Intonation Patterns Research Articles

A Study on English Equivalents of Cantonese Sentence-Final Particles: Zaa3 and Ze1 as an Example

This study explores English equivalents of the Cantonese sentence-final particles (SFPs) zaa3 and ze1 by utilizing Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) explications to analyze their semantic components and roles and conducting a phonetic experiment to find the English intonational equivalents. While zaa3 and ze1 both convey the meaning of “only” or “just” in Cantonese, this research reveals that they differ in connotations, are contextually specific, and their implied meanings cannot be adequately captured through direct translation into English. To address this, the study employs NSM explications as the analytical framework and a phonetic experiment involving research participants of two Cantonese native speakers and one English native speaker is conducted to identify the English intonational equivalents of these Cantonese SFPs. The study aims to answer two research questions: (i) What are the NSM explications of the Cantonese sentence-final particles zaa3 and ze1? (ii) Do either of the two Cantonese SFPs possess English intonational equivalents, and if so, what are they? Zaa3 often conveys a sense of complaint or dissatisfaction, suggesting insufficient quantity, while ze1 typically conveys modesty or humility, implying an unremarkable or ordinary quantity. An NSM explication for zaa3 involves the Cantonese semantic primes M4 DO1, SEONG2 DO1 DI1, which translate to “NOT MORE, WANT MORE” in English equivalents. On the other hand, an NSM explication for ze1 comprises M4 DO1, M4 SEONG2 JAN4 GOK3 DAK1 DO1 in Cantonese semantic primes, corresponding to “NOT MORE, DON’T WANT SOMEONE FEEL MUCH~MANY” in English equivalents. These nuanced implied meanings cannot be effectively conveyed through direct translation alone, requiring consideration of intonation patterns in English. The phonetic experiment conducted using Praat software clearly demonstrates distinct pitch contours when participants read English sentences translated from Cantonese sentences containing zaa3 and ze1, respectively. The findings indicate that the English equivalents of the Cantonese SFP zaa3 encompass the meanings of “only” or “just”, accompanied by a falling pitch contour when speakers read the corresponding English translation. Conversely, the English equivalents of the Cantonese SFP ze1 entail the meanings of “only” or “just”, along with the highest pitch point occurring at the end of the sentence in the English translation. In conclusion, this research sheds light on the English equivalents of the Cantonese SFPs zaa3 and ze1, highlighting their divergent connotations and nuanced implied meanings. The study emphasizes the importance of considering intonation patterns to accurately convey these nuances in English translations.

Effect of Physiotheraputic Intervention on Pain and Physical Exertion in Patients with Postoperative Abdominal Surgeries

Background: With an estimated 234 million surgeries carried out each year, abdominal surgery has become a crucial component of worldwide health care. Surgery plays a part in the treatment of a wide range of illnesses and the reduction of suffering in people. While primarily focusing on physical rehabilitation, physiotherapy may have an impact on a number of the other domains. Physiotherapy aims to facilitate recovery from surgery by preventing or resolving post-operative complications and providing physical rehabilitation to assist a return to premorbid physical function. Methods: 40 patients with abdominal surgery above 18 years, both males and females were included in the study and were divided into two groups i.e. group A and group B. Group A were on physiotherapeutic intervention along with breathing exercises and group B were on only breathing exercises. All the patients evaluated for pain and exertion before and after the treatment. The duration of intervention was of 2 months with therapy session per week for 30-40 minutes for weeks. Results: The finding of present study shows statistical significant improvement in score of VAS in both groups and in score of BORG only in intervention group whereas control group showed no statistical significant improvement in score of BORG in control group. Conclusion: It is concluded that breathing exercise along with physiotherapeutic intervention is more effective than only breathing exercise, indicating the improvement in the intensity of pain and level of exertion at the end of treatment session.

Structure and Types of Pashto Syllable

The syllable is the phonological element that plays a vital role in the formation of the word. A complete and standard syllable consists of the Onset, Nucleus, and Coda, but at the same time, the Onset or Coda part of the syllable can also fall down. No syllable can be constructed without Nucleus and vowel sounds. The vowel in the syllable structure has as much value as the syllable has in the word formation. These vowels play a fundamental role in the syllable’s distribution and types. This article explores the intricate structure and various types of syllables found in the Pashto language, primarily spoken in Afghanistan. Syllables play a fundamental role in linguistic analysis, as they constitute the building blocks of words and affect the rhythm, stress, and intonation patterns in speech.
 The findings of this study contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the Pashto language's syllable structure, shedding light on its unique phonological features. This knowledge holds significance for various fields, including linguistics, language teaching, and speech pathology, enabling researchers and language professionals to better analyze and comprehend the complexities of Pashto syllables.

