Intra-abdominal Testes Research Articles

Evaluation of incidence of cryptorchidism with special reference to anatomical and clinical aspects

Background: Cryptorchidism is simply defined as the absence of one or both testes from the scrotum. It is the most common birth defect of the male genitalia. The testis may be located intra-abdominal or inguinal. This article mainly deals with embryology, etiology, anatomy and incidence types of cryptorchidism in Tumakuru rural district.Methods: This study was interdepartmental and prospective, consisting of 66 cases conducted at the Department of Pediatric Surgery and Anatomy and the period of study was from April 2013- March 2017. Cryptorchidism has been classified into 1) Intra-abdominal, 2) Inguinal, 3) Ectopic testis (perineum).Results: Out of 66 cases, testis in inguinal canal is the most common incidence followed by the intra-abdominal and Ectopic testis. Least found was ectopic and torsion in the inguinal canal. Complications are torsion and vanishing testis.Conclusions: This condition is repairable in a vast majority of cases. Early diagnosis and surgical intervention have to be carried out to correct this defect.

Объем контралатерального яичка при одностороннем непальпируемом крипторхизме – диагностический критерий оптимизации хирургической тактики

Given the need to reduce the number of unnecessary laparoscopies, this study aimed to calculate the threshold values of contralateral testicular volume in unilateral non-palpable cryptorchidism to optimize diagnosis and surgical strategy. From 2010 to 2016, contralateral testicular volume was prospectively evaluated in 78 patients aged under nine years with unilateral non-palpable cryptorchidism. The volume of healthy testes was calculated by multiplying length * width * height * 0.71. The patients were divided into two groups. Group 1 comprised 41 (52.6%) children with inguinal or intra-abdominal testes, who underwent orchiopexy for undescended testis. The second group consisted of 37 (47.4%) patients with severely hypoplastic testes that needed to be removed, or with testicular aplasia. In both groups, we matched the age (in months) at the time of surgery and the volume of the contralateral testis. Logistic regression was used to develop the diagnostic model. For the model, the ROC-curve (Receiver Operating Characteristic) was constructed, and the threshold of the contralateral testicular volume was selected. All patients with contralateral testicular volume greater than 2.25 ml had testicular aplasia, or hypoplasia (sensitivity 100.0%, specificity 73.0%). All patients with a contralateral testicular volume less than or equal to 1.04 ml had inguinal or intra-abdominal testes (specificity of 100%, the sensitivity of 34%). The area under the ROC curve calculated to assess the quality of the model was 92.6%, suggesting the high predictive power of the model. Revision scrototomy is indicated in patients with testicular volume exceeding 2.26 ml, while diagnostic laparoscopy is the optimal primary intervention in patients with the contralateral testicular volume of less than or equal to 1.04 ml.

Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome caused by c.1769-1G > C mutation and activation of a cryptic splice acceptor site in the androgen receptor gene

Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is the most common cause of 46,XY disorders of sex development (46,XY DSD). This syndrome is an X-linked recessive genetic disease characterized by resistance to the actions of androgens in an individual with a male karyotype and it is caused by mutations in the androgen receptor (AR) gene. We evaluated two siblings with primary amenorrhea, normal secondary sex characteristics, absence of uterus and ovaries, intra-abdominal testis, and elevated testosterone levels. Sequence analysis of the AR gene revealed a splice acceptor site mutation in intron 2 (c.1769-1G > C). The analysis of mRNA showed that this mutation resulted in the activation of a cryptic splice acceptor site located in intron 2 and in the synthesis of an aberrant mRNA transcript with 69 nucleotides insertion between exon 2 and exon 3, leading to an insertion of 23 amino acids in the AR protein instead of generating a premature termination codon. The additional 23 amino acids insertion affects AR intracellular trafficking by impairing its translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus after hormone stimulation. The c.1769-1G > C mutation provides new insights into the molecular mechanism involved in splicing defects and expands the spectrum of mutations associated with the androgen insensitivity syndrome.

Staged laparoscopic traction orchiopexy for intra-abdominal testis: Is it always feasible?

