Intra-regional Migration Research Articles

Research on migration and health in Chile: pushing forward.

To the Editor: Migration is defined as the process of moving from one place to another(1). It has a rather obvious beginning, but the ending is not necessarily clear(2). The United Nations defines an international migrant as a person who stays outside their usual country of residence for at least one year(3). Attempts to define migration have been complex and diverse, involving a wide range of contexts, reasons and types of immigrant, from healthy migrants in search of better opportunities, to political refugees escaping civil wars in their countries of origin. Migration affects the entire world and represents one of the major opportunities for economic, social and cultural integration, and is also a crucial social determinant of health. As Wickramage and Siriwardhana recently stated(4),this phenomenon is rapidly reshaping the world. For instance, labour migrants are increasingly flowing among low-income and middle-income nations in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East(4). The same pattern is found in Latin American countries, where intra-regional migration has deepened socioeconomic inequality over the last decades(5). Leer mas...

Randwanderung, Pendeln und Geschlecht in einer polyzentralen Region

The paper studies commute distances and commute duration in the context of suburbanisation and gender relations in the surroundings of Hagen, Westphalia. The results show that intraregional migration is often motivated by workplace-related reasons. The gender-specific changes in commuting following the moves suggest that residential location choice tends to be driven by the male partner’s workplace, while women hold a “trailing wife” position. Additionally, the moves are associated with attempts to limit or reduce commuting trip lengths on the household level. This is not only reflected in trip duration, but also in the spatial configuration of housing and work among employed couples. This is represented here by the relative location of the residence and workplaces. In a ring of 20–30 km around Hagen the residential choices are associated with considerably longer commuting distances, compared to municipalities located closer to Hagen (< 20 km). This supports typical results of suburbanisation studies. Taken overall, the findings demonstrate very complex relationships between gender, social status, residential location choice and commuting. This is discussed against the backdrop of the polycentric structure of the region. Conclusions for further research can be drawn from the novel methods used in the study. The relevance of the results for planning is briefly discussed as well.

Internal Migration, Remittances and Welfare Impacts: A Case Study in Dormaa Municipality, Ghana

Though international migration and its related remittance flows have attracted considerable attention in recent years, internal migration has been the focus of academic and policy discourse for a much longer period. Studies have shown that both internal and intra-regional migration are far more significant in terms of the numbers of people involved and the quantum of remittances involved than international migration. However, despite increasing internal migration with its associated remittances, their linkages with welfare impacts are complex and mixed. As such, the actual welfare impacts of this phenomenon have been a source of debate in the literature. Using mixed methods, this paper examines the relationship between internal migration, remittances and welfare impacts in Dormaa Municipality in Ghana. The study draws upon 202 migrant households on a sample of 358 households screened. The study investigates migration patterns and remittance flows, uses and impacts among migrant households in the municipality. The study suggests that many of the migrants moved to another town or village in Ghana for work-related reasons, notably job transfers, work or to seek work/better work. The study also shows that there have been substantial inflows of migrant remittances to households in Dormaa Municipality. These remittances have contributed significantly to improving migrant household’s access to health services and education, and have also become an important source of income for consumption smoothing. The study recommends that government should make efforts to monitor remittance flows in Ghana and also increase awareness about the importance of remittances for both national and household economies. Further, there is the need to scale up education on social attitudes and discourses about internal migration and policy initiatives in Ghana.

Intraregional Migration in South America: Trends and a Research Agenda

This article contributes to the global dialogue attempting to incorporate South-South intraregional migration into policy and academic discussions by reviewing the dynamics, characteristics, and legal contexts of interregional migration in South America. We first present the historical formation of migratory subsystems and identify emerging trends. We then organize our revision along the main theoretical issues surrounding international migration and their significance in the region. These issues include motivation, contexts of origin and reception, migration dynamics, gender, race and ethnicity, immigrant adaptation, and migration policies. Next, we consider the study of South American migrations, both internal and international, to be a research agenda with significant potential to deepen our understanding of migrations in general and to propose new theoretical orientations that go beyond the questions already identified in the mobility from poorer to wealthier countries. We conclude with suggestions for a research agenda devoted to interregional migration in South America.