Patterns of Intonation in Central Kurdish A Study in Cognitive Phonology

The present study attempts to analyze intonation in Central Kurdish, the Sorani variety spoken in Slemani in Iraqi Kurdistan. Intonation refers to pitch fluctuations used by a speaker to express meanings. To carry out the analysis, the study embraces the theory of Cognitive Phonology. The study attempts to claim that there is a relationship between the pitch of a linguistic expression and its meaning. Accordingly, it is hypothesized that the meaning of an utterance is shaped by the particular intonation used by the speaker. The study has two aims. The first is to show that intonation, as a suprasegmental feature, is meaningful in Central Kurdish. The second is to show that using one pattern of intonation instead of another is the result of the construal dimension of perspective. As native Kurdish speakers, the researchers are being used as sources of data. One important finding is that Kurdish intonation is meaningful because using one pattern of intonation instead of another is consequential. A change in tone adds a specific tint of meaning to the utterance in spoken language.

An Overview of Contrastive Analysis of Intonation and Structural-Semantic Characteristics of Disjunctive (Tag Questions) and Alternative Questions in English and Armenian

Key words: communication, interrogative sentences, intonation pattern, question-word, literary speech, colloquial speech, limited choice, comparative analysis In all languages intonation serves for the external colouring of speech because it is mainly by means of intonation we realize the character of the utterance, i. e, whether the utterance is a question or a declarative sentence (narrative). Moreover, by means of intonation we can express joy, surprise, displeasure or even irritation and anger. During the process of foreign speech-perception (even in case of good knowledge of language), finer shades of meaning uttered with unfamiliar intonation means are lost on the listener. The significance of complete oral speech-meaning presupposes the combination of corresponding proper grammar and lexical structures. Two aspects should be distinguished in intonation. The first aspect can be called communicative, as through intonation we express complete and non-complete statements, find out whether the uttered statements contain questions or responses and so forth. The second aspect can be called emotional, as intonation contains certain emotional colouring which expresses the emotional state of the speaker, sometimes the speaker’s intention ( not always fully perceived by him) to influence the imagination and the feelings of the listener. The present research article provides overview of comparative analysis of intonation and structural-semantic characteristics of Disjunctive and Alternative questions in English and Armenian. The contrastive analysis of the intonation and structural-semantic characteristics of the above mentioned questions in English and Armenian, first of all, presupposes the corresponding choice of communicative types of speech which on their turn determine the choice of the similar speaking (speech) situations. As a result of the analysis of the intonation and structural-semantic characteristics of Disjunctive and Alternative questions in English and Armenian, certain basic similarities and divergences are revealed in contrasted languages.

Intonation of Wh-questions in Northern British English Spontaneous Speech

In this paper, we report the analysis of the melodic behavior of wh-questions from the North of England. The corpus contains 107 utterances issued by 19 different native informants in real communicative situations, extracted from recordings of street interviews published on YouTube and carried out in the cities of York, Manchester, Sheffield and Liverpool. The analysis is conducted through the Melodic Analysis of Speech (MAS) method (Cantero, 2002) which allows us to quantify, standardize and compare melodic configurations. The results describe four different intonation patterns for this type of question. A rising final inflection pattern (E1: 27%); a falling final inflection pattern (E2: 58%); a circumflex rising-falling final inflection pattern (E3: 5%); and a high nucleus falling pattern (E4: 10%). After describing and quantifying each of these patterns, the results are discussed in relation to those melodic descriptions made by precedent authors in the existing literature.