Laparoscopic orchiopexy for intra-abdominal testis is a well-known and commonly practiced technique. The traction technique is based on elongation of the testicular vessels without cutting them, in contrast with the two-stage Fowler-Stephens technique in which the testicular vessels are divided. The current study evaluated the feasibility of the traction technique according to the type of intra-abdominal testis. The study included 20 boys with 22 intra-abdominal testes and who underwent staged laparoscopic traction orchiopexy between October 2013 and October 2015. Eighteen testes were proximal to the internal ring by <2cm (type III), while the remaining four were high and away from the internal ring by >2cm (type IVa). The patients' ages ranged between 6 months and 5 years (mean 2.2 years; median 2 years). Patients were followed up for 1 year for testicular atrophy and satisfactory scrotal site relocation. This study did not detect any cases of testicular atrophy among the participants (0/22), while failure to achieve satisfactory scrotal site was found in two out of the four cases with type IVa intra-abdominal testes. Traction techniques for elongating the testicular vessels were employed years ago, but this was revisited by Shehata in 2008. It has the advantage of preserving the main testicular blood supply, which can be reflected by the decreasing rate of testicular atrophy when compared with the Fowler-Stephens orchiopexy. The results of the traction technique may be less satisfactory regarding the testicular location for higher types of intra-abdominal testes (type IVa). Staged laparoscopic traction orchiopexy was a feasible technique for intra-abdominal testes (within 2cm of the internal ring), but the results were less satisfactory when applied for higher intra-abdominal testes (type IVa).

PT019 - Laparoscopic orchiopexy for high intra-abdominal testes in adult patients, single vs two stages

PT019 - Laparoscopic orchiopexy for high intra-abdominal testes in adult patients, single vs two stages

Systematic review and meta-analysis comparing outcomes following orchidopexy for cryptorchidism before or after 1 year of age.

BackgroundCurrent guidelines recommend orchidopexy for cryptorchidism by 12 months of age, yet this is not universally adhered to. The aim of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to compare outcomes between orchidopexies performed before and after 1 year of age.MethodsMEDLINE and Embase were searched (September 2015) using terms relating to cryptorchidism, orchidopexy and the outcomes of interest. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they compared orchidopexy at less than 1 year of age (early) with orchidopexy at 1 year or more of age (delayed) and reported the primary outcome (testicular atrophy) or one of the secondary outcomes (fertility potential, postoperative complication, malignancy). Studies were excluded when more than 50 per cent of infants had intra‐abdominal testes, or the population included infants with disorders of sexual differentiation. Additional studies were identified through reference list searching. Unpublished data were sought from the ORCHESTRA study investigators.ResultsFifteen eligible studies were identified from 1387 titles. There was no difference in atrophy rate between early orchidopexy and delayed orchidopexy (risk ratio 0·64, 95 per cent c.i. 0·25 to 1·66; 912 testes). Testicular volume was greater (mean difference 0·06 (95 per cent c.i. 0·01 to 0·10) ml; 346 testes) and there were more spermatogonia per tubule (mean difference 0·47 (0·31 to 0·64); 382 testes) in infants undergoing early orchidopexy, with no difference in complication rate (risk ratio 0·68, 0·27 to 1·68; 426 testes). No study reported malignancy rate.ConclusionAtrophy and complication rates do not appear different between early and delayed orchidopexy, and fertility potential may be better with early orchidopexy. Imprecision of the available data limits the robustness of these conclusions.

Torsed intraabdominal testis mimicking acute appendicitis in a 60 year old male

We present a case of 60-year-old male who came to our emergency room with complaints of severe pain in right lower abdomen. Based on history, clinical examination and investigation, we made a provisional diagnosis of acute appendicitis. We explored the patient and found a torsed intraabdominal testis just below the deep ring. Histopathology of the resected specimen showed gangrenous testis.

Evaluation of two-staged Fowler–Stephens laparoscopic orchidopexy (FSLO) for intra-abdominal testes (IAT)

