Intramolecular Metal Research Articles

Total Synthesis of Ganoderma Meroterpenoids Cochlearol B and Its Congeners Driven by Structural Similarity and Biological Homology.

Secondary metabolites that have the same biological origin must share some relationship in their biosynthesis. Exploring this relationship has always been a significant task for synthetic biologists. However, from the perspective of synthetic chemists, it is equally important to propose, prove, or refute potential biosynthetic pathways in order to elucidate and understand the biosynthesis of homologous secondary metabolites. In this study, driven by the high structural similarity between the homologous Ganoderma meroterpenoids cochlearol B and ganocin B, two chemically synthetic strategies were designed and investigated sequentially for the synthesis of cochlearol B from ganocin B. These strategies include intramolecular metal-catalyzed hydrogen atom transfer (MHAT) and intramolecular photochemical [2+2] cycloaddition. The aim was to reveal their potential biosynthetic conversion relationship using chemical synthesis methods. As a result, a highly efficient total synthesis of cochlearol B, cochlearol T, cochlearol F, as well as the formal total synthesis of ganocins A-B, and ganocochlearins C-D, has been achieved. Additionally, a novel synthetic approach for the synthesis of 6,6-disubstituted 6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran and its analogues has been developed through palladium(II)-catalyzed Wacker-type/cross-coupling cascade reactions.

Bond Trading: Intramolecular Metal and Ligand Exchange within a NO/Ni/Co Complex.

With the goal of generating hetero-redox levels on metals as well as on nitric oxide (NO), metallodithiolate (N2 S2 )CoIII (NO- ), N2 S2 = N,N- dibenzyl-3,7-diazanonane-1,9-dithiolate, is introduced as ligand to a well-characterized labile [Ni0 (NO)+ ] synthon. The reaction between [Ni0 (NO+ )] and [CoIII (NO- )] has led to a remarkable electronic and ligand redistribution to form a heterobimetallic dinitrosyl cobalt [(N2 S2 )NiII ∙Co(NO)2 ]+ complex with formal two electron oxidation state switches concomitant with the nickel extraction or transfer as NiII into the N2 S2 ligand binding site. To date, this is the first reported heterobimetallic cobalt dinitrosyl complex.

The case of [(bpm)Re(CO)3Br] and anti-[Br(CO)3Re(μ-bpm)Re(CO)3Br] (bpm: 2,2′-bipyrimidine) towards multi-metallic ReI species and their properties

The reaction of [Re(CO)3(THF)Br]2 and 2,2′-bipyrimidine (bpm) in dichloromethane at room temperature employing a stoichiometric 2:1 ratio leads to a mixture of [(bpm)Re(CO)3Br] (21%) and anti-[Br(CO)3Re(μ-bpm)Re(CO)3Br] (79%). When a 1:1 ratio is used, only anti-[Br(CO)3Re(μ-bpm)Re(CO)3Br] is obtained in a 89% yield. The reaction of [Re(CO)5Br] and (bpm) leads to [(bpm)Re(CO)3Br] as a single product. [(bpm)Re(CO)3Br] and anti-[Br(CO)3Re(μ-bpm)Re(CO)3Br] display one and two rhenium(I) centers of distorted octahedral coordination geometry respectively, each with a facial ligand correlation. The intramolecular metal to metal distance is 5.8508(16) Å in anti-[Br(CO)3Re(μ-bpm)Re(CO)3Br]. The HOMO-LUMO gap for [(bpm)Re(CO)3Br] results 0.74 eV larger (3.03 vs 2.29 eV) than the computed for anti-[Br(CO)3Re(μ-bpm)Re(CO)3Br]. In the same sense, the anti-isomer is computed to be 0.14 eV (13.4 kJ mol−1) more stable compared to the hypothetical syn-[Br(CO)3Re(μ-bpm)Re(CO)3Br]. Cyclic voltammetry shows that the difference between the ReI/Re0 reduction and its ReI/ReII oxidation in terms of potential is about 3.46 V for [(bpm)Re(CO)3Br], while this value diminishes to 2.62 V for anti-[Br(CO)3Re(μ-bpm)Re(CO)3Br]. Following this tendency, the MLCT band for [(bpm)Re(CO)3Br] is centered at 385 nm (DMF), while it is red-shifted almost 100 nm for anti-[Br(CO)3Re(μ-bpm)Re(CO)3Br]. While [(bpm)Re(CO)3Br] emits at 680 nm (excited at 380 nm), anti-[Br(CO)3Re(μ-bpm)Re(CO)3Br] remains non-emissive, which is attributed to a favored vibrational deactivation path.

