Excited State Intramolecular Charge Transfer Research Articles

Excited state charge transfer reaction in (mixed solvent + electrolyte) systems: Role of reactant–solvent and reactant–ion interactions

Fluorescence spectroscopic techniques have been used to study the excited state intramolecular charge transfer reaction of 4-(1-azetidinyl)benzonitrile (P4C) in two sets of mixed solvents, (1-propanol + ethyl acetate) and (propylene carbonate + acetonitrile), in the absence and presence of a strong electrolyte, lithium perchlorate. These two sets of mixed solvent systems represent binary solvent mixtures of low and high polarities, respectively. Density, sound velocity and viscosity measurements indicate that these two mixed solvent systems are structurally different. Stronger ion-reactant interaction is evidenced in the mole fraction independence of emission frequencies in electrolyte solutions of low polar binary solvent mixtures. For both these mixtures, the reaction driving force (− ΔG r ) decreases with increase in mole fraction of the relatively less polar solvent component of the mixture. Interestingly, − ΔG r increases significantly on addition of electrolyte in low polar mixtures and exhibits mixture composition dependence but, in contrast, − ΔG r in high polar mixtures does not sense variation in mixture composition in presence of electrolyte. This insensitivity to mixture composition for high polar mixtures is also observed for the measured reaction time constant. In addition, the reaction time constant does not sense the presence of electrolyte in the high polar solvent mixtures. The reaction time constant in low polar mixtures, which becomes faster on addition of electrolyte, lengthens on increasing the mole fraction of the relatively less polar solvent component of the mixture. These observations have been qualitatively explained in terms of the measured solvent reorganization energy and reaction driving force by using expressions from the classical theory of electron transfer reaction.

Development of fluorescent FeIII sensor based on chalcone

In this paper, 4-dimethylamino 2,5-dihydroxy chalcone (DMADHC), which exhibits excited state intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) characteristics, was synthesized and characterized. A sensitive optochemical sensor for Fe 3+ ion was developed using DMADHC as fluorescence receptor. The fluorescence of DMADHC was gradually quenched with the addition of Fe 3+ ion, which attributed to the formation of 1:1 complex between DMADHC and Fe 3+ ion. The sensor exhibited excellent selectivity for Fe 3+ ion over a large number of cation ions such as alkali, alkaline earth and transitional metal ions with a linear range of 3.984×10 −7–1.135×10 −5 and a limit of detection of 8.223×10 −8 mol/L. On this basis, the sensor was preliminary applied to the determination of the content of iron ions in multi-vitamin tablet with satisfied results and the recoveries were in the 95–100% interval, and precision ( n=5) was better than 5%.

Spectroscopic Properties of Quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside and Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside in Aerosol-OT Reverse Micelles

The anomalous spectroscopic properties of quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside (QCRM) and quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (QCRT) in AOT reverse micelle were studied. The excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) occurs through the strong hydrogen bond between the -OH at position 5 and the carbonyl oxygen. Because the ESIPT can only happens in the <TEX>$S_1$</TEX> state and the Franck-Condon factor involved in the <TEX>$S_2\;{\rightarrow}\;S_1$</TEX> internal conversion is small, the <TEX>$S_2\;{\rightarrow}\;S_o$</TEX> emission alone appears. Because the molecular planarity is improved at the interior of the micelle, the excited state intramolecular charge transfer in the <TEX>$S_1$</TEX> state is extended, and the excited state is more tolerable for any quenching effects in the micelle. Therefore, an <TEX>$S_1\;{\rightarrow}\;S_o$</TEX> emission was newly discovered under this micelle microenvironment. For the <TEX>$S_2\;{\rightarrow}\;S_o$</TEX> emission, the quantum yields increase but the quantum yield of the <TEX>$S_1\;{\rightarrow}\;S_o$</TEX> emission approximately decreases as the water concentration in the micelle increases.

Donor-acceptor substituted phenylethynyltriphenylenes - excited state intramolecular charge transfer, solvatochromic absorption and fluorescence emission.