Pauses and Parsing: Testing the Role of Prosodic Chunking in Sentence Processing

It is broadly accepted that the prosody of a sentence can influence sentence processing by providing the listener information about the syntax of the sentence. It is less clear what the mechanism is that underlies the transmission of this information. In this paper, we test whether the influence of the prosodic structure on parsing is a result of perceptual breaks such as pauses or whether it is the result of more abstract prosodic elements, such as intonational phrases. In three experiments, we test whether different types of perceptual breaks, e.g., intonational boundaries (Experiment 1), an artificial buzzing sound (Experiment 2), and an isolated pause (Experiment 3), influence syntactic attachment in ambiguous sentences. We find that although full intonational boundaries influence syntactic disambiguation, the artificial buzz and isolated pause do not. These data rule out theories that argue that perceptual breaks indirectly influence grammatical attachment through memory mechanisms, and instead, show that listeners use prosodic breaks themselves as cues to parsing.

Manual therapy on the diaphragm is beneficial in reducing pain and improving shoulder mobility in subjects with rotator cuff injury: A randomized trial

BackgroundRotator cuff dysfunction is the main cause of shoulder pain. The shoulder and the diaphragm have an important relationship through the myofascial system and through its innervation. ObjectivesTo analyse the effect of diaphragm manual therapy on the symptoms of patients with rotator cuff injury compared to manual treatment on shoulder muscles. DesignA randomized, controlled, single-blind trial of 45 participants diagnosed with rotator cuff injury. MethodThe sample were divided into 3 groups of treatment.1. Manual treatment over the shoulder by ischemic compression of myofascial trigger points (MTP) (Control/Shoulder group -SG-).2. Diaphragm manual therapy techniques (Diaphragm group -DG-).3. Active diaphragm mobilization by hypopressive gymnastic exercise (Breathing group -BG-).Shoulder pain using a numerical rating scale (NRS), shoulder range of motion (ROM), and pressure pain threshold (PPT) were evaluated, and compared between groups. ResultsBoth the SG and DG showed a clinically significant improvement, as well as a significant effect size, on the NRS in shoulder flexion and abduction movements. Regarding ROM improvement, only the SG obtained a significant effect size (abduction and external rotation). The PPT at the xiphoid process of the sternum showed a clinically significant improvement in the DG. ConclusionIndirect treatment of the shoulder through a protocol of manual therapy techniques on the diaphragm and intervention on MTP of the rotator cuff have been clinically effective in reducing pain on the NRS immediately, in flexion and abduction movements of the shoulder, and more effective compared to the intervention in the breathing group. Clinical trial registration numberNCT03293329.

Differences in the Effect of Deep Breathing and Prone Position on the Oxygen Saturation Value among COVID-19 Survivors in a Sub-district of East Java Province

Background. To date, the COVID-19 pandemic has become a major problem in all countries of the world. Indonesia registered as a country with a significant drop in cases. The highest percentage of outcomes in COVID-19 survivors were fatigue and shortness of breath. Medical rehabilitation therapy for COVID-19 survivors is critically needed to maintain and improve quality of life by preventing or reducing the development of functional impairment and disability and by ameliorating and reducing complications.
 Methods. Quasi-experimental research design with pretest-posttest design on COVID-19 survivors. The sample is 120 respondents consisting of 60 respondents in the Deep Breathing group and 60 respondents in the Prone position group.
 Results. The study showed that there was a significant difference in oxygen saturation value (ρ value 0.004 < 0.05) between the Deep Breathing and the Prone in COVID-19 survivors.
 Conclusion. There is a significant difference (ρ 0.004) in oxygen saturation values in COVID-19 survivors who are given Deep Breathing and Prone position.

Mouth breathing induces condylar remodelling and chondrocyte apoptosis via both the extrinsic and mitochondrial pathways in male adolescent rats

The prevalence of mouth breathing is high in children and adolescents. It causes various changes to the respiratory tract and, consequently, craniofacial growth deformities. However, the underlying mechanisms contributing to these effects are obscure. Herein, we aimed to study the effects of mouth breathing on chondrocyte proliferation and death in the condylar cartilage and morphological changes in the mandible and condyle. Additionally, we aimed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying chondrocyte apoptosis and investigate any variations in the related pathways. Subchondral bone resorption and decreased condylar cartilage thickness were observed in mouth-breathing rats; further, mRNA expression levels of Collagen II, Aggrecan, and Sox 9 were lower in the mouth breathing group, while those of matrix metalloproteinase 9 increased. TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labelling staining and immunohistochemistry analyses showed that apoptosis occurred in the proliferative and hypertrophic layers of cartilage in the mouth breathing group. TNF, BAX, cytochrome c, and cleaved-caspase-3 were highly expressed in the condylar cartilage of the mouth-breathing rats. These results suggest that mouth breathing leads to subchondral bone resorption, cartilage layer thinning, and cartilage matrix destruction, inducing chondrocyte apoptosis via both the extrinsic and mitochondrial apoptosis pathways.