Analyzing intra-regional migration in Sub-Saharan Africa: Statistical data constraints and the role for regional organizations

Africa has long been described as an immensely mobile continent and continues to be viewed in this vein (Amin, 1995; de Bruij n et al., 2001; IOM, 2005). The 2005 World Migration Report describes Africa as “the continent with the most mobile populations in the world” (IOM, 2005, p. 33). In Western Africa, for instance, almost 4.4 million migrants moved in 2005 to another country of the Economic Community of Western African States (ECOWAS) (World Bank, 2010). Compared to the overall international migrants in Western Africa (UNDP, 2009), South-South (S-S) migration accounted for more than 50% in 2005 (ACP, 2010, p. 5; Bakewell, 2009). The volume of intra-regional migrations in Africa seems to be inversely proportional to the availability of statistical data. The shortage of both quantitative and qualitative data on migration (Gnisci & Trémolières, 2006, p. 10; OECD/SWAC, 2006, p. 18; Ratha & Shaw, 2007; Zlotnik, 2003, p. 2) and timely information on population movements, whether internal or international, is a major obstacle to the understanding of migration dynamics in Africa. Nineteen of the 56 countries on the African continent have either no data or just one census providing any information on migrant stocks from the 1950s (Zlotnik, 2003).

COMPILATION AND ANALYSIS OF PRE-COLUMBIAN SETTLEMENT DATA IN THE BASIN OF MEXICO

AbstractA key component of archaeological research in the Basin of Mexico was a series of systematic regional surveys conducted between 1960 and 1975. This essay discusses efforts to finalize settlement data generated by those surveys, and preliminary analyses of the resulting dataset that include geographic information system applications to examine patterns of settlement over time. The paper begins by reviewing the surveys and the information they produced for more than 3,900 sites. Analyses of demographics, settlement hierarchies, and environmental patterning reveal periods of slow population increase and decrease that indicate no major demographic events, but noteworthy shifts in settlement types and environmental focus. Analyses of spatial patterning reveal evidence of considerable geographic shifts in settlement over time, probable widespread reliance on irrigation throughout much of the pre-Columbian basin, likely major shifts in adaptation to the central lake system in the region, and intraregional migration as a key demographic process in settlement patterning. Amid growing understanding of pre-Columbian settlement patterns in the Basin of Mexico, this paper also defines key research problems involving demographic mobility, the role of water control in adaptation and sociocultural evolution, and implications of changing environmental emphasis in settlement patterning.

From Migration Regime to Regional Citizenry: Migration and Identity Implications of the East African Common Market

I examine the East African common market, taken as a regional migration regime, and draw its implications for intra-regional migration and identity formation. Using desk research, I analyse the common market Protocol’s provisions and envisage the implications of its implementation for intraregional migration and identity formation. The findings indicate that the Protocol grants the right of establishment, settlement, and residence; freedom of persons’ movement, provision of labour and services; non-discrimination and equal rights between Partner States’ citizens and intraregional migrants. From these guarantees, I foresee that “open-border” implementation of these provisions may increase intra-EAC migrations. A rise in intraregional migration may increase cross-border social engagements, mingling, and establishment. This phenomenon may alter East Africans’ views and perceptions about their identity, and engender a regional sense of belonging and identity–an East African Citizenry. I recommend that EAC Partner States fully implement the common market, institute measures for handling negative consequences of increased intra-EAC migration, and deliberately encourage East African identity formations consistent with the objective of people-centred regional integration.

Black Carib to Garinagu

In 2013, the University Archives, Mona, took over the collection of the Libraryof the Spoken Word, originally housed by the university's Radio Education Unit. The collection dates back to the 1950s. Our Archive Gems feature seeks to showcase some of the gems in this collection.In this issue we present the edited transcript of a keynote address delivered by Velma Pollard on p July 2005, during the seminar “The Socio-Economic and Cultural Impact of Migration between the Anglophone Caribbean, Belize and Honduras” whichconcluded the seminar series on Intra-Regional Migration held annually at the University of the West Indies, Mona, from 1999 to 2005.

Intra- vs. extra-regional migration in the post-Soviet space

The paper addresses the distinctiveness of migration flows in the post-Soviet space east of the European Union: the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and Georgia. Population mobility within this region is hypothesized to differ from extra-regional population movements due to the common institutional past of these states, all of which were once the USSR republics. It has been claimed that CIS countries form a distinct post-Soviet migration system. Within the framework of the migration systems theory, this paper offers a quantitative analysis of the scale and mechanics of cross-border population mobility in the region. By means of network analysis, it examines the intensity and distinctiveness of intra-regional migration flows relative to those between the region and third countries. We have also used an econometric gravity model to identify the main drivers of migration flows in the region. The resultant findings show that the existence of the post-Soviet migration system is questionable and should not be treated axiomatically. This is because the mobility of people from and to the CIS region is relatively high, and the region is increasingly integrated into the international division of labor through trade and capital mobility. The cross-border mobility of people also reflects this globalization trend.

