Intravarietal Differences Research Articles

Genotyping of Croatian Olive Germplasm with Consensus SSR Markers

Leaf samples of 226 cultivated olive trees were collected from traditionally managed olive orchards and genotyped with eleven consensual SSR markers. The proportion of shared allele distance was used for the estimation of distances between olive genotypes. Cluster analyses were performed using a Fitch–Margoliash least-squares algorithm. The number of different genetic subgroups of olive genotypes (K) was investigated using STRUCTURE analysis. The standardization of allele lengths was performed to enable the comparison SSR profiles of Croatian olive genotypes with olive profiles obtained with the same SSR primers in OleaDB and WOGB databases. Overall, 73 SSR profiles of known Croatian varieties and 53 profiles of unknown olive genotypes were differentiated. Synonyms were detected in 18 varieties, and we found intra-varietal differences in 15 varieties. Three genetic subgroups of olive genotypes were determined. Following allele length standardization achieved using nine referral samples, the genetic profiles of 126 cultivated olive genotypes were compared to OleaDB and WOGB databases, out of which 92 genotypes were found to be unique to Croatian olive germplasm. The results revealed the wide genetic diversity of olive germplasm beyond the known, registered varieties. The FAZ_oliveDB database containing the profiles of 126 Croatian olive genotypes was created and made available for public use.

Bioregenerative dietary supplementation in space: Brassica rapa var. nipposinica and other Brassica cultivars

Despite the precise environmental manipulation enabled by controlled environment agriculture (CEA), plant genotype remains a key factor in producing desirable traits. Brassica rapa var. nipposinica (mizuna) is a leading candidate for supplementing deficiencies in the space diet, however, which cultivar of mizuna will respond best to the environment of the international space station (ISS) is unknown. It is also unclear if there are more inter-varietal (mizuna - mustards) or intra-varietal (mizuna - mizuna) differences in response to the ISS environment. Twenty-two cultivars of mustard greens, including 13 cultivars of mizuna, were grown under ISS-like conditions to determine which would provide the greatest yield and highest concentrations of carotenoids, anthocyanins, calcium, potassium, iron, magnesium, ascorbic acid, thiamine, and phylloquinone. The experiment was conducted thrice, and data were analyzed to determine which cultivar is most suited for further optimization of space-based cultivation. It was found that phylloquinone and β-carotene concentrations did not vary between cultivars, while all other metrics of interest showed some variation. ‘Amara’ mustard (B. carinata) provided the best overall nutritional profile, despite its low biomass yield of 36.8 g, producing concentrations of 27.85, 0.40, and 0.65 mg·g − 1 of ascorbic acid, thiamine, and lutein, respectively. Of the mizuna cultivars evaluated, open pollinated mibuna provided the best profile, while 'Red Hybrid’ mizuna provided a complimentary profile to that of ‘Amara’, minimally increasing dietary iron while providing beneficial anthocyanins lacking in ‘Amara’.

Inter- and intra-varietal genetic variations co-shape the polyphenol profiles of Vitis vinifera L. grapes and wines

Inheritance and mutations are important factors affecting grape phenolic composition. To investigate the inter- and intra-varietal differences in polyphenolic compounds among grapes and wines, 27 clones belonging to eight varieties of Vitis vinifera L. were studied over two consecutive years. A total of 24 polyphenols (nine anthocyanins, three flavanols, five flavonols, and seven phenolic acids) were analyzed, and the physicochemical parameters of the grapes and wines were determined. Polyphenol profiles showed significant varietal and clonal polymorphisms, and malvidin-3-O-glucoside, peonidin-3-O- glucoside, and epicatechin were identified as key biomarkers distinguishing different grapes and wines when using an orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis. Further multivariate analysis classified these genotypes into three subclasses, and a somatic variant of ‘Malbec’, MBVCR6, had the most abundant polyphenolic compounds that were related to the titratable acid content. The current results reveal that varietal and clonal variations are important for obtaining wines with high polyphenol content.