Mono- and Binuclear Copper(II) and Nickel(II) Complexes with the 3,6-Bis(picolylamino)-1,2,4,5-Tetrazine Ligand.

Four new compounds of formulas [Cu(hfac)2(L)] (1), [Ni(hfac)2(L)] (2), [{Cu(hfac)2}2(µ-L)]·2CH3OH (3) and [{Ni(hfac)2}2(µ-L)]·2CH3CN (4) [Hhfac = hexafluoroacetylacetone and L = 3,6-bis(picolylamino)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine] have been prepared and their structures determined by X-ray diffraction on single crystals. Compounds 1 and 2 are isostructural mononuclear complexes where the metal ions [copper(II) (1) and nickel(II) (2)] are six-coordinated in distorted octahedral MN2O4 surroundings which are built by two bidentate hfac ligands plus another bidentate L molecule. This last ligand coordinates to the metal ions through the nitrogen atoms of the picolylamine fragment. Compounds 3 and 4 are centrosymmetric homodinuclear compounds where two bidentate hfac units are the bidentate capping ligands at each metal center and a bis-bidentate L molecule acts as a bridge. The values of the intramolecular metal···metal separation are 7.97 (3) and 7.82 Å (4). Static (dc) magnetic susceptibility measurements were carried out for polycrystalline samples 1–4 in the temperature range 1.9–300 K. Curie law behaviors were observed for 1 and 2, the downturn of χMT in the low temperature region for 2 being due to the zero-field splitting of the nickel(II) ion. Very weak [J = −0.247(2) cm−1] and relatively weak intramolecular antiferromagnetic interactions [J = −4.86(2) cm−1] occurred in 3 and 4, respectively (the spin Hamiltonian being defined as H = −JS1·S2). Simple symmetry considerations about the overlap between the magnetic orbitals across the extended bis-bidentate L bridge in 3 and 4 account for their magnetic properties.

Dirhodium(II)‐Catalyzed Cyclopropanation of Alkyne‐Containing α‐Diazoacetates for the Synthesis of Cycloalkynes

AbstractAn efficient dirhodium(II)‐catalyzed macrocyclization reaction of alkyne‐containing diazoacetates through intramolecular metal carbene cyclopropanation is described. This method provides a variety of 12‐ to 22‐membered macrocyclic alkynes, which incorporate ortho‐aryl, cyclopropane, and cyclopropene units, in good to excellent yields under mild reaction conditions.magnified image

Preparation of metallosupramolecular single-chain polymeric nanoparticles and their characterization by Taylor dispersion

Polymers with pendant ligands furnish single-chain polymeric nanoparticles upon intramolecular metal–ligand complex formation with different metal-ions and Taylor dispersion analysis is employed to reliably characterize the dispersed particles.

Intramolecular Metal⋅⋅⋅π-Arene Interactions in Neutral and Cationic Main Group Compounds.

The role of intramolecular metal⋅⋅⋅π-arene interactions has been investigated in the solid-state structures of a series of main group compounds supported by the bulky amide ligands, [N(tBu Ar≠ )(SiR3 )]- (tBu Ar≠ =2,6-(CHPh2 )2 -4-tBuC6 H2 , R=Me, Ph). The lithium and potassium amide salts showed different patterns of solvation and demonstrated that the SiPh3 substituent is able to be involved in stabilizing the electrophilic metal. These group 1 metal compounds served as ligand transfer reagents to access a series of bismuth(III) halides. Chloride extraction from Bi(N{tBu Ar≠ }{SiPh3 })Cl2 using AlCl3 afforded the 1:1 salt [Bi(N{tBu Ar≠ }{SiPh3 })Cl][AlCl4 ]. This was accompanied by a significant rearrangement of the stabilizing π-arene contacts in the solid-state. Attempted preparation of the corresponding tetraphenylborate salt resulted in phenyl-transfer and generation of the neutral Bi(N{tBu Ar≠ }{SiPh3 })(Ph)Cl.

