Intraoral Imaging Research Articles

Deep convolutional neural network algorithm for the automatic segmentation of oral potentially malignant disorders and oral cancers.

This study aimed to develop an algorithm to automatically segment the oral potentially malignant diseases (OPMDs) and oral cancers (OCs) of all oral subsites with various deep convolutional neural network applications. A total of 510 intraoral images of OPMDs and OCs were collected over 3 years (2006-2009). All images were confirmed both with patient records and histopathological reports. Following the labeling of the lesions the dataset was arbitrarily split, using random sampling in Python as the study dataset, validation dataset, and test dataset. Pixels were classified as the OPMDs and OCs with the OPMD/OC label and the rest as the background. U-Net architecture was used and the model with the best validation loss was chosen for the testing among the trained 500 epochs. Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) score was noted. The intra-observer ICC was found to be 0.994 while the inter-observer reliability was 0.989. The calculated DSC and validation accuracy across all clinical images were 0.697 and 0.805, respectively. Our algorithm did not maintain an excellent DSC due to multiple reasons for the detection of both OC and OPMDs in oral cavity sites. A better standardization for both 2D and 3D imaging (such as patient positioning) and a bigger dataset are required to improve the quality of such studies. This is the first study which aimed to segment OPMDs and OCs in all subsites of oral cavity which is crucial not only for the early diagnosis but also for higher survival rates.

Artificial intelligence: is it more accurate than endodontists in root canal therapy?

The following databases were electronically searched (up to 20 March 2022): PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library. This was followed by hand-searching the reference lists of the included articles. The search was restricted to articles published in English. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of artificial intelligence in identifying, analyzing, and interpreting radiographic features related to endodontic therapy. The selection criteria were limited to trials evaluating the effectiveness of artificial intelligence in identifying, analyzing, and interpreting radiographic features related to endodontic therapy. Clinical, ex-vivo, and in-vitro trials. Two-dimensional intra-oral imaging (bitewings and/or periapicals), panoramic radiographs (PRs), and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). 1) Case reports, letters, and commentaries; 2) Reviews, conferences, and books; 3) Inaccessible reports. The titles and abstracts of the results of the searches were screened by two authors against the inclusion criteria. The full text of any potentially relevant abstract and title were retrieved for more comprehensive assessment. The risk of bias was assessed initially by two examiners and then by two authors. Any discrepancies were resolved through discussion and consensus. Out of the 1131 articles which were identified in the initial search, 30 were considered relevant, and only 24 articles were eventually included. The exclusion of the six articles was related to the absence of appropriate clinical or radiological data. Meta-analysis was not performed due to high heterogeneity. Various degrees of bias were detected in more than 58% of the included studies. Although most of the included studies were biased, the authors concluded that the use of artificial intelligence can be an effective alternative in identifying, analyzing and interpreting radiographic features related to root canal therapy.

Diagnostic application of intraoral ultrasonography to assess furcation involvement in mandibular first molars.

The objectives were to clarify if intraoral ultrasonography (USG) is: (1) more accurate than conventional periodontal examinations in detection of furcation involvement, and (2) comparable to conventional periodontal examinations in accurate horizontal classification of furcation involvement in comparison to cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). The buccal furcation in 61 lower first molars were evaluated with conventional periodontal examinations, intraoral USG and CBCT. The presence and classification of the horizontal depth of furcation involvement were defined clinically by assessment with a Nabers periodontal probe and a periapical radiograph with reference to the bone loss under the fornix. The horizontal depth of furcation involvement was measured in intraoral USG and CBCT images. Based on the measurements, presence diagnosis and horizontal classification were performed. Results from conventional periodontal examinationsand intraoral USG were compared with those from CBCT. κ value (κ) for agreement of presence diagnosis of furcation involvement between intraoral USG and CBCT was 0.792, while agreement with conventional periodontal examinations was 0.225. Diagnostic accuracy of intraoral USG exhibited higher values (sensitivity: 98.3%, accuracy: 98.4 %) than conventional periodontal examinations (81.4% and 81.9 %). Weighted κ statistics showed substantial agreement in the classification between intraoral USG and CBCT (κ = 0.674). High agreement (ICC: 0.914) for the measurement of horizontal depth of furcation involvement was found between intraoral USG and CBCT. Intraoral USG may be a reliable diagnostic tool for assessment of furcation involvement of mandibular molars with a similar performance to CBCT, but without ionizing radiation.