Articulatory speech measures can be related to the severity of multiple sclerosis.

Dysarthria is one of the most frequent communication disorders in patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS), with an estimated prevalence of around 50%. However, it is unclear if there is a relationship between dysarthria and the severity or duration of the disease. Describe the speech pattern in MS, correlate with clinical data, and compare with controls. A group of MS patients (n = 73) matched to healthy controls (n = 37) by sex and age. Individuals with neurological and/or systemic conditions that could interfere with speech were excluded. MS group clinical data were obtained through the analysis of medical records. The speech assessment consisted of auditory-perceptual and speech acoustic analysis, from recording the following speech tasks: phonation and breathing (sustained vowel/a/); prosody (sentences with different intonation patterns) and articulation (diadochokinesis; spontaneous speech; diphthong/iu/repeatedly). In MS, 72.6% of the individuals presented mild dysarthria, with alterations in speech subsystems: phonation, breathing, resonance, and articulation. In the acoustic analysis, individuals with MS were significantly worse than the control group (CG) in the variables: standard deviation of the fundamental frequency (p = 0.001) and maximum phonation time (p = 0.041). In diadochokinesis, individuals with MS had a lower number of syllables, duration, and phonation time, but larger pauses per seconds, and in spontaneous speech, a high number of pauses were evidenced as compared to CG. Correlations were found between phonation time in spontaneous speech and the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) (r = - 0.238, p = 0.043) and phonation ratio in spontaneous speech and EDSS (r = -0.265, p = 0.023), which indicates a correlation between the number of pauses during spontaneous speech and the severity of the disease. The speech profile in MS patients was mild dysarthria, with a decline in the phonatory, respiratory, resonant, and articulatory subsystems of speech, respectively, in order of prevalence. The increased number of pauses during speech and lower rates of phonation ratio can reflect the severity of MS.

Cross-Linguistic Comparison of the Pitch and Temporal Profiles between L1 and Chinese L2 Speakers of Spanish

Cross-linguistic studies between intonational languages suggest that there is a universal trend during the L2 learning process regarding pitch and temporal characteristics. We extend these hypotheses to Chinese learners of Peninsular Spanish-a new pairing of tone and non-tone languages. Using six pitch and temporal metrics, we examine how Chinese learners’ pitch and temporal profiles deviated from those of L1 native speakers and explore the factors that may contribute to L2 speech deviations. The Discourse Completion Task was conducted to elicit five question types produced by 37 participants, who were divided into three language groups. Consistent with previous literature, our study shows that Chinese L2 learners had a compression of pitch span (at both the utterance and syllable levels) and pitch variability, as well as a strong reduction of pitch change rate, speech rate, and articulation rate compared to L1 Spanish speakers. Most pitch and temporal deviations in L2 Spanish intonation are closely linked to psychological and cognitive attributes rather than being determined by physiological factors or L1 tonal transfer. Moreover, the lack of prosodic knowledge of the target intonation patterns concerning the different question types may also hinder L2 learners from approaching a native-like pitch and temporal profile.

Intonation of Interrogative Sentences in Learning Arabic for Mahārat al-Kalām

The purpose of this study was to find out the intonation patterns of interrogative sentences for students in class 10 of MAS Al-Hikmah, Soe, Nusa Tenggara Timur, their acceptance by Arabic linguists, and their learning of speaking skills (mahārat al-kalām). This research is a case study that is included in qualitative descriptive research. The data collection technique in this study was to test the intonation of interrogative sentences with the help of the Praat application. The data were analyzed with qualitative descriptive and investigative methods. The results obtained are: first, students of class 10 at MAS Al-Hikmah can apply intonation patterns of Arabic interrogative sentences with varying acceptability values, assisted by teaching aids in the form of articulated sound images and contours. Second, apply the application of interrogative sentence intonation patterns to learning mahārat al-kalām, namely, students and lecturers as parties involved in this learning can apply the principles and fulfill the components of learning Arabic in general.