Analysis of the structure of linseed flax varieties based on polymorphic microsatellite loci

High profitability of linseed flax production is an incentive for developing new varieties with high yield performance and for expansion of cultivation areas. The restricted genetic diversity of Linum usitatissimum L. due to selfpollination and of initial forms used by developing the new linseed flax varieties limits the efficiency of the breeding work. The purpose of the research was to determine the genetic structure of linseed flax varieties using a system of 10 microsatellite loci. Four varieties bred by the V. S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops were used as the research material. DNA was isolated by the CTAB method. Electrophoretic separation of amplicons was performed in 8 % polyacrylamide gel followed by ethidium bromide staining. The determination of the main indicators of genetic variability, analyzed molecular variance (AMOVA), the Wright F-statistics indicators, and the principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) was carried out using the GenAlEx 6.5 program. A total of 53 alleles have been identified. The main indicators of genetic diversity were calculated for each variety. According to statistical characteristics (Na, Ne, I, F), the variety Nilin is the source of the greatest genetic diversity. For all varieties, the ratio of expected heterozygosity (He) and observed heterozygosity (Ho) corresponds to inbred populations with a minimum proportion of random crossing. By the allelic state of the 10 SSR loci, the variety Snegurok belongs to the linear type, which corresponds to its origin. The genetic passport of this variety has been compiled according to these loci. According to the results of the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), 71 % of the total dispersion is due to genetic differences between the varieties, and 29 % is due to intra-varietal differences.

Analysis of SSR and AFLP Markers to Detect Genetic Diversity Among Selected Clones of Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cv. Keshmeshi

To assess the genetic differences between clones of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cv. Keshmeshi, ten selected clones from a clonal selection programme were analysed by 23 Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) and seven AFLP primer combinations. No intra-varietal differences between the clones could be detected by SSRs, whereas eight out of the 499 AFLP fragments generated by the seven primer combinations were polymorphic. The number of markers ranged from 44 (E34-M34) to 97 (E31-M32), with an average of 71.3 fragments per primer combination. Cluster analysis based on the AFLP data separated all the clones of Keshmeshi in two groups. The first group included nine white berry skin clones without any genetic differences, and the second group with only a red berry skin clone. AFLP could only distinguish the red berry clone of Keshmeshi from other white berry clones.

MOLECULAR MARKERS TO DETECT GENETIC VARIATION IN SUPERIOR CLONES OF GRAPEVINE (VITIS VINIFERA L. 'KESHMESHI')

To assess the genetic differences among clones of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) ?Keshmeshi?, ten selected clones from a clonal selection program were analyzed by 23 Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) and 7 AFLP primer combinations. No intra-varietal differences could be detected by SSRs among clones whereas 8 out of the 499 AFLP fragments generated by the seven primer combinations were polymorphic. The number of markers ranged from 44 (E34-M34) to 97 (E31-M32) with an average of 71.3 fragments per primer combination. Cluster analysis based on AFLP data separate all the clones of ?Keshmeshi? into two groups. The first group includes nine white berry skin clones, without any genetic differences and the second group has only a red berry skin clone. AFLP analyses could only detect the red berry clone of ?Keshmeshi? from the other white berry clones.

Morphological and genetic diversity among and within common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) landraces from the Campania region (Southern Italy)

The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is arguably the most important food legume and a fundamental source of proteins especially for rural societies. In several countries, this species is characterized by a number of locally adapted landraces and many of them are at risk of extinction. In Italy, common bean cultivation has always been a typical element of rural economies especially in the Southern regions. We carried out an investigation of the morphological and genetic diversity in 25 common bean populations cultivated in the Campania region (Southern Italy). We analyzed 26 qualitative and 11 quantitative traits following the IPGRI descriptors. Furthermore, 10 SSRs were employed to examine genetic polymorphism, differentiation and population structure. Molecular and morphological data distinguished all the landraces under investigation. A considerable phenotypic diversity among landraces was observed for many characters, including some related to agronomical performance. At molecular level, all the SSRs were polymorphic, with an average of 8.5 alleles per locus. Moreover, the vast majority of the landraces (92%) displayed intra-varietal differences. Our work indicated the presence of a wide-ranging variation among and within cultivated common bean landraces. Moreover, it provided evidence that the implementation of measures for their on-farm conservation, management and promotion should be useful also to preserve genetic variability.

