the absence of intrinsic elastic forces. These results point out the dramatic interactions exerted by surfaces on the cohesion of non-covalently bonded organic nanoparticles. They invite to harness such systems, often used as biomarkers, to also serve as photoactivatable drug delivery nanocarriers.

Dirac Theory in Noncommutative Phase Spaces

Based on the position and momentum of noncommutative relations with a noncanonical map, we study the Dirac equation and analyze its parity and time reversal symmetries in a noncommutative phase space. Noncommutative parameters can be endowed with the Planck length and cosmological constant such that the noncommutative effect can be interpreted as an effective gauge potential or a (0,2)-type curvature associated with the Plank constant and cosmological constant. This provides a natural coupling between dynamics and spacetime geometry. We find that a free Dirac particle carries an intrinsic velocity and force induced by the noncommutative algebra. These properties provide a novel insight into the Zitterbewegung oscillation and the physical scenario of dark energy. Using perturbation theory, we derive the perturbed and nonrelativistic solutions of the Dirac equation. The asymmetric vacuum gaps of particles and antiparticles reveal the particle–antiparticle symmetry breaking in the noncommutative phase space, which provides a clue to understanding the physical mechanisms of particle–antiparticle asymmetry and quantum decoherence through quantum spacetime fluctuation.

Recurrent Duplication and Diversification of a Vital DNA Repair Gene Family Across Drosophila.

Maintaining genome integrity is vital for organismal survival and reproduction. Essential, broadly conserved DNA repair pathways actively preserve genome integrity. However, many DNA repair proteins evolve adaptively. Ecological forces like UV exposure are classically cited drivers of DNA repair evolution. Intrinsic forces like repetitive DNA, which also imperil genome integrity, have received less attention. We recently reported that a Drosophila melanogaster-specific DNA satellite array triggered species-specific, adaptive evolution of a DNA repair protein called Spartan/MH. The Spartan family of proteases cleave hazardous, covalent crosslinks that form between DNA and proteins ("DNA-protein crosslink repair"). Appreciating that DNA satellites are both ubiquitous and universally fast-evolving, we hypothesized that satellite DNA turnover spurs adaptive evolution of DNA-protein crosslink repair beyond a single gene and beyond the D. melanogaster lineage. This hypothesis predicts pervasive Spartan gene family diversification across Drosophila species. To study the evolutionary history of the Drosophila Spartan gene family, we conducted population genetic, molecular evolution, phylogenomic, and tissue-specific expression analyses. We uncovered widespread signals of positive selection across multiple Spartan family genes and across multiple evolutionary timescales. We also detected recurrent Spartan family gene duplication, divergence, and gene loss. Finally, we found that ovary-enriched parent genes consistently birthed functionally diverged, testis-enriched daughter genes. To account for Spartan family diversification, we introduce a novel mechanistic model of antagonistic coevolution that links DNA satellite evolution and adaptive regulation of Spartan protease activity. This framework promises to accelerate our understanding of how DNA repeats drive recurrent evolutionary innovation to preserve genome integrity.

Aberrant myonuclear domains and impaired myofiber contractility despite marked hypertrophy in MYMK-related, Carey-Fineman-Ziter Syndrome

Carey Fineman Ziter Syndrome (CFZS) is a rare autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the MYMK locus which encodes the protein, myomaker. Myomaker is essential for fusion and concurrent myonuclei donation of muscle progenitors during growth and development. Strikingly, in humans, MYMK mutations appear to prompt myofiber hypertrophy but paradoxically, induce generalised muscle weakness. As the underlying cellular mechanisms remain unexplored, the present study aimed to gain insights by combining myofiber deep-phenotyping and proteomic profiling. Hence, we isolated individual muscle fibers from CFZS patients and performed mechanical, 3D morphological and proteomic analyses. Myofibers from CFZS patients were ~ 4x larger than controls and possessed ~ 2x more myonuclei than those from healthy subjects, leading to disproportionally larger myonuclear domain volumes. These greater myonuclear domain sizes were accompanied by smaller intrinsic cellular force generating-capacities in myofibers from CFZS patients than in control muscle cells. Our complementary proteomic analyses indicated remodelling in 233 proteins particularly those associated with cellular respiration. Overall, our findings suggest that myomaker is somewhat functional in CFZS patients, but the associated nuclear accretion may ultimately lead to non-functional hypertrophy and altered energy-related mechanisms in CFZS patients. All of these are likely contributors of the muscle weakness experienced by CFZS patients.