Pentadienyl migration and abstraction in yttrium aluminabenzene complexes including a single-component catalyst for isoprene polymerization

Aluminabenzene complex [(1-Me-3,5-tBu2-C5H3Al)(μ-Me)Y(2,4-dtbp)] (2,4-dtbp = 2,4-di-tert-butylpentadienyl) reacts with LiN(SiHMe2)2 according to a methyl/silylamido exchange and formation of [(1-Me-3,5-tBu2-C5H3Al){μ-N(SiHMe2)2}Ln(2,4-dtbp)] which engages in a donor(THF)-dependent reversible Ln-to-Al-pentadienyl migration. The reaction of [(1-Me-3,5-tBu2-C5H3Al)(μ-Me)Y(2,4-dtbp)] with [CPh3][B(C6F5)4] results in pentadienyl group abstraction affording cationic complex [(1-Me-3,5-tBu2-C5H3Al)(μ-Me)Y(benzene)][B(C6F5)4] which acts as a single-component catalyst in isoprene polymerization.

Intramolecular Metal Exchange Reaction Promoted by Thiol Ligands.

The synthesis of an alloy nanocluster that is atomically precise is the key to understanding the metal synergy effect at the atomic level. Using the Ag2Au25(SR)18 nanocluster as a model, we reported a third approach for the metal exchange reaction, that is, intramolecular metal exchange. The surface adsorbed metal ions (i.e., Ag) can be exchanged with the kernel metal atoms (i.e., Au) that are promoted by thiol ligands. The exchanged gold atoms can be further stripped by the thiol ligands, and produce the AgxAu25−x(SR)18− nanocluster.

Intramolecular metal-ligand electron transfer triggered by co-ligand substitution.

The possibility of directed stimulation of intramolecular electron transfer between a metal and a redox-active ligand in a molecular coordination compound is the key to its application in molecular catalysis and other research themes. Although the stimulation by a substitution reaction of the co-ligands is often postulated as key step in catalytic cycles using redox-active ligands as electron reservoirs, there are only a few explicit examples for such reactions. Herein we report the synthesis of the first dicationic and dinuclear CuI complexes featuring the oxidized form of a redox-active tetrakisguanidine ligand (1,2,4,5-tetrakis(tetramethylguanidino)benzene 1) as a bridging ligand and two neutral co-ligands L (acetonitrile or pyridine), [1{Cu(Cl)L}2]2+. An intramolecular electron transfer between the copper atom and the tetrakisguanidine ligand 1, leading to a dinuclear CuII complex with the reduced form of the tetrakisguanidine ligand 1, is triggered by substitution of the neutral co-ligands L.

The amplified electrochemiluminescence response signal promoted by the Ir(iii)-containing polymer complex.

A novel Ir(iii)-containing polymer complex (P2) as an electrochemiluminescence (ECL) emitter was prepared by the coordination reaction of the N-containing bidentate ligand (-CH[double bond, length as m-dash]N-CH2-CH2-N[double bond, length as m-dash]CH-) in the conjugated polymer P1 with [Ir2(2-ppy)4(μ-Cl)2] (M3). Despite a rather low Ir(iii) content in P2, it can emit a greatly enhanced ECL signal compared with its polymer ligand P1 and the Ir(iii) model complex using TPrA as a co-reactant in CH3CN solution due to the effective intramolecular metal-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) from the Ir(iii)-complex centre to the polymer backbone.

N-Cobaltocenium Amide as Reactive Nucleophilic Reagent for Donor–Acceptor Bimetallocenes

Deprotonation of the aminocobaltocenium ion [Cc-NH2]+ ([H-1]+) generates the nucleophilic imine CcNH (1). Reaction of 1 with acid chlorides R–COCl (R = Ph, Fc, and Cc+) yields the reference amide [Ph-CO-NH-Cc]+ (2+) and the amide-linked hetero- and homobimetallocenes [Fc-CO-NH-Cc]+ (3+) and [Cc-CO-NH-Cc]2+ (42+), respectively. Cation–anion interactions of charged amides 2+–42+ in the solid state and in solution are probed by single crystal X-ray diffraction and NMR and IR spectroscopy. Intramolecular metal–metal interactions in donor–acceptor heterobimetallocene 3+ and in mixed-valent homobimetallocene 4+ (prepared electrochemically) are discussed within the Marcus–Hush framework aided by spectroelectrochemical experiments and time-dependent density functional theory calculations.

Synergistic cytotoxicity caused by forming a complex of copper and 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline in cultured vascular endothelial cells.

Organic-inorganic hybrid molecules, which are composed of organic-ligand(s) and metal(s), are indispensable as synthetic reagents in chemistry, but they have made very little in the way of contributions to biological research. Previously, we reported that the cytotoxicity of organic-inorganic hybrid molecules in vascular endothelial cells depends on interactions between the intramolecular metal and ligand, but remains independent of the hydrophobicity of the intramolecular metal(s). Herein, we show a synergistic cytotoxicity produced by forming a complex of copper and 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline in vascular endothelial cells that depends on the intracellular accumulation of copper.