DIGITAL IMPRESSIONS- PAVING PATH TOWARDS GREEN DENTISTRY: A REVIEW

The concept of making an impression has undergone a paradigm shift as a result of the development of highly accurate and novel impression systems based on new technologies.1 Digital intraoral imaging represents a cutting-edge technique that allows the dentist to create a virtual computer-generated replica of the hard and soft tissues. Digital impression-making techniques are highly accurate, and they will undoubtedly lessen the need for traditional techniques in the near future. The information is stored in specialized software to be utilized in the manufacture of appliances, positive replicas, or other restorations. Additionally, this makes it possible to access data at any moment for further research and follow-ups. The future of digital dentistry is bright, but there is still work to be done to make sure that the technology delivers significant benefits to practitioners and patients in terms of therapeutic outcomes, regardless of how beautiful the process itself maybe. At the same time, it must be kept affordable and investments should yield a solid return.1

Preliminary Experience in Transducer Preparation for Intraoral Imaging.

Intraoral scanning must meet a stringent infection control standard because of contact with the oral mucosa. A preparation protocol is thus presented for increased inquiries about intraoral scanning requirements. Materials required for such a preparation include: a single-use bubble-free gel packet, a gel standoff pad, and a transducer probe cover. Postscan reprocessing of the ultrasound transducer requires high-level disinfection. Examples for proper and improper use are provided as well as limitations of this preparation protocol and recommendations for future development. This guidance meets the current infection control standard and may guide the user to obtain consistent ultrasound image quality.

A survey of patient contact shielding in dental teaching hospitals in the UK

A high volume of dental imaging is carried out each year. In the UK, guidance on the use of patient contact shielding for these investigations is published by the British Institute of Radiology (BIR) and in a document jointly produced by the Faculty of General Dental Practice and Public Health England (FGDP/PHE). Both these sources of guidance have been updated recently and patient contact shielding is no longer recommended for most imaging settings in dental radiology. It is unclear whether radiology departments at dental teaching hospitals in the UK are aware of these sources of guidance, and how this relates to clinical practice within these departments. A survey was carried out exploring the awareness of current guidelines and clinical practice at dental teaching hospitals in the UK. The survey was sent to a representative at 17 different dental teaching hospital radiology departments. Responses were received from 11 departments. The range of intra-oral and extra-oral imaging carried out at these departments was comparable. Ten departments were aware of the existence of national guidelines for patient contact shielding, however only four were specifically aware of the recent BIR guidelines and only four were specifically aware of the FGDP/PHE guidelines. No department was aware of both sets of guidelines. No departments used thyroid protection for bitewing, periapical, lower 45 degree occlusal, panoramic or lateral cephalometric radiographs. Six departments sometimes or always used thyroid protection for upper standard occlusal imaging. Two departments used thyroid protection for cone beam CT imaging. No departments routinely used lead aprons on patients for dental imaging. In conclusion, radiology departments at dental teaching hospitals in the UK do not use patient contact shielding for most imaging situations in dental radiology. There is mixed awareness of current national guidelines, but the reported clinical practice aligns well with the current guidelines.