Variation of Seed Mineral Concentrations in Seven Quinoa Cultivars Grown in Two Agroecological Sites

ABSTRACTVariations in concentration and tissue distribution of mineral elements in seeds of seven quinoa cultivars from both a “natural” habitat (Patacamaya, Bolivia, 3,960 m above sea level) and a “nonnatural” habitat (Encalilla, Argentina, 1,980 m above sea level) were analyzed. Data clearly showed inter‐ and intravarietal differences in seed mineral concentrations between the two sites. Correlation analysis revealed that concentrations of major and minor dietary minerals as well as essential ultratrace elements of Encalilla seeds showed, in general, higher correlations with both seed protein and seed yield than did element concentrations of Patacamaya seeds. Results of scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy showed clearly differences in the contents of major mineral elements (calcium, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, and sulfur) in the pericarp and embryonic axis (cotyledon + radicle). Obtained data could indicate that genotype × environment interactions are responsible for mineral variations occurring in quinoa cultivars. Results can also be useful for developing mineral biofortification strategies for the world's poorest regions.

Biochemical markers defining growing area and ripening stage of imported avocado fruit cv. Hass

Intra-varietal differences in avocado fruit composition were investigated with regard to fruit growing area, maturity, ripening stage and storage conditioning. In particular, mesocarp nutrients such as fatty acids and C7 sugars were investigated as they relate to fruit origin and ripening stage, respectively. The effect of storage temperature on nutrient level was also assessed. Fruit from Chile, Peru and Spain and harvested in the respective early, middle and late season were ripened for seven days at 18 or 23°C. At specific intervals, mesocarp fatty acids and sugar profiles were identified. The oil composition differed according to origin and harvest-time, suggesting oleic acid as a potential marker in distinguishing fruit origin. Chilean fruit had higher oleic content (57–61%) follow by Spanish (54–60%) and Peruvian (40–47%) fruit. In early season fruit d-mannoheptulose content decreased during shelf life from 128 to 23.5mgg−1 (Chile), from 115 to 33.6mgg−1 (Peru), from 65.2 to 23.5mgg−1 (Spain). A similar trend was noted in middle and late season fruit and from the three origins. For the first time a relationship between C7 sugar content and mesocarp softening, fruit maturity and origin was identified.

The expression of the perfect in East and South-East Asian Englishes

This paper looks at variation in the expression of perfect meaning in Asian Englishes (Hong Kong, India, Singapore and the Philippines) as represented in the spoken component of the International Corpus of English. Findings confirm the existence of levelling between the present perfect and simple past in these varieties, and that the tendency of the present perfect to lose ground to the preterite is more pronounced in these New Englishes than in British English, especially in the expression of recent past. The occurrence of other variants in the corpus is accounted for in terms of the influence of the respective substrate languages, cognitive constraints characteristic of language-contact situations, pragmatic contextual factors such as the scant use of adverbial support, and, especially, diffusion from the input language, which is an earlier variety of spoken, non-standard English. Relevant intravarietal differences are also discussed and attributed to the different phases of development in which the four varieties currently find themselves.

Intravarietal variability of the structure of correlations of yield components in oat and barley plants

It is shown that intravarietal differences in level of aluminum tolerance of oat and barley plants affect the formation of yield components under nonstress conditions. Species specificity is noted in a change in the structure of correlations of the studied traits in these plants. Increased aluminum tolerance of plants is related to breakdown of many correlations characteristic for nontolerant plants.

Relationship between Processing Method and the Glycemic Indices of Ten Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) Cultivars Commonly Consumed in Jamaica.