Hg(ii) and Pd(ii) complexes with a new selenoether bridged biscarbene ligand: efficient mono- and bis-arylation of methyl acrylate with a pincer biscarbene Pd(ii) precatalyst.

Two equivalents of 1-benzyl-3-bromoethylbenzimidazolium bromide couple with Na2Se to produce the first selenoether bridged bis-benzimidazolium salt (LH2)Br2. The nitrate (LH2)(NO3)2 and tetrafluoroborate (LH2)(BF4)2 salts were also synthesized from (LH2)Br2. The reaction of Hg(OAc)2 with (LH2)Br2 gave the first pseudo pincer carbene mercury complex, [Hg(L-κ2C)][HgBr4] (C1). Different complexes of Pd(ii) with selenoether bridged carbene were obtained using (LH2)Br2 and (LH2)(NO3)2. Syntheses of these complexes were dependent on the counter anion and the temperature. Thus, the pincer type ionic complex [PdBr(L-κ3CSeC)]Br (C2) was isolated at 80 °C and the pseudo pincer type neutral complex cis-[PdBr2(L-κ2C)] (C3) was isolated at room temperature from (LH2)Br2 and Pd(OAc)2 in DMSO. The nitrate precursor (LH2)(NO3)2 on palladation with Pd(OAc)2 afforded [Pd(L-κ4CBzCSeC)]NO3 (C4) showing an unprecedented intramolecular metallation at the ortho position of the benzyl wingtip of the benzimidazole moiety. The ligand salts and metal complexes have been characterized using HRMS, heteronuclear NMR and IR spectroscopy. Single crystal X-ray structures of the ligand salts (LH2)Br2 and (LH2)(BF4)2 and complexes C1-C4 have also been elucidated. Complex C2 showed good activity for C-C coupling in the mono-Heck reaction of methyl acrylate and arylbromides. Interestingly, the less common bis-arylation was also observed with deactivated arylbromides as the result of double-Heck coupling.

Structural and functional characterization of a cold adapted TPM-domain with ATPase/ADPase activity.

The Pfam PF04536 TPM_phosphatase family is a broadly conserved family of domains found across prokaryotes, plants and invertebrates. Despite having a similar protein fold, members of this family have been implicated in diverse cellular processes and found in varied subcellular localizations. Very recently, the biochemical characterization of two evolutionary divergent TPM domains has shown that they are able to hydrolyze phosphate groups from different substrates. However, there are still incorrect functional annotations and uncertain relationships between the structure and function of this family of domains. BA41 is an uncharacterized single-pass transmembrane protein from the Antarctic psychrotolerant bacterium Bizionia argentinensis with a predicted compact extracytoplasmic TPM domain and a C-terminal cytoplasmic low complexity region. To shed light on the structural properties that enable TPM domains to adopt divergent roles, we here accomplish a comprehensive structural and functional characterization of the central TPM domain of BA41 (BA41-TPM). Contrary to its predicted function as a beta-propeller methanol dehydrogenase, light scattering and crystallographic studies showed that BA41-TPM behaves as a globular monomeric protein and adopts a conserved Rossmann fold, typically observed in other TPM domain structures. Although the crystal structure reveals the conservation of residues involved in substrate binding, no putative catalytic or intramolecular metal ions were detected. Most important, however, extensive biochemical studies demonstrated that BA41-TPM has hydrolase activity against ADP, ATP, and other di- and triphosphate nucleotides and shares properties of cold-adapted enzymes. The role of BA41 in extracellular ATP-mediated signaling pathways and its occurrence in environmental and pathogenic microorganisms is discussed.

Gold-Catalyzed Direct Assembly of Aryl-Annulated Carbazoles from 2-Alkynyl Arylazides and Alkynes.

An unprecedented gold-catalyzed synthetic method for the direct assembly of aryl-annulated carbazoles from 2-alkynyl arylazides and alkynes is described. The reaction is proposed to proceed via a sequential cyclopropenation and intramolecular metal carbene/arene Friedel-Crafts-type reaction, respectively, mediated by two gold carbene intermediates.

A Binuclear 1,1'-Bis(boratabenzene) Complex: Unprecedented Intramolecular Metal-Metal Communication through a B-B Bond.