The best operative intervention for intrabdominal testis (IAT) has not been standardized as yet. The question of whether to bring down an IAT with a single-staged vessel-intact laparoscopic orchidopexy (VILO) or a two-staged laparoscopic Fowler-Stephens orchidopexy (FSLO) is still undergoing debate, with both the procedures being popular. The present study has been designed to evaluate the factors predicting the success or failure of two-staged FSLO for (IAT). 43 boys with 49 non-palpable testes underwent diagnostic laparoscopy out of which 35 underwent two-staged FSLO. Size of the testis was measured with a graduated probe in both stages. Independent variables such as age, height, testis-to-internal ring distance (T-IR), neo internal ring-to-midscrotal distance (NIR-MS), and mobility-to-contralateral ring (MCIR) were analysed. Postoperatively 34 IATs were followed up clinically as well as ultrasonologically after 6 months, to see for the size, position, and vascularity. Based on this, the patients were divided into two groups, Group A (successful) and Group B (Failed). 24 IATs had a successful outcome (Group A) and 11 were failure (Group B). The overall success rate of the study was 68.6%. The difference in mean age of patients in both groups was insignificant (p = 0.89) (Fig. 1), and similarly, the difference in mean height was insignificant (p = 0.61). The difference in mean T-IR in both the groups was insignificant (1.85 versus 2.77cm; p = 0.09) and mean NIR-MS was 5.41cm in Group A and 5.10cm in Group B, and the difference again was insignificant (p = 0.23). The success rate of FSLO was 68.6%. None of the above-described independent variables have any effect on the outcome of two-staged FSLO. While VILO remains the treatment of choice for IAT located at or near the ring, but IAT higher than this, two-staged FSLO gives a better chance for achieving intra-scrotal orchidopexy.

Inguinal Exploration for the Management of Impalpable Undescended Testes

Introduction: The primary goal of surgical intervention with an impalpable testis is to locate and reposition the gonad. There has been much debate in the management of impalpable undescended testes. Many centres still advocate the role of open inguinal exploration in impalpable testes.Materials and methods: This retrospective study included 35 male patients. The clinical notes were reviewed for details of age at operation, side, location and condition of testes intraoperatively and the type of operation performed. Standard approach of inguinal explorations was performed under general anaesthesia. Follow up in first week and after 3 months was done. Results: 25(71.42%) impalpable testes were in left side, 9(25.71%) were on right side and 1(2.85%) was bilateral. At exploration 17(47.22%) were intracanalicular, nine (25%) were intraabdominal with seven low and two high,49(11.11%) were scrotal and six (16.66%) were absent, seven (41.17%) canalicular testes underwent orchidopexy and 10(58.22%) underwent gonadectomy for atrophied testes. Seven (77.77%) low abdominal testes were brought down to scrotum and two (22.22%) high abdominal were brought down to lower inguinal area as a first stage surgery. All 4(100%) scrotal testes were atrophied and gonadectomy performed. Six patients were diagnosed anorchia, 14 (87.5%) of impalpable testes that underwent orchidopexy were in a follow up with excellent results. One high first stage orchidopexy and another canalicular testes were found to have atrophied who did orchidectomy in follow-up.Conclusion: Inguinal exploration is a safe, reliable and successful surgical procedure for the management of impalpable testes including intraabdominal testes without procedure related complications.

Twisted intra-abdominal cyst in a neonate: a surprise revelation

We, herein, present a male neonate with an antenatally detected intra-abdominal cyst who presented at 18 days of life at which time, the ultrasound revealed a 5×4 cm cyst. Since...

Reliability of hypertrophy of the contralateral testis in prediction of the status of impalpable testis

Background: The hypertrophied testis can predict the status of the impalpable contralateral one. The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of contralateral testicular hypertrophy for predicting the presence or absence of impalpable undescended testis (UDT) in Egyptian boys. Patients and methods: This study was carried out on 204 patients with unilateral impalpable UDT who presented to the Pediatric Surgery Department, Al-Azhar University Hospitals, from July 2014 to April 2016. Only 40 patients with unilateral impalpable UDT and hypertrophy of the contralateral testes were included in this study. They were subjected to routine laboratory investigations, ultrasonography measurement of the volume of the hypertrophied testis, and diagnostic laparoscopy for the impalpable intra-abdominal testis (IAT). Both ultrasonography and laparoscopic findings were reported. Results: Out of 204 patients with unilateral impalpable UDT, only 40 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Their ages ranged from 1 to 5 years, with a mean of 2.3±1.18 years. Testicular volume ranged from 0.94 to 6.33 cm 3 , with amean of 3.12±1.41 cm 3 . Diagnostic laparoscopy indicated 30 patients with vanishing testis, four patients with low IAT, and three patients with high IAT and three patients with testicular vessels and vas passing internal inguinal ring, where inguinal exploration indicated atrophic testes. Conclusion: Hypertrophied testis can predict the absence of other contralateral impalpable testis when its volume is 1.85 cm 3 . Keywords: hypertrophy, impalpable undescended testis, laparoscopy, reliability