A randomised controlled trial evaluating the impact of oral health advice on gingival health using intra oral images combined with a gingivitis specific toothpaste

ObjectivesDoes a complex intervention of oral hygiene advice (OHA) delivered with intra-oral scanner images, anti-gingivitis toothpaste and motivational reminders, improve oral health more than a standard of care control arm of fluoride toothpaste, with OHA without scanner images? MethodsAdult participants with pre-existing gingivitis were randomised to intervention or control. Following enrolment, baseline and each subsequent visit (V) (3-weeks, V2; 3-months, V3; 6-months, V4) followed the same schedule. Bleeding on Probing (BOP) was assessed and Intra Oral Scan IOS(1) recorded. Plaque was disclosed, scored and re-scanned (IOS(2)). The intervention group received OHA with IOS images, control group receiving OHA without IOS images. Participants brushed with their allocated toothpaste (fluoride, control; anti-gingivitis, intervention), IOS(3) was recorded. Between visits participants brushed with their allocated toothpaste, intervention group received motivational reminders. ResultsBOP scores from baseline were significantly improved in the intervention group compared to control at all visits for all surfaces (p<0.001); differences at V4 were 0.292 (all), 0.211 (buccal/labial) and 0.375 (lingual/palatal). Plaque scores from baseline pre-brushing to each visit pre- and post-brushing also favoured the intervention group, the difference always significant on lingual/palatal surfaces (p<0.05), significant for all but pre-brushing-V4 (p<0.05) on all surfaces, but only significant for pre-brushing-V3 (p<0.05) buccally/labially. Differences from baseline to post-brushing at V4 were: 0.200 (all), 0.098 (buccal/labial) and 0.291 (lingual/palatal). ConclusionA complex intervention comprising OHA delivered with IOS-images, anti-gingivitis toothpaste and motivational reminders improved gingival health more than existing standard of care-OHA together with a standard fluoride toothpaste over a 6-month period. Clinical Significance StatementIntra-oral scans (IOS) are now frequently used in general dental practice for a variety of purposes. IOS use, in combination with motivational texts and an anti-gingivitis toothpaste, could be further deployed to promote oral hygiene behaviour change in patients and improve gingival health, in a cost-effective manner.

Ultrasound Imaging of the Periodontium Complex: A Reliability Study.

Ultrasonography is a noninvasive, low-cost diagnostic tool widely used in medicine. Recent studies have demonstrated that ultrasound imaging might have the potential to be used intraorally to assess periodontal biomarkers. To evaluate the reliability of interlandmark distance measurements on intraoral ultrasound images of the periodontal tissues. Sixty-four patients from the graduate periodontics (n = 33) and orthodontics (n = 31) clinics were recruited. A 20 MHz handheld intraoral ultrasound transducer was used to scan maxillary and mandibular incisors, canines, and premolars. Distances between the alveolar bone crest and cementoenamel junction (ABC-CEJ), gingival thickness (GT), and alveolar bone thickness (ABT) were measured by 3 raters. The intercorrelation coefficient (ICC) and mean absolute deviation (MAD) were calculated among and between the raters. Raters also scored images according to quality. The ICC scores for intrarater reliability were 0.940 (0.932-0.947), 0.953 (0.945-0.961), and 0.859 (0.841-0.876) for ABC-CEJ, GT, and ABT, respectively. The intrarater MAD values were 0.023 (±0.019) mm, 0.014 (±0.005) mm, and 0.005 (±0.003) mm, respectively. The ICC scores for interrater reliability were 0.872 (95% CI: 0.836-0.901), 0.958 (95% CI: 0.946-0.968), and 0.836 (95% CI: 0.789-0.873) for ABC-CEJ, GT, and ABT, respectively. The interrater MAD values were 0.063 (±0.029) mm, 0.023 (±0.018) mm, and 0.027 (±0.012) mm, respectively. The present study showed the high reliability of ultrasound in both intrarater and interrater assessments. Results suggest there might be a potential use of intraoral ultrasound to assess periodontium.

Frequency of Periapical and Bitewing Radiographic Errors in Faculty of Dentistry Shahid Sadoughi University of Yazd during 2016-2017