Comparative analysis of traction forces in normal and glaucomatous trabecular meshwork cells within a 3D, active fluid-structure interaction culture environment

This study presents a 3D in vitro cell culture model, meticulously 3D printed to replicate the conventional aqueous outflow pathway anatomical structure, facilitating the study of trabecular meshwork (TM) cellular responses under glaucomatous conditions. Glaucoma affects TM cell functionality, leading to extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffening, enhanced cell-ECM adhesion, and obstructed aqueous humor outflow. Our model, reconstructed from polyacrylamide gel with elastic moduli of 1.5 and 21.7 kPa, is based on serial block-face scanning electron microscopy images of the outflow pathway. It allows for quantifying 3D, depth-dependent, dynamic traction forces exerted by both normal and glaucomatous TM cells within an active fluid-structure interaction (FSI) environment. In our experimental design, we designed two scenarios: a control group with TM cells observed over 20 hours without flow (static setting), focusing on intrinsic cellular contractile forces, and a second scenario incorporating active FSI to evaluate its impact on traction forces (dynamic setting). Our observations revealed that active FSI results in higher traction forces (normal: 1.83-fold and glaucoma: 2.24-fold) and shear strains (normal: 1.81-fold and glaucoma: 2.41-fold), with stiffer substrates amplifying this effect. Glaucomatous cells consistently exhibited larger forces than normal cells. Increasing gel stiffness led to enhanced stress fiber formation in TM cells, particularly in glaucomatous cells. Exposure to active FSI dramatically altered actin organization in both normal and glaucomatous TM cells, particularly affecting cortical actin stress fiber arrangement. This model while preliminary offers a new method in understanding TM cell biomechanics and ECM stiffening in glaucoma, highlighting the importance of FSI in these processes. Statement of significanceThis pioneering project presents an advanced 3D in vitro model, meticulously replicating the human trabecular meshwork's anatomy for glaucoma research. It enables precise quantification of cellular forces in a dynamic fluid-structure interaction, a leap forward from existing 2D models. This advancement promises significant insights into trabecular meshwork cell biomechanics and the stiffening of the extracellular matrix in glaucoma, offering potential pathways for innovative treatments. This research is positioned at the forefront of ocular disease study, with implications that extend to broader biomedical applications.

Coupled spin-lattice dynamics from the tight-binding electronic structure

We developed a method which performs the coupled adiabatic spin and lattice dynamics based on the tight-binding electronic structure model, where the intrinsic magnetic field and ionic forces are calculated from the converged self-consistent electronic structure at every time step. By doing so, this method allows us to explore limits where the physics described by a parameterized spin-lattice Hamiltonian is no longer accurate. We demonstrate how the lattice dynamics is strongly influenced by the underlying magnetic configuration, where disorder is able to induce significant lattice distortions. The presented method requires significantly less computational resources than methods, such as time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT). Compared to parameterized Hamiltonian-based methods, it also describes more accurately the dynamics of the coupled spin and lattice degrees of freedom, which becomes important outside of the regime of small lattice and spin fluctuations. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Elastic particle model for coil-stretch transition of dilute polymers in an elongational flow

The phenomenon of the ‘coil-stretch’ (C-S) transition, wherein a long-chain polymer initially in a coiled state undergoes a sudden configuration change to become fully stretched under steady elongational flows, has been widely recognized. This transition can display intricate hysteresis behaviours under specific critical conditions, giving rise to unique rheological characteristics in dilute polymer solutions. Historically, microscopic stochastic models and Brownian dynamics simulations have shed light on the underlying mechanisms of the transition by uncovering bistable configurations of polymer chains. Following the initial work by Cerf (J. Chem. Phys., vol. 20, 1952, pp. 395–402), we introduce a continuum model in this study to investigate the C-S transition in a constant uniaxial elongational flow. Our approach involves approximating the unfolding process of the polymer chain as an axisymmetric deformation of an elastic particle. We make the assumption that the particle possesses uniform material properties, which can be represented by a nonlinear, strain-hardening constitutive equation to replicate the finite extensibility of the polymer chain. Subsequently, we analytically solve for the steady-state deformation using a polarization method. By employing this reduced model, we effectively capture the C-S transition and establish its specific correlations with material and geometric properties. The hysteresis phenomena can be comprehended through a force-balance analysis, which involves comparing the externally applied viscous forces with the intrinsic elastic responsive forces. We demonstrate that our model, while simple, unveils rich elastohydrodynamics of the C-S transition.