We report the synthesis of the first 1,1'-bis(boratabenzene) species by tetrabromodiborane(4)-induced ring-expansion reactions of cobaltocene. Six equivalents of cobaltocene are required as the species plays the dual role of reagent and reductant to yield [{(η(5) -C5 H5 )Co}2 {μ:η(6) ,η(6) -(BC5 H5 )2 }]. The formally dianionic bis(boratabenzene) moiety with a boron-boron single bond can be viewed as a symmetric dimer of the parent boratabenzene anion as well as the first example of a diboron analogue of biphenyl. The solution electrochemistry of the bimetallic complex shows four stepwise redox events, indicating significant intramolecular interaction between the cobalt ions across the 1,1'-bis(boratabenzene) unit. The magnetic properties, as investigated by variable-temperature SQUID magnetometry, reveal weak intramolecular antiferromagnetic interactions. Density functional theory calculations support the experimental results and add insight into the various electronic states of the complex.

Copper(II) coordination compounds with sterically constraining pyrenyl nitronyl nitroxide and imino nitroxide

2-(1′-Pyrenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole-3-oxide-1-oxyl (PyrNN) and 2-(1′-pyrenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole-1-oxyl (PyrIN) form pentacoordinate metal–radical complexes with Cu(hfac)2: [Cu(hfac)2PyrNN] and [Cu(hfac)2PyrIN], 1 and 2, respectively. In 1, one aminoxyl unit of PyrNN coordinates to Cu(II) in a distorted square pyramidal environment. In 2, an unusual example of monodentate Cu–N coordination of the imino nitroxide, PyrIN, gives an environment intermediate between square pyramidal and trigonal bipyramid. Both complexes show novel close contacts of the pyrene π-electron cloud with the Cu(II) ion. Compound 1 has a particularly short Cu–O(N) bond of 1.948Å, giving strong intramolecular antiferromagnetic (AFM) spin-pairing and an absence of significant paramagnetic susceptibility response. The magnetic behavior of compound 2 indicates copper–radical intramolecular ferromagnetic exchange of 2J=151cm−1, and intermolecular AFM spin pairing of 2J=−220cm−1 due to close antiparallel contacts between non-coordinated N–O units. EPR spectra for both complexes are silent at 293 and 77K. UB97D/6-31G(d) computations find strong antiferromagnetic (2J=−213cm−1) and ferromagnetic (2J=610cm−1) intramolecular metal–radical exchange in 1 and 2, respectively in agreement with experimental results.

Toxicology of organic-inorganic hybrid molecules: bio-organometallics and its toxicology.

Bio-organometallics is a research strategy of biology that uses organic-inorganic hybrid molecules. The molecules are expected to exhibit useful bioactivities based on the unique structure formed by interaction between the organic structure and intramolecular metal(s). However, studies on both biology and toxicology of organic-inorganic hybrid molecules have been incompletely performed. There can be two types of toxicological studies of bio-organometallics; one is evaluation of organic-inorganic hybrid molecules and the other is analysis of biological systems from the viewpoint of toxicology using organic-inorganic hybrid molecules. Our recent studies indicate that cytotoxicity of hybrid molecules containing a metal that is nontoxic in inorganic forms can be more toxic than that of hybrid molecules containing a metal that is toxic in inorganic forms when the structure of the ligand is the same. Additionally, it was revealed that organic-inorganic hybrid molecules are useful for analysis of biological systems important for understanding the toxicity of chemical compounds including heavy metals.

1-(2-biphenyl)-3-methyltriazenide-N-oxide as a template for intramolecular copper(II)⋯arene-π interactions

Deprotonated triazene N-oxides are able to chelate metal ions resulting in five-membered rings without carbon atoms. A new ligand 1-(2-biphenyl)-3-methyltriazenide-N-oxide (1) and its mononuclear Cu(II) complex (2) were synthesized to verify the capability of this ligand to promote Cu(II)⋯arene-π interactions. Ligand 1 and complex 2 have been characterized by elemental analysis, mass spectrometry (ESI(+)-TOF), IR, and UV–Vis spectroscopy. In addition, ligand 1 was characterized by 1H and 13C NMR and complex 2 by X-ray diffraction on single crystal. The crystal structure of complex 2 reveals a distorted tetrahedral geometry of Cu(II) in the first coordination sphere, which expands to a distorted octahedral environment by two symmetrically independent intramolecular metal⋯arene-π interactions. These interactions are provided by ortho-phenyl rings of both triazene N-oxide ligands 1. The aim of this work was to contribute to the architecture of new Cu(II)⋯arene-π complexes based on the synthesis of appropriated ligand for intramolecular interactions