Introduction: Reduction the error intraoral radiographic image is very important for accurate diagnosis of dental diseases and reduces the patient and clinician dose. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of intraoral radiographic errors made by students of Shahid Sadoughi Faculty of Dentistry in Yazd City. Methods: In this descriptive-cross-sectional study, 1900 samples of periapical radiographs were taken using digital periapical bisect angle method and bite-wing radiographs were evaluated. Patients referred to Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology Department of Yazd Dental School in 2018-2019 were evaluated by simple sampling method. During 4 months, the researcher examined 25 radiographic images for cone cut errors, horizontal and vertical angles, and incorrect film placement. Also, if the radiography was repeated, the number and reason were also recorded. The recorded data were entered into SPSS version 16 software and the prevalence of each error was reported. Results: The errors in this study included incorrect film placement (32.4%), incorrect horizontal angle (28.2%), incorrect vertical angle (24.6%), cone cut (23.9%) and radiographic repetition rate (33%). In periapical radiograph, the frequency of errors was observed in maxilla (54.6%), mandible (45.4%), anterior (22.5%) and posterior (77.5%). The frequency of errors in bite-wing radiograph was estimated to be lower than periapical. Conclusion: Based on the results obtained in the study population, the most common error included incorrect placement and wrong horizontal angle, which were led to the most repeated radiographs and observed mostly posterior of maxilla, which emphasizes the need for further training to correct the errors.

Fiber Optic Plate Coupled Pb-Free Perovskite X-ray Camera Featuring Low-Dose-Rate Imaging toward Dental Diagnosis.

Copper-based halide perovskites have been considered as promising scintillators. However, they still cannot meet the requirement of low-dose-rate X-ray imaging in medical diagnosis. Herein, we design a fiber optic plate (FOP) coupled perovskite X-ray camera to reduce the dose rate toward dental X-ray imaging. Tl doped Cs3Cu2I5 prepared via molten salt reaction has a high light yield of 72,000 photons/MeV, resulting from Tl10/Tl20-self-trapped hole emissions. After FOP coupling, the pulp cavity, root canal, dentin and root canal file can be clearly observed under a low dose rate as low as 3 μGyair s-1, which is absolutely lower than the required 5.5 μGyair s-1 for commercial intraoral dental sensors. The realization of such a low dose rate is attributed to the high coupling efficiency of 75% for the FOP and the high brightness of 262 lm m-2 for the scintillation screen. This designed portable X-ray camera shows its huge potential in intraoral dental X-ray imaging.

A half jaw panoramic stitching method of intraoral endoscopy images based on dental arch arrangement.

To address the challenges of repetitive and low-texture features in intraoral endoscopic images, a novel methodology for stitching panoramic half jaw images of the oral cavity is proposed. Initially, an enhanced self-attention mechanism guided by Time-Weighting concepts is employed to augment the clustering potential of feature points, thereby increasing the number of matched features. Subsequently, a combination of the Sinkhorn algorithm and Random Sample Consensus (RANSAC) is utilized to maximize the count of matched feature pairs, accurately remove outliers and minimize error. Last, to address the unique spatial alignment among intraoral endoscopic images, a wavelet transform and weighted fusion algorithm based on dental arch arrangement in intraoral endoscopic images have been developed, specifically for use in the fusion stage of intraoral endoscopic images. This enables the local oral images to be precisely positioned along the dental arch, and seamless stitching is achieved through wavelet transformation and a gradual weighted fusion technique. Experimental results demonstrate that this method yields promising outcomes in panoramic stitching tasks for intraoral endoscopic images, achieving a matching accuracy of 84.6% and a recall rate of 78.4% in a dataset with an average overlap of 35%. A novel solution for panoramic stitching of intraoral endoscopic images is provided by this method.

Comparison of mobile application-based teledentistry method with face-to-face oral examination assessment