Several 2-(phenylethynyl)triphenylene derivatives bearing electron donor and acceptor substituents on the phenyl rings have been synthesized. The absorption and fluorescence emission properties of these molecules have been studied in solvents of different polarity. For a given derivative, solvent polarity had minimal effect on the absorption maxima. However, for a given solvent the absorption maxima red shifted with increasing conjugation of the substituent. The fluorescence emission of these derivatives was very sensitive to solvent polarity. In the presence of strongly electron withdrawing (–CN) and strongly electron donating (–NMe2) substituents large Stokes shifts (up to 130 nm, 7828 cm−1) were observed in DMSO. In the presence of carbonyl substituents (–COMe and –COPh), the largest Stokes shift (140 nm, 8163 cm−1) was observed in ethanol. Linear correlation was observed for the Stokes shifts in a Lippert–Mataga plot. Linear correlation of Stokes shift was also observed with ET(30) scale for protic and aprotic solvents but with different slopes. These results indicate that the fluorescence emission arises from excited state intramolecular charge transfer in these molecules where the triphenylene chromophore acts either as a donor or as an acceptor depending upon the nature of the substituent on the phenyl ring. HOMO–LUMO energy gaps have been estimated from the electrochemical and spectral data for these derivatives. The HOMO and LUMO surfaces were obtained from DFT calculations.

Local Viscosity Analysis of Triblock Copolymer Micelle with Cyanine Dyes as a Fluorescent Probe

The local viscosity of Pluronic F127 triblock copolymer micelles in water was determined with cyanine dyes as fluorescent probes. These dyes show very weak fluorescence at a low temperature, but show enhanced fluorescence at a temperature higher than the critical micellization temperature (T(cm)). This is because a viscous environment within the micelle suppresses the formation of a nonradiative twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) excited state of the dyes. The good correlation between the fluorescence quantum yields of the dyes and the viscosity and the temperature of the media allows a determination of local viscosity of micelle based on the fluorescence quantum yields. The local viscosity of both core and corona regions of micelles increases at >T(cm) and shows a maximum at a temperature 7-9 °C higher than T(cm), and decreases at higher temperature due to the increased fluidity. The core viscosity is larger than that of the corona, and the corona viscosity increases toward the micelle center. The polymer concentration has different effects on the core and corona viscosity: the corona viscosity increases with a polymer concentration increase at the entire temperature range, whereas the core viscosity increases only at a low temperature. The corona viscosity increase is due to the condensation of a large number of polyethylene oxide (PEO) blocks. In contrast, the dehydration degree of polypropylene oxide (PPO) blocks in the core scarcely changes, and the core has a similar composition regardless of polymer concentration. The larger polymer concentration promotes a micelle formation at lower temperature where the fluidity increase is very weak, resulting in larger core viscosity.

Ultrafast S1 and ICT state dynamics of a marine carotenoid probed by femtosecond one- and two-photon pump-probe spectroscopy

Ultrafast relaxation kinetics of fucoxanthin in polar and non-polar solvents have been studied by femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy. Transient absorption associated with S1 or intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) excited state has been observed following either one-photon excitation to the optically allowed S2 state or two-photon excitation to the symmetry-forbidden S1 state. The results suggest that the ICT state formed after excitation of fucoxanthin in a polar solvent is a distinct excited state from S1.

ChemInform Abstract: Intramolecular Charge Transfer and Thermal Exciplex Dissociation with p-Aminobenzonitriles in Toluene.