Instructions to Authors

To compare the curative effect of single-stage and two-stage Fowler–Stephens (F–S) laparoscopic orchidopexy for intraabdominal high testis and explore the appropriate surgical approach.We performed a prospective analysis of the clinical data of 28 patients who underwent F-S laparoscopic orchidopexy for intraabdominal high testis in our department from May 2012 to April 2015, including 15 cases of the single-stage F-S operation and 13 cases of the two-stage F-S operation. By comparing the two groups preoperative and postoperative (6 months) clinical data of testicular position, testicular volume, and sex hormone levels [testosterone (T), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and estradiol (E2)], we analyzed the difference in efficacy between the two procedures.Twenty-eight patients completed laparoscopic surgery, no case was converted, and no testis was excised. All patients were followed up for 9–25 months after the operation, with an average follow-up of 16.2 months. The postoperative testicular volume of the single-stage and two-stage F-S groups was not significantly reduced (p > 0.05). In both groups, the postoperative T levels were significantly increased compared to the preoperative levels (p < 0.05), while the FSH and E2 levels were significantly decreased (p < 0.05). The differences in testicular volume and T, FSH, and E2 levels between the two surgical procedures were not significant (p > 0.05). In the single-stage F-S group, the testes were located in the scrotum in 13 cases and retracted to the lower groin in two cases. In the two-stage F-S group, the testes were located in the scrotum in 12 cases and retracted to the lower groin in one case. The difference in postoperative testicular position between the two groups was not significant (p > 0.05).In the case of testis with good collateral circulation, single-stage F-S laparoscopic orchidopexy had the same safety and efficacy as the two-stage F-S procedure. Surgical options should be based on comprehensive consideration of intraoperative testicular location, testicular ischemia test, and collateral circumstances surrounding the testes. Under the appropriate conditions, we propose single-stage F-S laparoscopic orchidopexy be preferred. It may be appropriate to avoid unnecessary application of the two-stage procedure that has a higher cost and causes more pain for patients.

Laparoscopic management and its outcomes in cases with nonpalpable testis.

Diagnostic laparoscopy is the gold standard in the algorithm of nonpalpable testis. Testicular tissue is examined and treatment is planned accordingly. In this study we reviewed the place of diagnostic laparoscopy, and evaluated the results and effectiveness of laparoscopy in the diagnosis and management of nonpalpable testis. Children who had diagnostic laparoscopy for nonpalpable testes were included in the study. Physical examination results, ultrasonography (USG) reports, age at surgery, laparoscopic and inguinal exploration findings, surgical procedures, orchiopexy results, early and late-term complications were evaluated. Follow-up visits were performed at 3-month intervals for the first, at 6-month intervals for the 2. year, then at yearly intervals. Testicular size and location was evaluated by during control examination. Overall 58 boys, and 68 testes (26 left: 44.8%; 22 right: 37.9%, and 10 bilateral: 17.2%) were included in the study. Mean age at surgery was 5.5 years (10 months-17 years). Diagnostic value of USG was 15.7%. Diagnostic laparoscopy findings were as follows: Group 1: blind-ended vessels, n=7 (10.2%); Group 2: intraabdominal testes, n=8 (11.7%); Group 3: vas and vessels entering internal ring, n=53 (77.9%). Overall 43 testes underwent orchiopexy, which were normal (n=8) or hypoplastic (n=35). Mean follow-up period was 19 months (1-12 years), and on an average 7 visits were performed (5-14). On follow-up, 5 testes were normal-sized and located in the scrotum, while 4 testes were atrophic and underwent orchiectomy. Two testes were found in the inguinal canal and redo orchiopexy was performed. Control USG revealed reduced testicular blood supply and volume. Laparoscopic surgery is safe and effective in the management of nonpalpable testes. In the majority, routine use of diagnostic laparoscopy in the algorithma does not confer any additional contributions in many patients.

Blind ending vessels on diagnostic laparoscopy for nonpalpable testis: Is a nubbin present?