Determinants of Intraregional Migration in Sub-Saharan Africa 1980-2000

Despite great accomplishments in the migration literature, the determinants of South-South migration remain poorly understood. In an attempt to fill this gap, this paper formulates and tests an empirical model for intraregional migration in sub-Saharan Africa within an extended human capital framework, taking into account spatial interaction. Using bilateral panel data between 1980 and 2000, we find that intraregional migration on the subcontinent is predominantly driven by economic opportunities and sociopolitics in the host country, facilitated by geographical proximity. The role played by network effects and environmental conditions is also apparent. Finally, origin and destination spatial dependence should definitely not be ignored.

Regions without borders? Regional governance, migration, and social protection in Africa and Europe

In many respects, Europe and Africa (particularly Southern Africa) represent two opposing examples in the study of intra-regional migration and social cohesion. The European Union (EU) has been a global pioneer in allowing freedom of movement and portability of social rights across member states. A centerpiece of the EU integration process has been the progressive establishment of a common market, in which goods, services, capital, and people can move freely. With regard to the la􀄴 er, the concept of free movement originally only targeted the economically active population (in other words, the free movement of workers) but was gradually extended by Treaty amendments to all citizens of the EU. This extension was further strengthened by the Treaty of Maastricht in 1992, which introduced the concept of citizenship in the European Union thereby establishing the fundamental and personal right to move and reside freely within the EU.

Moving though markets

Housing Market Analysis is a form of demographic research that seeks to unpick relationships between the supply of properties and the demand of households. Such analysis can be used for planning for future residential development. While econometric-orientated analysis dominates much of this research, a sub-discipline also exists that recognises that there are inherent geographies within these relationships, and that these geographies can therefore be mapped. This paper details the processes behind such a venture, beginning with the creation of a geographical framework detailing housing supply for Sydney, Australia. A demand dynamic is added to this framework using analysis of intra-regional migration. With the two elements combined, key relationships are identified, which form the basis of a brief discussion on the findings as they relate to activity within Sydney's housing markets.

Migración , integración e identidad en América Latina manifestaciones de un proceso de construcción hibrida

This paper establishes the relationships between the current intra-regional migration process and the mechanisms of inclusion and integration inside local communities. This idea must be regarded as part of an ongoing construction of the Latin American identity discourse.

Explaining Reurbanization: Empirical Evidence of Intraregional Migration as a Long-Term Mobility Decision from Germany

Following the discussion on reurbanization (changing intra-regional migration patterns), our research project treats transport-related consequences of this spatial development in German city regions. The hypothesis is that reurbanization bears potential to spread environmentally friendly ways of organizing daily mobility – but that the chance of those positive effects might be given away, if policy does not accompany the process adequately. The aim of this project is to assess the current impact of reurbanization on passenger transport in city regions and to find further potential to reduce motorized passenger kilometres in order to deduce first planning approaches. This paper focuses on the question whether a household decides to move or to stay in its current dwelling and also analyses how the results vary in time and space. After having deduced factors on the decision to move, a logistic regression is run on the SOEP-data. The analysis shows that observed differences in time are mainly due to difference in behaviour regarding the factors ‘number of employed persons’ and the event ‘birth’ whereas spatial variation is mainly due to structural differences.

Agricultural reclamations in Xiliao River Valley, China since the Holocene

The agricultural reclamations in the Xiliao River Valley since the Holocene have led to a huge landscape change from grassland to farmland. In this paper we reconsider the man-land relationship in the Xiliao River Valley by analyzing three major agricultural reclamations in prehistory, the Liao-Jin Dynasty and the period since the Qing Dynasty. We argue that when the demographic pressure appears in this area, especially during the last reclamation, the intraregional migration (second migration) is the major response to relieve such pressure, which also distinguishes two different settlement locations: “the initial area” and “the secondary area”. Due to the environmental differences between these two areas, the cultivation on the latter one has caused more serious disturbance to the local environment. Thus the secondary area has become the key region which needs environmental management seriously.

State Strategic Planning and Spatial Development in the Siberian Regions

State Strategic Planning and Spatial Development in the Siberian Regions The paper presents an analysis of the influence of strategic planning projects on the socio-economic development of the Siberian regions of Russia. Zoning for strategic planning is now based on the market principle rather than the production one, as used to be the case during the Soviet period. The dynamics of intra-regional migration flows during the period of implementation of major industrial projects shows an absence of spatial correlation among those processes. The existing institutional framework for regional development does not contribute to the achievement of the main strategic objectives. The economy of the regions remains underinvested and tends towards simplification. An increasing dependence on foreign Asian markets should be taken into account when developing new strategic plans.