Aim: The study aims to determine whether the mobile application-based teledentistry method is reliable in diagnosing and treating the intraoral findings of children aged 4 to 15 years by comparing intraoral examination and screening findings of the face-to-face and mobile application-based teledentistry. Methods: 115 patients were examined. Two pediatric dentists performed a face-to-face intraoral examination of the patients. Clinical examinations were accepted as the gold standard. Two extraoral and five intraoral images were obtained from the patients. The patient's information and the photos taken were transferred to the 'TeleDiş' mobile application developed specifically for the research. Six remote pediatric dental specialists, identified as teledentists, conducted their examinations using photos of the patients obtained through the "TeleDiş" mobile app. The WHO oral health evaluation form for children was adapted and used to record the findings of the patients. When the compatibility between the clinical examination dentists and the teledentistry group in terms of categorical variables, Cohen's Kappa Statistics was used to examine the compatibility between two physicians, and Fleiss' Kappa Statistics was used while examining the compatibility between three or more physicians. Results: According to the findings of the study, a statistically significant and very good agreement was obtained between the clinician (gold standard) and teleconsultant physicians in terms of dental examination (p&lt;0.001). Specificity results were found to be higher than sensitivity in dental examination parameters. Although the sensitivity is above 80% and the specificity is consistently above 90%, the current model has a higher probability of giving false positive results than false negative results. Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that the combination of the store-and-forward method at the mobile application level and the use of a smartphone camera provides a valid and reliable remote scanning method for evaluating intraoral results, despite its current limitations. Keywords: Mobile Application; Pediatric Dentistry; Smart Phone; Teledentistry

Clinical assessment of various imaging systems for dental plaque scoring after the use of 3 different toothpastes.

This study was conducted to compare dental plaque scores obtained through clinical examinations and various imaging techniques, as well as to assess the effectiveness of herbal and conventional toothpastes for plaque removal. Thirty volunteers were divided into 3 groups. Each group was given a different toothpaste (from 2 herbal toothpastes and a conventional toothpaste) with which to brush their teeth for 21 days. Both initially and after brushing, dental plaque samples were collected, and plaque on the buccal surfaces of anterior teeth was scored using several imaging systems after staining with a disclosing agent. Specifically, digital dental photography, intraoral digital scanning, and FluoreCam imaging were employed to capture intraoral images. The Turesky Modified Quigley-Hein Plaque Index was used for clinical examination and image analysis. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses and correlational assessments between clinical examination and imaging scores were conducted before and after toothpaste use. The Shapiro-Wilk test and Pearson correlations were utilized. The lowest mean value was observed in the clinical examination without staining, while the highest was obtained using the FluoreCam method. No significant change was found in the level of any microorganism assessed following toothpaste use (P<0.05), with the exception of a decrease in S. mutans levels after using conventional toothpaste (P<0.05). Herbal toothpaste demonstrated plaque-removal effectiveness comparable to that of conventional toothpaste. The use of imaging methods for measuring plaque index has been suggested as a means to educate patients about plaque control and promote ongoing oral care.

Grading Classification of Tongue Cancer in Oral Images Using CNN Transfer Learning

- Oral cancer is one of the top 10 diseases in cancer incidence worldwide and its prognosis is not good as early diagnosis is not made and so the survival rate from it has not been improved greatly. Oral cancer occurs most commonly in tongue, floor of mouth, and lower lip and 5-year survival rate is very low at 50% and if diagnosed early, the average time of survival becomes longer. Therefore, to improve the survival rate of oral cancer patients, early diagnosis and discovery and patient habit improvement including smoking are very important. Oral cancer can be diagnosed with imaging equipment like CT and MRI or through invasive biopsy, but it is not easy to make an approach and generally difficult to discover early. Therefore, to identify if early diagnosis would be possible using the intraoral images obtained through ordinary camera, the reliability of tongue cancer grade classification was evaluated by applying deep learning analysis. The collected images of oral cavity were classified into four groups: normal, inflammatory lesion, pre-cancerous lesion, and malignant tumor depending on clinical importance and three (3) types of image pretreatment were applied. In case of deep neural network, Inception-ResNet-v2 was used and 70%(1,307 images) of the pretreated images were used as training data and after image enhancement processing, transfer-learned with SGDM technique. As test data, the remaining 30% data (561 images) were used. In confusion matrix, it appeared that sensitivity was 90.37%, specificity 95.03%, accuracy 93.21%, positive predictability 92.06%, and negative predictability 93.93%, and in ROC curve, AUC was normal because normal was 0.9781, inflammatory lesion 0.9102, precancerous lesion 0.8944, and malignant tumor 0.9688, and the classification performance of inflammatory lesion or pre-cancerous lesion was inferior to that of malignant tumor. The accuracy depending on pretreatment did not show a statistically significant difference in HE-1 and HE-2 compared to standard image. The performance of the diagnostic classifier applying deep learning into intraoral images showed accuracy at the average rate of 82.9% and so showed more excellent performance than the precedent studies using different RGB images. Deep learning study using such RGB images tends to be rapidly commercialized as it has disclosed big data whose images were easy to obtain and that were preclassified and so noninvasive data can be easily obtained unlike biopsy or blood test. Intraoral image does not have preclassified and disclosed big data yet, but have a distortion in an artifact or lesion in obtaining an image and so if we can standardize the image acquisition and organize big data through correct preclassification in cooperation with clinicians although this is limited, it will be helpful for early diagnosis of tongue cancer.