The traditional management paradigm for nonpalpable testis (NPT) has been that inguinal or scrotal exploration for a nubbin may be omitted when blind ending vessels are observed during diagnostic laparoscopy. Our aim was to examine whether blind ending vessels excluded the presence of a nubbin in a series of boys who underwent exploration in this setting. Using a surgical database and chart review, pre-pubertal boys (≤12 years) with the diagnosis of undescended or atrophic testis who underwent a diagnostic laparoscopy for unilateral NPT between 2000 and 2015 were retrospectively identified. Physical exam, procedural and pathologic findings were confirmed by chart review. 595 boys underwent diagnostic laparoscopy for NPT by 11 surgeons. Of these, 318 had an intra-abdominal testis and 18 underwent diagnostic laparoscopy alone. Of the remaining 259, 32 had an open internal ring and inguinal or scrotal exploration was performed. The remaining 227 with a closed ring comprised the cohort for our analysis, of whom 188 had vessels entering the ring, 36 had blind ending vessels, and in three the vessel status was unavailable. In the 188 boys with vessels entering the ring, 164 (87%) had a nubbin excised during inguinal or scrotal exploration, of which 93% were grossly identified as an atrophic testis. Pathology confirmed the presence of hemosiderin in 44% and calcifications in 54%. In the 36 boys with blind ending vessels, 26 (72%) had a nubbin excised during inguinal or scrotal exploration, of which 96% were grossly identified as an atrophic testis. Pathology confirmed hemosiderin in 54% and calcifications in 58%. All seven cases with both blind ending vas and vessels had an atrophic testis grossly identified. Of all 207 excised remnants in this series, nubbins with viable testicular elements (seminiferous tubules in 11, germ cells in two) were only excised during cases that reported a non-atretic vas or any vessels entering the internal ring. In this large multi-institutional series, blind ending vessels were associated with a nubbin noted during inguinal or scrotal exploration in the majority of cases. Based on this series if the surgeon's goal is to remove all nubbins, exploration is necessary regardless of vessel appearance. However, viable testicular elements were rarely identified and only when either a non-atretic vas or any vessels were observed to enter the ring.

Treatment of impalpable testis - one clinic's experience.

IntroductionUndescended testes are recognised in 1% to 2% of boys during the first year of life, and about 20% of them are impalpable. Ultrasonography (US) may establish the localisation of the testis but the final diagnosis is usually determined laparoscopically.AimTo evaluate long-term results of laparoscopic treatment of boys with impalpable testes and sensitivity of preoperative ultrasound.Material and methodsBetween 2011 and 2015, we operated on 545 boys with undescended testes. Sixty-two of them with 65 impalpable testes were treated laparoscopically – the study group. Mean age was 3.5 years. The study group was divided into 5 groups according to type of treatment. The volume and position of the operated gonad were assessed manually and by ultrasound.ResultsIn group 1 testicular agenesis was observed in 19 patients. In group 2 revision of the inguinal canal revealed testicular agenesis in 7 and atrophy in 4 patients. In group 3 conversion to classic orchiopexy was performed in 10 patients. In group 4 one-stage orchiopexy was performed in 9 patients on 12 testes. In group 5 a two-stage F-S procedure was performed in 13 patients. Ten testes in group 4 had a volume in the normal range (84%) and also 10 testes in group 5 (77%).ConclusionsLaparoscopy in impalpable testes is the procedure of choice and allows definitive management, even when conversion to open procedure is necessary. Sensitivity of preoperative ultrasound is generally about 60% for true intra-abdominal testes, so diagnostic laparoscopy is necessary.

Efficacy of single-stage and two-stage Fowler–Stephens laparoscopic orchidopexy in the treatment of intraabdominal high testis