The rate constants of the reversible intramolecular excited-state charge-transfer (CT) reaction of 4-(dimethylamino)benzonitrile (DMABN;I) in toluene were determined as a function of temperature, from double-exponential fluorescence decays measured by time-correlated single-photon counting. The same decay times were found for the locally excited (LE) and the CT state, as shown by global analysis. For the CT state, the stabilization enthalpy {Delta}H ({minus}6 kJ mol{sup {minus}1}) and the change in entropy {Delta}S ({minus}24 J K{sup {minus}1} M{sup {minus}1}) were determined. A correlation of the charge-transfer time of DMABN with the longitudinal dielectric relaxation time was not observed. The presence of dimers or solute/solvent complexes in the ground state was excluded by {sup 1}H NMR experiments. A reversible excited-state reaction was shown to occur in toluene for the planar molecules 1-methyl-5-cyanoindoline (NMCI; II) and 1-methyl-6-cyano-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline (NMCQ;III) as well as for 3,5-dimethyl-4-(dimethylamino)benzonitrile (DMADBN;IV), based on the wavelength dependence of the double-exponential fluorescence decays. Such a dependence was not found for N-methyl-4-aminobenzonitrile (MABN; IH), 4-aminobenzonitrile (ABN; IHH), and 3,5-dimethyl-4-aminobenzonitrile (ADBN; IVHH), which is attributed to an increase in energy of the CT state relative to the LE state in these secondary and primary aromatic amines.

Excited state intramolecular charge transfer reaction of 4-(morpholenyl) benzonitrile in solution: Effects of hetero atom in the donor moiety

An intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) molecule with an extra hetero atom in its donor moiety has been synthesized in order to investigate how ICT reaction is affected by hetero atom replacement. Photo-physical and photo-dynamical properties of this molecule, 4-(morpholenyl)benzonitrile (M6C), have been studied in 20 different solvents. The correlation between the reaction driving force (−ΔG r ) and activation barrier (ΔG #) has been explored in order to understand the solvent effects (static and dynamic) on the photo-excited ICT reaction in this molecule. A Kramer’s model analysis of the experimentally observed reaction rate constants indicates a solvent-averaged activation barrier of ∼4 k B T in the absence of solvent dynamical control. The reaction in M6C is therefore not a barrier-less reaction but close to the limit where conventional kinetics might break down.

Excited State Intramolecular Proton Transfer of New Diphenyl‐ ethylene Derivatives Bearing Imino Group: A Combination of Experimental and Theoretical Investigation

AbstractIn this paper, we described the synthesis and characterization of new diphenylethylene bearing imino group. We concentrated particularly on the investigation of the possibility of the excited state intramolecular charge transfer (ESIPT) of the new dyes experimentally and theoretically. The absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy of the dyes were determined in various solvents. The results showed that the maximal absorption wavelength of 2‐[(4′‐N,N‐dimethylamino‐diphenylethylene‐4‐ylimino)methyl]phenol (C1) and 4‐[(4′‐N,N‐dimethylamino‐diphenylethylene‐4‐ylimino)methyl]phenol (C2) exhibited almost independence on the solvent polarity. While as contrast, the maximal fluorescence wavelength of the dyes showed somewhat dependence on the solvent polarity. In particular, C1 displayed well‐separated dual fluorescence spectroscopy. The second fluorescence peak was characterized with an "abnormal" fluorescence emission wavelength in aprotic solvents with large Stokes shift (ca. 140 nm in THF), which was much more than normal Stokes shift (ca. 30 nm in THF). This emission spectroscopy could be assigned to ESIPT emission. On the other hand, the ESIPT fluorescence of C1 was much reduced or lost in the protic solvents. While, only normal fluorescence emission was detected in various solvents. Although the absorption maxima of C1 exhibited about 10 nm red‐shift with respect to those of C2, the normal fluorescence maxima of C1 and C2 were almost identical in various solvents. These results suggested that C1 could undergo ESIPT, but C2 was not able to proceed ESIPT. The molecular geometry optimization of phototautomers in the ground electronic state (S0) was carried out with HF method (Hartree‐Fock) and at DFT level (Density Functional Theory) using B3LYP both, while the CIS was employed to optimize the geometries of the first singlet excited state (S1) of the phototautomers of C1 and C2 respectively. The properties of the ground state and the excited state of the phototautomers of C1 and C2, including the geometrical parameter, the energy, the frontier orbits, the Mulliken charge and the dipole moment change were performed and compared completely. The data were analyzed further based on our experimental results. Furthermore, the absorption and fluorescence spectra were calculated in theory and compared with the measured ones. The rate constant of internal proton transfer (9.831×1011 s−1) of C1 was much lower than that of salicylidene methylamine (C3, 2.045×1015 s−1), which was a typical Schiff base compound and was well demonstrated to undergo ESIPT easily under photoexcitation.