Knowledge, Attitude and Awareness of Intraoral Radiographic Imaging Techniques among Dental Students Across Chennai: A Questionnaire Study

Knowledge, Attitude and Awareness of Intraoral Radiographic Imaging Techniques among Dental Students Across Chennai: A Questionnaire Study

Diagnostične referenčne ravni v dentalni radiologiji - Sistematični pregled literature

Purpose: The purpose of this work was to review published articles in the fi eld of diagnostic reference levels in dental radiology, and to determine which areas have not been covered yet and require further scientifi c studies. The aim was also to determine if there are any dose optimization procedures suggested after DRL establishment. Materials and methods: A systematic review was performed using the Science Direct, PubMed, CINAHL (via EBSCOhost) and Dentistry &amp; Oral Sciences Source (via EBSCOhost) databases, following the Cochrane Network study design guidelines. Articles were analysed and presented by author, year of publication, country of origin, technology (e.g. digital radiography, computed radiography and fi lm-screen), radiographic type (e.g. intraoral, panoramic and CBCT), units of measurement and main conclusions for each study. Results: Thirteen scientifi c articles on dose reference values in dental radiology were evaluated. Full-access articles published between 2001 and 2021 were used, and both reviews and original research articles were included. The studies address the defi nition or analysis of DRLs in intraoral and panoramic dental imaging and in dental CBCT imaging. Many studies report results based on diff erent image-receiving systems (e.g. DR, CR and fi lm-screen). The fi lm-screen system yielded the highest dose values of all three systems. All studies reviewed describe DRLs for the adult population, while only four also describe paediatric DRLs. Conclusion: Most EU countries have not yet set national DRLs for dental radiology. Most studies set or revise DRLs at the national level and compare them with guidelines from literature and from similar studies conducted in other countries. Most of these studies observed DRLs in the adult population. DRLs should also be set in the fi eld of dental CBCT imaging, as the use of this technology is rapidly increasing and the dose levels are incomparably higher than in general dental radiography. Keywords: dental radiography, diagnostic reference levels, intraoral imaging, panoramic dental imaging.

Caries detection with tooth surface segmentation on intraoral photographic images using deep learning

BackgroundIntraoral photographic images are helpful in the clinical diagnosis of caries. Moreover, the application of artificial intelligence to these images has been attempted consistently. This study aimed to evaluate a deep learning algorithm for caries detection through the segmentation of the tooth surface using these images.MethodsIn this prospective study, 2348 in-house intraoral photographic images were collected from 445 participants using a professional intraoral camera at a dental clinic in a university medical centre from October 2020 to December 2021. Images were randomly assigned to training (1638), validation (410), and test (300) datasets. For image segmentation of the tooth surface, classification, and localisation of caries, convolutional neural networks (CNN), namely U-Net, ResNet-18, and Faster R-CNN, were applied.ResultsFor the classification algorithm for caries images, the accuracy and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve were improved to 0.813 and 0.837 from 0.758 to 0.731, respectively, through segmentation of the tooth surface using CNN. Localisation algorithm for carious lesions after segmentation of the tooth area also showed improved performance. For example, sensitivity and average precision improved from 0.890 to 0.889 to 0.865 and 0.868, respectively.ConclusionThe deep learning model with segmentation of the tooth surface is promising for caries detection on photographic images from an intraoral camera. This may be an aided diagnostic method for caries with the advantages of being time and cost-saving.