To compare the curative effect of single-stage and two-stage Fowler-Stephens (F-S) laparoscopic orchidopexy for intraabdominal high testis and explore the appropriate surgical approach. We performed a prospective analysis of the clinical data of 28 patients who underwent F-S laparoscopic orchidopexy for intraabdominal high testis in our department from May 2012 to April 2015, including 15 cases of the single-stage F-S operation and 13 cases of the two-stage F-S operation. By comparing the two groups preoperative and postoperative (6 months) clinical data of testicular position, testicular volume, and sex hormone levels [testosterone (T), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and estradiol (E2)], we analyzed the difference in efficacy between the two procedures. Twenty-eight patients completed laparoscopic surgery, no case was converted, and no testis was excised. All patients were followed up for 9-25 months after the operation, with an average follow-up of 16.2 months. The postoperative testicular volume of the single-stage and two-stage F-S groups was not significantly reduced (p>0.05). In both groups, the postoperative T levels were significantly increased compared to the preoperative levels (p<0.05), while the FSH and E2 levels were significantly decreased (p<0.05). The differences in testicular volume and T, FSH, and E2 levels between the two surgical procedures were not significant (p>0.05). In the single-stage F-S group, the testes were located in the scrotum in 13 cases and retracted to the lower groin in two cases. In the two-stage F-S group, the testes were located in the scrotum in 12 cases and retracted to the lower groin in one case. The difference in postoperative testicular position between the two groups was not significant (p>0.05). In the case of testis with good collateral circulation, single-stage F-S laparoscopic orchidopexy had the same safety and efficacy as the two-stage F-S procedure. Surgical options should be based on comprehensive consideration of intraoperative testicular location, testicular ischemia test, and collateral circumstances surrounding the testes. Under the appropriate conditions, we propose single-stage F-S laparoscopic orchidopexy be preferred. It may be appropriate to avoid unnecessary application of the two-stage procedure that has a higher cost and causes more pain for patients.

Intra Abdominal Testis- Role of Laproscopy in Search of Hidden Testis

Intra Abdominal Testis- Role of Laproscopy in Search of Hidden Testis

Cryptorchidism: A practical review for all community healthcare providers.

Cryptorchidism is one of the most common congenital anomalies of the male genitalia, occurring in 1% of boys by the age of one year. Even though the etiology of cryptorchidism is multifactorial, management has evolved with the clear recognition that hormonal treatment is not effective and surgery between 6-18 months of age leads to better testicular outcomes. Diagnostic laparoscopy is considered the standard approach for management of non-palpable testes, and can be combined with one or two-stage orchidopexy, with up to 80-90% success rates. This review discusses the natural history of retractile testicles, indications for hormonal treatment and orchidectomy, ultrasound's role as a diagnostic tool, risks of infertility and testicular cancer, and surgical techniques for inguinal and intra-abdominal testes.

Scrotal testis size in unilateral non-palpable cryptorchidism, what it can and cannot tell: Study of a Middle Eastern population

Predicting the fate of a unilateral non-palpable testis based on its scrotal counterpart has been recommended by some, yet disputed by others, and the question remains open. To investigate the accuracy of contralateral testis hypertrophy in predicting the absence of a unilateral non-palpable testis in a Middle Eastern population. This retrospective study included all patients referred to the present institution with unilateral non-palpable testis between June 2010 and August 2014, who had undergone laparoscopy. The scrotal testis was examined by sonography for size and volume, and diagnostic laparoscopy was utilized to determine the state of the cryptorchid testis. Of the 135 referred patients, 64 were aged ≤8 years, 29 were 9-18 years, and 42 were >18 years old. Diagnostic laparoscopy revealed 63 intra-abdominal testes, 20 small intra-inguinal testes, 32 vanished testes, and 20 nubbins or aplasia (Summary fig.). Scrotal testis volume was only a modest predictor for absence of the contralateral gonad in adult patients in whom a 22ml cut-off yielded 64.3% sensitivity and 92.9% specificity. For those aged <18 years, overall accuracy was poor and dropped below 60%. Relative enlargement of contralateral testis in decreasing order of size was observed in patients with primary monorchism, followed by those with secondarily atrophic or nubbin testis, and then those with normal sized inguinal or abdominal testis. Unlike some previous series, which based their conclusions upon open exploration and mostly studied pre-pubertal subjects, the present results exclusively from laparoscopic exploration suggested that contralateral testis volume is a poor and inconsistent predictor of monorchism in children, and marginally predictive for young adults with unilateral non-palpable testis. This study comprised a reasonably large overall sample size compared with preceding reports; however, the number of patients within in each age group was limited. Greater numbers could allow for statistical comparison stratified by age group, for which this study was not powered. Contralateral testis volume predicts, with modest accuracy, monorchism in adults with unilateral non-palpable testis. In younger patients, the overall predictive accuracy of scrotal testis size is poor and not consistently dependable.

出生前超音波検査にて発見された腹腔内精巣に合併した傍精巣嚢胞の 1 例

出生前超音波検査にて発見された腹腔内精巣に合併した傍精巣嚢胞の 1 例