Photophysical Properties of Intramolecular Charge Transfer in Two Newly Synthesized Tribranched Donor−π−Acceptor Chromophores

The nature of optical excitation and the degree of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) as well as the dynamics of excited ICT states of two new tribranched donor-pi-acceptor molecules with acceptor-terminated (DA(3)) and acceptor-centered (AD(3)) geometries have been investigated by steady-state and femtosecond time-resolved stimulated emission fluorescence depletion (FS TR-SEP FD) measurements in different polar solvents. The interpretation of the experimental results is based on the comparative investigation of the two D-pi-A compounds with respect to the model monomer counterpart (DA). The larger solvatochromic effects and stronger solvent dependence of spectral properties of DA(3) than that of AD(3) indicate that the excited ICT state of DA(3) possesses higher polarity and larger dipole moments compared to those of AD(3). The similarity of absorption and strong solvent-dependent fluorescence spectra of DA(3) and DA reveals that the excited-state properties of DA(3) are identical to that of the model DA, which localized on one of the branches in DA(3). In contrast to DA(3), the large red shift in the absorption and the small Stokes shift of AD(3) suggest the formation of a delocalized ICT state to a certain extent in the excited state of AD(3). The dynamic behavior of excited ICT states for all three compounds are also investigated by femtosecond time-resolved stimulated emission depletion (FS TR-SEP FD) measurements, where the excited-state relaxations are highly dependent on both solvent polarity and the polar degree of the excited ICT states. Furthermore, the steady-state fluorescence excitation anisotropy shows that the intramolecular excitation transfer among the three disorder-induced localized ICT states with nondegenerate transition dipole moments is involved within DA(3). Compared to DA(3), a substantial red shift in the absorption of AD(3) results from the formation of a delocalized ICT state, where the specific excitation anisotropy spectrum shows that the excitation energy is mainly redistributed between the localized ICT state and the delocalized ICT state.

Evidence for excited state intramolecular charge transfer reaction in donor–acceptor molecule 5-(4-dimethylamino-phenyl)-penta-2,4-dienoic acid methyl ester: Experimental and quantum chemical approach

Intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) reaction has been investigated in 5-(4-dimethylamino-phenyl)-penta-2,4-dienoic acid methyl ester (DPDAME) using spectroscopic techniques. The molecule DPDAME shows local emission in non-polar solvent and dual emission in polar solvents. Solvatochromic effects on the Stokes shifted emission band clearly demonstrate the charge transfer character of the excited state. Quantum chemical calculations have been performed at Hartree–Fock (HF) and density functional theoretical (DFT) levels to correlate the experimental findings. Potential energy curves (PECs) for the ICT reaction have been evaluated along the donor twist angle at DFT and time dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) levels for the ground and excited states, respectively, using B3LYP hybrid functional and 6-31G ⁎ ⁎ basis set. The solvent effects on the spectral properties have been explored theoretically at the same level with time dependent density functional theory-polarized continuum model (TDDFT-PCM) and the theoretical results are found to well substantiate the solvent polarity dependent Stokes shifted emission of DPDAME. Huge enhancement of dipole moment (Δ μ=16.42 D) of the molecule following photoexcitation dictates the highly polar character of the excited state. Although elucidation of PECs does not exactly predict the operation of ICT according to twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) model in DPDAME, lowering of vertical transition energy as a function of the donor twist coordinate scripts the occurrence of red shifted emission as observed experimentally.

Fluorescence study of tetracaine–cyclodextrin inclusion complexes

The steady-state fluorescence emission from the local anaesthetic tetracaine (TCA) in water–solvent mixtures and in the presence of α-, β- and γ-cyclodextrin (CD) was investigated at various pH values. Emission was observed from the locally and the intramolecular charge transfer excited states. The TCA–CD system was found to be characterised by 1:1 associate in every case. The association constants of each complex were determined.