Indian migration during indentured servitude in British Guiana and Trinidad, 1850–1920

The following article analyzes the under-researched theme of Indian migration during indenture in British Guiana and Trinidad. It is understood that Indians were brought to the Caribbean under a series of restrictive colonial policies that stymied free movement. However, it is argued that some Indians resisted these very colonial regulations and exercised their individual right to migrate and subsequently dictate their own lives. Some independently took illegal action to acquire freedom while others waited until their contracts expired to migrate. While the number of those who migrated was consistently smaller than those who remained on the plantations, migration was a permanent feature of the plantation system that lasted as long as indenture itself. Indian migration during indenture can be conceptualized into three overlapping historical phases: (1) desertion from the plantations; (2) migration from the plantations to settlements (rural) to urban areas; and (3) intra-regional migration from one Caribbean island to the other.

Review

140 Michigan Historical Review (May 1918 to June 1920), which may have killed as many as fifty million people worldwide. The stories of various people whom Anderson encountered during his time in Russia are included in the text. One example is the tale of Maria Bochkareva. She fought with the White Army against the Bolsheviks and would eventually give her life for the cause. On a much lighter note, it is quite interesting to read about the Russians and the Americans attempting to play baseball. The Russians were baffled by this completely American game. Anderson recounts the joy he felt when he learned that the Americans would be going home. They began preparing to leave on April 17, 1919, but the evacuation would not be complete until June. The knowledge that they were going home soon made spring especially beautiful to Anderson and the others. He was proud to be a part of history and proud that he helped to recount the day-to-day experiences of men at war in his memoirs. Gordon Olson has ably assisted Anderson in this endeavor. Roger Crownover Madonna University Jack S. Blocker. A Little More Freedom: African Americans Enter the Urban Midwest, 1860-1930. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2008. Pp. 330. Appendices. Illustrations. Index. Notes. Tables. Cloth, $49.95. The Great Migration is one of the most studied topics in African American history, but few historians have examined black migration in detail from the Civil War through the 1910s. Jack Blocker‘s A Little More Freedom: African Americans Enter the Urban Midwest, 1860-1930 uncovers the patterns of migration in that overlooked but important period that set the stage for the Great Migration. Although Blocker‘s study extends to 1930, his book is most significant for its arguments about African American movement before World War I. In the Civil War era, most African Americans migrated to the smaller towns and cities of the lower Midwest (Indiana, Illinois, and Ohio); however, in the 1880s they started to move again toward the region‘s larger cities. Most of Blocker‘s study focuses on these ―nonmetropolitan‖ areas. To do so, he uses case studies of four representative towns: Washington Court House and Springfield, Ohio; Springfield, Illinois; and Muncie, Indiana. Book Reviews 141 As a piece of social history, A Little More Freedom is a tour de force and should be used as a model for migration study. Finding patterns of step migration, where migrants move in multiple stages between the rural South, southern cities, smaller cities and towns of the Midwest, and midwestern metropolitan areas is extremely difficult, yet Blocker manages it. His collection and analysis of data are remarkable. His discoveries about step migration to southern cities and the nonmetropolitan Midwest reveal new information that studies of the Great Migration have missed. Blocker also shows his quantitative abilities when he examines the socioeconomic position of African Americans in the nonmetropolitan Midwest. He deals with census and other data to locate blacks‘ status, focusing on labor, homeownership, and other important indicators. Although Blocker does an excellent job uncovering patterns of migration and blacks‘ socioeconomic status in midwestern communities, his arguments about the motives for black intraregional migration are less solid. Without primary sources from migrants explaining their reasons for leaving the nonmetropolitan Midwest after 1910, Blocker depends on a correlation he sees between antiblack violence and movement out of small towns and cities. However, as he acknowledges, he has little direct evidence for this key argument and there are counterexamples that undermine his claim. Chief among them is the fact that Chicago, the city that drew the most people during the Great Migration, was also the city with the most frequent occurrences of antiblack violence. Muncie, Indiana, a smaller city and a KKK stronghold, also saw its black population grow during the 1920s, further undermining Blocker‘s emphasis on violence as a cause for migration. He also tries to emphasize African American agency in the intraregional migration, but he does not follow through adequately with this argument. Despite its weaknesses, A Little More Freedom is an important book for midwestern and African American history. Indeed, as the historical discipline has taken a cultural turn, this...

Intra-Regional Migration and Sustainable Development A Study of Four Caribbean Countries

Intra-Regional Migration and Sustainable Development A Study of Four Caribbean Countries

Intraregional Migration, Direct Action Land Reform, and New Land Settlements in the Brazilian Amazon

This article analyses migration histories of residents in rural settlements of the Brazilian Amazon that resulted from direct action land reform (DALR), which involves organised land occupations. Our analysis evaluates two hypotheses. The ‘urban migration’ expectation asserts that urban experience is important for DALR participation, which links rural and urban areas via migration for land occupations. The ‘DALR efficacy’ hypothesis argues that migration and DALR are complementary livelihood strategies, such that participation in DALR obviates the need for further migration. Our findings support both hypotheses and bear implications for regional development and environmental change in the Amazon.