Measurement of the morphological data of primary teeth in northwest China.

This study aims to digitally obtain the morphological data of children's primary teeth in northwest China and evaluate the reliability of digitally obtaining the anatomical morphological data of primary teeth. A total of 308 extracted primary teeth and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of 407 primary teeth were collected in northwest China. Electronic digital Vernier callipers (accuracy: 0.01 mm) were used to measure the mesiodistal and buccolingual diameters and crown length of the extracted primary teeth and calculate the crown area and crown index. Each sample was scanned with an intraoral scanner (Trios2 3shape, Denmark), and the resulting stl format files were imported into Geomagic Wrap 2015 to measure the axial and buccolingual diameters and crown length. The crown area and crown index were then calculated. After verifying the accuracy of the CBCT image measurement, the CBCT image data of 407 samples were measured in SmartV software using the "measure length" function by referring to the coronal, sagittal, and horizontal planes to adjust the position of the reference line. Northern Chinese have larger primary teeth than other populations (Japanese, white American, African, Icelander, Spanish, and Dominican Mestizo) but smaller primary teeth than native Australians. Compared to Indian primary teeth, northwest Chinese's primary teeth have larger diameters on the central axis and smaller diameters on the buccolingual surface. Male teeth are usually larger than female teeth. Compared with the results of Wang Huiyun's study, the axial and buccolingual diameters and crown length of all native tooth types in this total sample were significantly smaller at the 0.1% level, and only the axial diameters of the upper first molar and lower second molar and the crown length of the lower lateral incisor were significantly smaller at the 1% level. The results of the intraclass correlation coefficient of 308 extracted primary teeth expressed an excellent degree of agreement between the callipers and intraoral scanner for the following: mesiodistal diameter (0.956-0.991), buccolingual diameter (0.963-0.989), crown length [0.864-0.992, except for the upper canine (0.690)], crown index (0.850-0.975), and crown area (0.946-0.993). The digital measurements of the intraoral scanner and CBCT image are in good agreement with the manual measurement of the Vernier calliper. The difference between the anatomical morphology size of the primary teeth measured in this study and the results of different populations could be due to different genetic backgrounds and environmental factors.

Prevalence of Peri Implantitis using Intraoral and Extra Oral Imaging in patients visiting a Dental hospital

Ostial resorption occurs after the placement of implant fixture upto first third of the implant fixture body or to first contact of the alveolar applied to imagine anatomic structure like alveolar bone. To Evaluate periimplantitis using intra oral and extra oral imaging. The data of patients at stage 2 review after implant placement was collected from Dental Information Archiving Software. The collected data was tabulated and imported to SPSS for statistical analysis. The results of the current study shows that males are most likely to have bone loss. Patients of 31-40 years exhibited more bone loss. Orthopantomogram and Intra Oral Periapical Radiograph were good parameters for evaluation of successful implant and prognosis monitoring.

Components of the Effectiveness of Endodontic Treatment Based on Long-term X-ray Criteria

The objective of the research was to determine the effectiveness of obturation of the root canals and crown part of the teeth, and to identify the most important factors influencing its results, based on the X-ray examination.&#x0D; Materials and methods: The study was conducted at the Dental Center (University Clinic, Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University). Evaluation of 140 orthopantomograms, computed tomograms and digital intraoral images of patient, aged 18-68 years with endodontically treated teeth, was made with the aim to determine the obturation state of root canals and the state of periodontal tissues. The radiological picture of 579 teeth and 1120 roots in particular was evaluated.&#x0D; Results: the state of apical constriction, the state of obturation of root canals, sealing conditions of coronal part of the tooth, the state of periodontal tissues were analyzed, compared and discussed.&#x0D; Conclusions: According to the results obtained in this study, the relationships between the presence of periapical changes and state of apical constructions, obturation level of filling material in roots canals, coronal leakage, and periodontal tissue changes were found.&#x0D; Keywords: periapical changes, endodontic treatment, coronal leakage, x-ray examination