This study investigated the effect of different traditional cooking methods on glycemic index (GI) and glycemic response of ten Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) cultivars commonly eaten in Jamaica. Matured tubers were cooked by roasting, baking, frying, or boiling then immediately consumed by the ten nondiabetic test subjects (5 males and 5 females; mean age of 27 ± 2 years). The GI varied between 41 ± 5–93 ± 5 for the tubers studied. Samples prepared by boiling had the lowest GI (41 ± 5–50 ± 3), while those processed by baking (82 ± 3–94 ± 3) and roasting (79 ± 4–93 ± 2) had the highest GI values. The study indicates that the glycemic index of Jamaican sweet potatoes varies significantly with the method of preparation and to a lesser extent on intravarietal differences. Consumption of boiled sweet potatoes could minimize postprandial blood glucose spikes and therefore, may prove to be more efficacious in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Response of the edamame edible soybean germplasm to Diaporthe phaseolorum, causal agent of soybean stem canker, in Argentina

The objective was to evaluate the reaction of introduced edamame edible soybean germplasm against Soybean stem canker (SSC), caused by Diaporthe phaseolorum var. meridionalis (Dpm) and D. phaseolorum var. caulivora (Dpc) in the humid Pampa of Argentina. Thirty edamame genotypes were evaluated in greenhouse conditions using an experimental design in blocks with two replications, over two years. Edamame germplasm showed a different degree of resistance to five Diaporthe phaseolorum isolates. The existence of inter- and intra-varietal differences in Dpm and Dpc virulence were also found, verifying that genes conferring resistance to Dpm and Dpc are different. This study showed that genetic variability does exist in edamame germplasm and would be useful in breeding for resistance or tolerance.

DNA Profiling and Assessment of Genetic Relationships Among Important Seedless Grape (Vitis vinifera) Varieties in India Using ISSR Markers

In the present work, 43 seedless grape (Vitis vinifera) varieties were evaluated using 14 informative ISSR primers. A total of 119 bands were scored, out of which 79% were polymorphic. The level of polymorphism varied according to the primers which was evident also from different Resolving Power values of the individual primers. Based on the DNA fingerprint data of only three primers (UBC 857, 888 and 890), all the varieties except one could be identified. UPGMA cluster analysis revealed high degree of similarity among the varieties. Distinct subgroups based on the berry colour were observed. No intravarietal differences were detected. Overall grouping was in accordance with morphological characters and pedigree, proving usefulness of ISSR markers to assess genetic relationships among grape varieties.

Comparison of Opuntia ficus indica varieties of Mexican and Argentine origin for fruit yield and quality in Argentina

A randomized complete block field design for Opuntia ficus indica fruit production and quality in Argentina compared 19 of the most promising fruit accessions identified from previous Texas field trials to 8 individual selections of the naturalized Argentine “Santiagueña variety” and one South African clone. The genetic material originating from Texas consisted of recently collected fruit varieties from high elevation sites in northern Mexico which should possess increased cold hardiness and the best accessions from among 100 accessions evaluated over a 15 year period in Kingsville, Texas. The Argentine accessions were selected for high yield from on-farm field trials and university field plots. The Argentine varieties were established about half a growing season after the Texas varieties. The yields ranged from 3000 to 22,000kgha−1 for the 4th growing season for the accessions from North America and from 2100 to 6400kgha−1 in the 3rd growing season for the Argentine naturalized genetic materials. The Argentine varieties had the greatest fruit pulp firmness (about 2kg) and sugar contents (13.4–15.2) but had a lower percentage pulp (40–47%) than the North American materials. For the first time this work demonstrated significant differences in yield and sugar content among the naturalized Argentine varieties leading the way to the first selected varieties. In some of the accessions, even at maturity, the inner pulp lacked structural integrity and easily broke apart on peeling. These accessions had both a low pulp firmness (less than 1kg) and a low percentage of pulp to peel firmness. The ratio of pulp to peel fruit firmness at maturity varied greatly among the accessions obviating the possibility of evaluating pulp firmness from peel firmness measurements. The highly significantly negative correlation between fruit firmness (p=0.005) and pH among the accessions is reminiscent of auxin-induced pH decreases that lead to increased cell wall plasticity. Two of the spineless Texas accessions (1279 and 1300) with dark purple fruit could not be distinguished on the basis of cladode or fruit color or overall plant morphology. In agreement with prior Texas evaluations, clone 1300 had significantly greater yield but significantly lower sugar than the other indistinguishable clone 1279. These significant quantitative intravarietal differences in clones 1279 and 1300, combined with intravarietal differences in the externally indistinguishable Santiagueña clones, points to the need to select and maintain individual plant selections within morphologically indistinguishable varieties.