Time‐dependent density functional theory study on the hydrogen bonding‐induced twisted intramolecular charge‐transfer excited states of 2‐(4′‐N,N‐dimethylaminophenyl)imidazo[4,5‐b]pyridine

In this work, the time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) method was carried out to investigate the hydrogen-bonded intramolecular charge-transfer excited state of 2-(4'-N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (DMAPIP) in methanol (MeOH) solvent. All the geometric conformations of the ground state and locally excited (LE) state and the twisted intramolecular charge-transfer (TICT) state for isolated DMAPIP and its hydrogen-bonded complexes have been optimized. At the same time, the absorption and fluorescence spectra of DMAPIP and the hydrogen-bonded complexes in different electronic states are also calculated. We theoretically demonstrated for the first time that the intermolecular hydrogen bond formed between DMAPIP and MeOH can induce the formation of the TICT state for DMAPIP in MeOH solvent. Therefore, the two components at 414 and 506 nm observed in the fluorescence spectra of DMAPIP in MeOH solvent were reassigned in this work. The fluorescence peak at 414 nm is confirmed to be the LE state. Furthermore, the red-shifted shoulder at 506 nm should be originated from the hydrogen-bonded TICT excited state.

PH-Controlled twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) excited state via changing the charge transfer direction

In this work, a new model compound, the twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) excited state of Milrinone (MIR), has been theoretically presented. MIR exists in different tautomeric and ionic forms in aqueous solution with different pH values. The TICT excited state properties for various forms of MIR are demonstrated to be significantly different and controlled by the pH values of MIR in aqueous solution.

Fluorescent probe studies of micropolarity, premicellar and micellar aggregation of non-ionic Brij surfactants

The dipolar nature of trans-2-[4-(dimethylamino)styryl]benzothiazole (DMASBT) in its twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) excited state makes it useful as a surface probe for phenomena such as premicellar and micellar aggregation of non-ionic Brij surfactants. The process of micellization of Brij 35, Brij 58, Brij 78, and Brij 98 through the formation of smaller premicellar aggregates results in a progressive change in the nature of the DMASBT molecule and its location in the aggregates, reflecting the changes in its photophysical properties, which have been studied using steady-state fluorescence, fluorescence anisotropy, and time-correlated single-photon counting measurements. The microenvironment polarity around the DMASBT probe in the micellar phase is greater than that in corresponding premicellar phases. The orders of premicellar as well as micellar concentrations are Brij 35 > Brij 58 > Brij 98 > Brij 78. The lower fluorescence anisotropies observed in the case of Brij 78 aggregates compared to those in other Brijs studied could be due to the accessibility of a nonrigid environment as a result of a folded conformation of a part of the nonpolar long chain of surfactant molecules near the core of aggregates. Three different locations of DMASBT were noted for Brijs 35, Brij 78, and Brij 98, whereas for Brij 58 only two locations are observed. The micropolarity of the environment around DMASBT in aggregation states has been determined.

Synthesis and Properties of 2-(Dimesitylboryl)benzylideneamines

Lithiation of 2-(2-bromophenyl)-dioxolane (1) followed by reaction with dimesitylboron fluoride afforded 2-(2-dimesitylborylphenyl)-dioxolane (2) which was deprotected to afford 2- dimesitylboryl-benzaldehyde (3). Compound 3 reacts with aliphatic amines such as n-butylamine and ethanolamine to afford the corresponding imines 2-(dimesitylboryl)benzylidenebutylamine (4) and 2-(dimesitylboryl)benzylideneethanolamine (5), respectively. Structural studies indicate coordination of the imine-nitrogen atom to the boron center. Imines 4 and 5 emit a green fluorescence near 510 nm with quantum yields approaching 10%. TD-DFT calculations suggest that this emission arises from an intramolecular charge-transfer excited state

Photophysical Properties of Tolan Wavelength Shifters in Solution and Embedded in Polymeric Organic Thin Films

Linear organic conjugated molecules, peripherally equipped with electron-donating and electron-accepting moieties, are recognized as one of the most promising classes of nonlinear optical materials for potential application in energy conversion devices, organic electronics, optical communication, information storage, and nuclear medicine techniques. In this work, we have synthesized and photophysically characterized a series of organic molecules constituted by a 1,2-diphenyl acetylene core (tolan) bearing electronically active groups directly linked to the π-conjugated backbone. Tuning of the absorption and emission energies has been achieved via the push−pull effect. All investigated compounds displayed very high luminescence in condensed media from intramolecular charge transfer excited states with large Stokes shifts. These features revealed to be of particular interest for the engineering of new wavelength shifters for spectral conversion of deep ultraviolet to visible light.