Generation of contractile forces by three-dimensional bundled axonal tracts in micro-tissue engineered neural networks.

Axonal extension and retraction are ongoing processes that occur throughout all developmental stages of an organism. The ability of axons to produce mechanical forces internally and respond to externally generated forces is crucial for nervous system development, maintenance, and plasticity. Such axonal mechanobiological phenomena have typically been evaluated in vitro at a single-cell level, but these mechanisms have not been studied when axons are present in a bundled three-dimensional (3D) form like in native tissue. In an attempt to emulate native cortico-cortical interactions under in vitro conditions, we present our approach to utilize previously described micro-tissue engineered neural networks (micro-TENNs). Here, micro-TENNs were comprised of discrete populations of rat cortical neurons that were spanned by 3D bundled axonal tracts and physically integrated with each other. We found that these bundled axonal tracts inherently exhibited an ability to generate contractile forces as the microtissue matured. We therefore utilized this micro-TENN testbed to characterize the intrinsic contractile forces generated by the integrated axonal tracts in the absence of any external force. We found that contractile forces generated by bundled axons were dependent on microtubule stability. Moreover, these intra-axonal contractile forces could simultaneously generate tensile forces to induce so-called axonal "stretch-growth" in different axonal tracts within the same microtissue. The culmination of axonal contraction generally occurred with the fusion of both the neuronal somatic regions along the axonal tracts, therefore perhaps showing the innate tendency of cortical neurons to minimize their wiring distance, a phenomenon also perceived during brain morphogenesis. In future applications, this testbed may be used to investigate mechanisms of neuroanatomical development and those underlying certain neurodevelopmental disorders.

Critically Leveraging Theory for Optimal Control of Quadrotor Unmanned Aircraft Systems

In the dynamic realm of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), and, more specifically, Quadrotor drones, this study heralds a ground-breaking integrated optimal control methodology that synergizes a distributed framework, predictive control, H-infinity control techniques, and the incorporation of a Kalman filter for enhanced noise reduction. This cutting-edge strategy is ingeniously formulated to bolster the precision of Quadrotor trajectory tracking and provide a robust countermeasure to disturbances. Our comprehensive engineering of the optimal control system places a premium on the accuracy of orbital navigation while steadfastly ensuring UAV stability and diminishing error margins. The integration of the Kalman filter is pivotal in refining the noise filtration process, thereby significantly enhancing the UAV’s performance under uncertain conditions. A meticulous examination has disclosed that, within miniature Quadrotors, intrinsic forces are trivial when set against the formidable influence of control signals, thus allowing for a streamlined system dynamic by judiciously minimizing non-holonomic behaviors without degrading system performance. The proposed control schema, accentuated by the Kalman filter’s presence, excels in dynamic efficiency and is ingeniously crafted to rectify any in-flight model discrepancies. Through exhaustive Matlab/Simulink simulations, our findings validate the exceptional efficiency and dependability of the advanced controller. This study advances Quadrotor UAV technology by leaps and bounds, signaling a pivotal evolution for applications that demand high-precision orbital tracking and enhanced noise mitigation through sophisticated nonlinear control mechanisms.

Physical modulation of mesenchymal stem cell exosomes: A new perspective for regenerative medicine.

Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-Exo) offer promising therapeutic potential for various refractory diseases, presenting a novel therapeutic strategy. However, their clinical application encounters several obstacles, including low natural secretion, uncontrolled biological functions and inherent heterogeneity. On the one hand, physical stimuli can mimic the microenvironment dynamics where MSC-Exo reside. These factors influence not only their secretion but also, significantly, their biological efficacy. Moreover, physical factors can also serve as techniques for engineering exosomes. Therefore, the realm of physical factors assumes a crucial role in modifying MSC-Exo, ultimately facilitating their clinical translation. This review focuses on the research progress in applying physical factors to MSC-Exo, encompassing ultrasound, electrical stimulation, light irradiation, intrinsic physical properties, ionizing radiation, magnetic field, mechanical forces and temperature. We also discuss the current status and potential of physical stimuli-affected MSC-Exo in clinical applications. Furthermore, we address the limitations of recent studies in this field. Based on this, this review provides novel insights to advance the refinement of MSC-Exo as a therapeutic approach in regenerative medicine.

A monitoring method of rail fastener reaction force based on iron pad strain

This research has successfully explored a monitoring method that does not necessitate modifications to the current structure of the fastening system and ensures that the intrinsic force distribution remains undisturbed, which is the pioneering use of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) strain sensors to test the strain of iron pads to reflect the force of fastener support points. Then, through the laboratory single-point loading test and finite element simulation, the feasibility of the monitoring method has been confirmed, and the resolution is higher than the traditional method. Subsequently, based on the experimental environment of high-speed railway commissioning, dynamic long-term monitoring research was conducted, and relevant calibration experiments and finite element simulation analyses were carried out. The experimental research and finite element simulation analysis revealed the superior ability of the method in capturing intricate data details, with the field experiment verifying a high resolution markedly surpassing other existing methods. Furthermore, by monitoring the same train, the data were found to be highly repeatable, which confirmed the ability of the monitoring method to stably reflect the dynamic behavior of the train. Overall, the monitoring method provided in this research could monitor the fastener reaction force in real time for an extended period and accurately record its periodic dynamic loading cycle pattern, which provides important data support for the structural health condition of the ballastless track and the safe operation assessment of trains.

In-depth exploration of catalytic sites on amorphous solid water: I. The astrosynthesis of aminomethanol.

Chemical processes taking place on ice-grain mantles are pivotal to the complex chemistry of interstellar environments. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the catalytic effects of an amorphous solid water (ASW) surface on the reaction between ammonia (NH3) and formaldehyde (H2CO) to form aminomethanol (NH2CH2OH) using density functional theory. We identified potential catalytic sites based on the binding energy distribution of NH3 and H2CO reactants, on a set-of-clusters surface model composed of 22 water molecules and found a total of 14 reaction paths. Our results indicate that the catalytic sites can be categorized into four groups, depending on the interactions of the carbonyl oxygen and the amino group with the ice surface in the reactant complex. A detailed analysis of the reaction mechanism using Intrinsic Reaction Coordinate and reaction force analysis, revealed three distinct chemical events for this reaction: formation of the C-N bond, breaking of the N-H bond, and formation of the O-H hydroxyl bond. Depending on the type of catalytic site, these events can occur within a single, concerted, albeit asynchronous, step, or can be isolated in a step-wise mechanism, with the lowest overall transition state energy observed at 1.3 kcal mol-1. A key requirement for the low-energy mechanism is the presence of a pair of dangling OH bonds on the surface, found at 5% of the potential catalytic sites on an ASW porous surface.

통일교육 성과 제고를 위한 동기이론적 접근

Is the current unification education influencing the maintenance or change of unification consciousness in our society? As is known from the results of a series of recent surveys related to unification consciousness, the tendency to be skeptical about unification within our society appears to be unusual. Despite laws related to support for unification education and abundant social and material infrastructure, various educational contents are not internalized by each learner and are not driving change in consciousness. This is evidence that despite laws related to support for unification education and abundant social and material infrastructure, the diverse educational content is not internalized by each learner and is not driving change in consciousness. Fatigue from political volatility as well as indifference or resistance to education seem to be having an impact. Motivation is an intrinsic or extrinsic force that leads an actor to act to achieve a certain goal, and it selectively causes certain actions toward the goal and plays a role in actively maintaining that action. Therefore, this article emphasizes that in unification education, the primary focus should be on designing motivation to embed unification issues as daily issues and actively embody unification education. This is because a change in consciousness is possible only through changes in cognitive structure through internalization of education by motivational stimulation.