Karyotypic studies inArachis hypogaeaL. varieties

Fil: Lavia, Graciela Ines. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botanica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botanica del Nordeste; Argentina

Analysis of food composition data on rice from a plant genetic resources perspective

Rice accounts for 21, 14 and 2% of global energy, protein and fat supply, respectively. There are thousands of different rice varieties; some have been in the diet for centuries, while others are new hybrids promoted for qualities such as high yield and drought and disease resistance. Little is known about the nutrient composition of many of the world's rice varieties. This paper investigates the literature on nutrient composition of rice varieties. Standardization of data to 100 g samples of unpolished rice (dry matter basis), showed intra-varietal ranges of; 9 g protein, 5.65 mg iron, 3.34 mg zinc, 1.6 mg thiamin, 0.392 mg riboflavin and 7.2 mg niacin. Currently, several research institutions are working toward improving the nutrient content of rice through greater utilization of rice genetic resources. The results section discusses in detail the magnitude of intra-varietal differences and highlights practical applications of genetic diversity in rice.

Intervarietal comparison of proteolysis in commercial cheese

Proteolysis in different varieties of cheese, i.e. Cheddar, British, Dutch and Swiss types and Italian varieties, was compared by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Urea-PAGE of the water-insoluble fraction (WISF) of cheese appeared to be unable to distinguish between Cheddar and Dutch-type cheeses, whereas it could be used to distinguish Emmental from Parmesan and both of these from Cheddar and Dutch types. Urea-PAGE of the 70%-ethanol-insoluble fraction of the water-soluble extract (WSE) showed large inter-varietal differences but there were also some intra-varietal differences. RP-HPLC of the 70%-ethanol-soluble and -insoluble fractions of the WSEs of cheeses was more effective than urea-PAGE of the WISFs or of the 70%-ethanol-insoluble fraction of the WSEs of cheeses when classifying cheese according to variety. However, analysis of a larger number of cheese samples is required to verify this result. One of the problems with using either urea-PAGE or RP-HPLC to identify cheese is that the characteristics analysed by these techniques change as ripening progresses.

Inter-simple sequence repeats PCR for characterization of closely related grapevine germplasm

ISSR-PCR was carried out on 12 accessions of the grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) variety 'Garnacha' and one accession of a related variety. The analysis had two objectives: to determine if ISSR-PCR could detect polymorphisms within a variety unable to be revealed previously with RAPDs, and to quantify the intralaboratory reproducibility of the assay. Two electrophoretic systems and staining procedures were assessed. No intravarietal differences could be detected. However, the ISSR approach revealed highly reproducible polymorphisms among the two varieties tested. The reproducibility of the banding patterns ranged from 86 to 94 per cent, being maximum when polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver staining procedures were followed and weak bands discarded.

Effects of flour chlorination on soft wheat gliadins analyzed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry and fluorescence spectroscopy

Chlorinated soft wheat flours produce better quality cakes. In this study, changes in surface hydrophobicity of gliadins due to flour chlorination were analyzed. Results obtained from RP-HPLC of gliadins showed intervarietal differences, but intravarietal differences in the gliadin patterns of chlorinated and unchlorinated flours were difficult to discern because of the large number of peaks eluted. However, three-dimensional plots of retention time, wavelength and absorbency showed differences among gliadin patterns of unchlorinated and chlorinated flours within a variety, suggesting conformational changes and consequently alteration in hydrophobicity of gliadins due to chlorination. The DSC analyses of gliadins extracted from unchlorinated and chlorinated flours showed higher denaturation peak transition temperatures ( T d) and lower enthalpies of transition (Δ H) in some varieties, indicating hydrophobicity and conformational changes. Fluorescence spectroscopy measurements with an extrinsic probe, 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonic acid (ANS), showed increases in hydrophobicity of gliadins from chlorinated flours, confirming conformational changes in gliadins due to chlorination.