Os princípios da Escola Fonológica de São Petersburgo para a elaboração de corpora de fala

ABSTRACT The paper discusses the main principles in designing and annotating speech corpora within the framework of the Saint Petersburg phonological school, and provides examples of using corpus data in phonetic research. One of the major principles that we follow is to analyse the speech material at all levels: from segmental to intonational, including speech disfluencies. During segmental phonetic annotation, we suggest listening to each speech sound in isolation (without knowing its context) and relying on spectrographic data. At the syllabic tier, it is crucial to reflect resyllabification. During prosodic annotation, we suggest to rely on listener’s perception of the intonation pattern first, then analyse the actual melodic curves. A speech corpus with multi-level annotation that follows these principles is a valuable source of phonetic data — as segmental and prosodic factors are in constant interaction with each other, and one cannot analyse units of one annotation tier without reference to other tiers.

Gendering desire

This study considers the use of the multivalent casual Korean lexical item ya in a Korean television drama. Meanings of ya include “hey” and “oh!” and ya can convey a variety of affective connotations ranging from anger to romantic teasing depending on context and intonational contours. Exploring patterns of use of ya, this study highlights how the differences in intonational contour and choice of addressee are linked to valences of “forcefulness” and “failed forcefulness” that are implicated in the construction and performance of diverse youth-associated gendered styles. It argues that heteronormatively desirable masculine and feminine styles are constructed through the strategic use and non-use of ya. Specifically, romantically desirable femininity relies on the performance of failed forcefulness that creates opportunities for masculine-marked performances of paternal care.

Clinical application of intubation-free anesthesia in radical resection of lung cancer.

In recent years, video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) has become increasingly widespread. However, the implementation of VATS requires the assistance with lung isolation techniques. Spontaneous breathing with laryngeal masks is also increasingly used in VATS. However, evidence on the characteristics of intubated anesthesia is insufficient. This study aimed to explore whether intubation-free anesthesia has more advantages than other intubation methods in the clinical setting. Patients with lung tumors who underwent VATS in our hospital between June 2022 and October 2022 were included in the study. Perioperative data of patients, including basic information, intraoperative hemodynamic changes, postoperative inflammatory indicators, and adverse reactions were obtained through the electronic medical record system. According to the protocol of airway management during anesthesia, participants were divided into the following groups: laryngeal mask with spontaneous breathing group (LMSB group), laryngeal mask combined with bronchial blocker group (LM + BB group), double-lumen tube group (DLT group), and tracheal tube combined with bronchial blocker group (TT + BB group). All data were analyzed using SPSS 25.0 software. At baseline, patients in the LMSB and LM + BB groups had a lower body weight (P = 0.024). Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), and heart rate (HR) were significantly higher in the DLT group than in the non-intubated group during surgery (SBP: T1 P = 0.048, T4 P = 0.021, T5 P ≤ 0.001, T6 P ≤ 0.001, T7 P = 0.004; DBP: T5 P ≤ 0.001, T6 P ≤ 0.001, T7 P ≤ 0.001; HR: T1 P = 0.021, T6 P ≤ 0.001, T7 P = 0.007, T8 P ≤ 0.001). The input fluid (P = 0.009), urine output (P = 0.010), surgery duration (P = 0.035), and procalcitonin levels (P = 0.024) of the DLT group were also significantly higher than those of the other groups. The recovery duration of the LMSB group was significantly longer (P = 0.003) and the incidence of postoperative adverse reactions, mainly atelectasis, was higher (P = 0.012) than those of the other groups. Although the intubation-free anesthesia has less stimulation during operation and less postoperative inflammatory response, it has obvious adverse reactions after operation, which may be not the best anesthesia scheme for radical resection of lung cancer in VATS. https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=182767, identifier ChiCTR2200066180.