Theoretical and experimental study on the intramolecular charge transfer excited state of the new highly fluorescent terpyridine compound

Experimental and theoretical methods have been used to investigate the relaxation dynamics and photophysical properties of the donor–acceptor compound 4′-(4-N,N-diphenylaminophenyl)-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine (DPAPT), a compound which is found to exhibit efficient intramolecular charge transfer emission in polar solvents with relatively large Stokes shifts and strong solvatochromism. The difference between the ground and excited state dipole moments (Δ μ) is estimated to be 13.7 D on the basis of Lippert–Mataga models. To gain insight into the relaxation dynamics of DPAPT in the excited state, the potential energy curves for conformational relaxation are calculated. From the frontier molecular orbital (MO) pictures at the geometry of the twisted ICT excited state, the intramolecular charger transfer mainly takes place from HOMO (triphenylamine) to LUMO (terpyridine) in this donor–acceptor system.

Excited state intramolecular charge transfer reaction in nonaqueous electrolyte solutions: Temperature dependence

Temperature dependence of the excited state intramolecular charge transfer reaction of 4-(1-azetidinyl)benzonitrile (P4C) in ethyl acetate (EA), acetonitrile (ACN), and ethanol at several concentrations of lithium perchlorate (LiClO(4)) has been investigated by using the steady state and time resolved fluorescence spectroscopic techniques. The temperature range considered is 267-343 K. The temperature dependent spectral peak shifts and reaction driving force (-DeltaG(r)) in electrolyte solutions of these solvents can be explained qualitatively in terms of interaction between the reactant molecule and ion-atmosphere. Time resolved studies indicate that the decay kinetics of P4C is biexponential, regardless of solvents, LiClO(4) concentrations, and temperatures considered. Except at higher electrolyte concentrations in EA, reaction rates in solutions follow the Arrhenius-type temperature dependence where the estimated activation energy exhibits substantial electrolyte concentration dependence. The average of the experimentally measured activation energies in these three neat solvents is found to be in very good agreement with the predicted value based on data in room temperature solvents. While the rate constant in EA shows a electrolyte concentration induced parabolic dependence on reaction driving force (-DeltaG(r)), the former in ethanol and ACN increases only linearly with the increase in driving force (-DeltaG(r)). The data presented here also indicate that the step-wise increase in solvent reorganization energy via sequential addition of electrolyte induces the ICT reaction in weakly polar solvents to crossover from the Marcus inverted region to the normal region.

Determination of first-order molecular hyperpolarizability of EAADCy and EDMAADCy using steady-state spectroscopic data and quantum-chemical calculations

Ethyl 5-(4-aminophenyl)-3-amino-2,4-dicyanobenzoate (EAADCy) and ethyl 5-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-3-amino-2,4-dicyanobenzoate (EDMAADCy) organic molecules containing separate electron donor and electron acceptor groups belong to biphenyl derivatives in which a large dipole moment change between ground (S 0) and the first intramolecular charge transfer excited (S 1) states, as well as a large transition moment have been noted. The existence of electronically excited states with a strong intermolecular charge transfer (ICT) character is an essential prerequisite for large non-linear optical properties. Therefore, in this paper, we present a scrupulous analysis of the first-order hyperpolarizabilities of the studied molecules using an equivalent internal field model of an organic molecule. The calculated (using semiempirical calculations, CAChe WS 5.04) additive part of the first-order hyperpolarizability, β add , values are discussed in relationship to the experimental data of the charge transfer hyperpolarizability, β CT , obtained from steady-state spectroscopic measurements.