Discovering the Prosodic Domain of Aceh Hakka Tone Sandhi

The research investigated the tonal system of the Hakka dialect spoken in the Aceh province of Indonesia. The aim of the research was twofold. First, it retranscribed the dialect’s tonal inventory and provided a comparison with Meixian Hakka and the inventory found in Chen’s (2007) research. Second, it analyzed the Shang Tone Sandhi Rule (STSR) of the dialect and its prosodic domain. The data were collected with a careful design based on the number of syllables, different prosodic structures, and a variety of tonal combinations. The data were collected from two informants, who were female Hakka native speakers that originated from Banda Aceh, Indonesia. The research used mainly an impressionistic approach with some support from Praat Version 6.2.14 to evaluate the pitch of the tones. As for the research’s transcription, the researchers opt for the simpler yet phonologically distinct three-level height system (H, M, L) rather than the five-pitch category of Chao. The research identifies that there are six tonal values in this dialect. The tonal alternation rule, i.e., STSR, operates in a multisyllabic domain, and only the tone at the end of a domain is intact from tonal alternation. The STSR is not sensitive to the syntactic domain c-command relation of the Direct Reference Hypothesis. It also behaves differently compared to the Guangxing dialect Yangping Tone Sandhi Rule. As for prosody, the hierarchical domain of the rule in Aceh Hakka is bounded within the Utterance (U), which is different from the Yinping tone sandhi domain in Meinong Hakka, in which tone sandhi is blocked by the I domain (intonational phrase domain). Therefore, the researchers postulate that the domain for Aceh Hakka Shang tone sandhi lies in the Utterance (U).

Toward processing of prosody in spontaneous Japanese

This paper considers how prosody in spontaneous Japanese is processed. We have conducted Rapid Prosody Transcription (RPT) perception experiments on the Corpus of Spontaneous Japanese (CSJ) and investigated how boundaries and prominences are perceived. We recruited three groups of participants from different Japanese dialects and found that (i) F0 is not a strong prominence cue in Japanese, contra Japanese literature on focus prominence (Pierrehumbert & Beckman (P&B) 1988; Kori 1989; Ishihara 2016) and (ii) Japanese allows multi-headed and headless intonation phrases, and P&B’s reset theory, i.e. focal prominence resets boundary phrases, faces empirical difficulties. We also found that (iii) both content words and function morphemes get highlighted in Japanese, and (iv) perception strategies vary cross-dialectally and listeners from different dialects perceive boundaries and prominences differently.

Comparing Effects of Rhythmic Breathing and Lidocaine Spray on Pain Intensity During Needle Insertion Into Arteriovenous Fistula in Hemodialysis Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Hemodialysis patients suffer from pain caused by needle insertion into the fistula site. Non-pharmacological methods may be associated with acceptable effects. The present study aimed to compare the effects of two interventions on pain intensity during needle insertion into the arteriovenous fistula in hemodialysis patients. This self-controlled, single-blind clinical trial was conducted on 54 hemodialysis subjects with arteriovenous fistula in Mashhad in 2021. In this regard, the patients were selected according to the inclusion criteria and randomly assigned to two groups (lidocaine spray and rhythmic breathing). In each group, pain intensity was assessed based on the visual analogue scale (VAS) before the intervention, followed by measuring the post-intervention pain intensity during three consecutive hemodialysis sessions every other day. Regarding the lidocaine spray group, two puffs of 10% lidocaine spray (20 mg) were sprayed on the needle insertion site five minutes before cannulation. However, the patients in another group took a long deep breath through the nose with three numbers, held their breath in the lungs for three numbers, and slowly exhaled through the mouth with three numbers two minutes before cannulation. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 20, and Mann-Whitney U, Wilcoxon, chi-squared, and paired t-tests were run. In this study, P < 0.05 was considered significant. The results represented a significant decrease in the pain severity scores of both rhythmic breathing (P = 0.023) and lidocaine spray (P < 0.001) groups after the intervention. Moreover, a more significant difference was observed between pre-and post-intervention pain intensity scores in the group treated with lidocaine spray (1.16 ± 1.56) compared to the other group (0.508 ± 1.25). The lidocaine spray group had a larger difference in the pre-and post-intervention pain intensity scores than the rhythmic group; however, the difference was not significant. The rhythmic breathing can be used by nurses as a non-pharmacological method with low complications in hemodialysis departments because of declining pain.

The Effects of Cross-Language Differences on Bilingual Production and/or Perception of Sentence-Level Intonation

We put together this Special Issue with the goal of collecting state-of-the art articles on the intonational patterns of different types of bilinguals, with a particular focus on understudied language pairings, and we believe that we have succeeded [...]