Intimate Relationships Research Articles

Development and Validation of the Intimate Partner Sexual Violence Scale (IPSVS): A Multi-Dimensional Scale to Measure Sexual Violence in Intimate Relationships.

Intimate partner sexual violence (IPSV) is defined as any non-consensual sexual behavior perpetrated within an intimate relationship. It is overwhelmingly perpetrated by men against women and causes significant harm to the health and wellbeing of victim/survivors. Although it is generally accepted that IPSV is globally prevalent, to date, comprehensive instruments to measure IPSV have been lacking. Moreover, existing measurement tools have largely failed to capture the diversity of perpetrator tactics, the deeply degrading and dehumanizing nature of many IPSV behaviors, and the role of perpetrator intent. As a result, there is a dearth of robust quantitative data to help understand the nature and magnitude of the problem. This article describes the development of a new multi-dimensional measurement tool-the Intimate Partner Sexual Violence Scale (IPSVS). The IPSVS is grounded in qualitative evidence from victim/survivors and examines IPSV as a multi-dimensional phenomenon with perpetrator intent as a central organizing principle. Following consultation with experts, a representative sample of 702 women victim/survivors in Australia completed an online survey including 34 IPSV behaviors to establish reliability and validity of the items. Exploratory factor analysis revealed 20 items across 3 factors-"Dominance and humiliation," "Emotional coercion," and "Aggressive indifference"-explaining 52.681% of the variance. Cronbach's alphas ranged from .741 to .890. These domains highlight that different perpetrator motivations may underlie different types of IPSV, challenging the predominant classification of IPSV according to severity or level of physical harm. The IPSVS has the potential to dramatically improve measurement of sexual violence in intimate relationships and has important implications for future research and practice.

O quarto ao lado: terror, intimidade e processos de Estado em meio a um conflito agrário.

In this paper, I turn to an agrarian conflict in which an episode of sexual violence happened. Thus, I pursue the State processes and the intimate relationships in which terror is articulated in the conflict course. In close dialogue with Michael Taussig and Veena Das's arguments, I discuss: a) the terror incommensurability produced in the midst of police and judicial practices; and b) the silence that allows life to go on after the traumatic event. To do so, I make use of notes and memories of what I experienced during the two years of monitoring the case, of an in-depth interview with a squatter community leader and of the analysis of the court records about the agrarian conflict and the sexual violence episode.

Exploring attachment and couple relationships in endometriosis: A pilot study

Introduction: Endometriosis is the therapeutic and clinical complexity extends beyond its effects on the body’s organic system, with psychological and social impacts. However, studies analyzing the quality of attachment and couple adjustment, beyond the effects on sexuality and fertility, are currently lacking. Methods: The main objective of this study was to investigate the quality of past attachment by means of the Parental Bonding Instrument, current attachment through the Relationship Questionnaire, and the perception of couple quality and satisfaction by means of the Dyadic Adjustment Scale, in a sample of 68 women aged between 23 and 54 years. Results: The analysis revealed that women with endometriosis reported experiencing greater paternal and maternal control, and less paternal care compared to those in the control group. Moreover, women in the endometriosis group exhibited a higher degree of insecure attachment in adult intimate relationships when compared to the predominantly secure control group. Regarding the DAS, women with endometriosis reported lower scores than the control group. Conclusion: Despite the limitations of a pilot study, it provides a foundational basis for future research aiming to explore endometriosis within the context of women’s relationships. It also contributes to the planning of prevention and support programs for significant figures in women’s lives.

Application effect of psychological counseling intervention based on WeChat platform in chemotherapy of gastrointestinal tumors with completely implanted venous infusion ports.

This study's objective was to observe the application effect of psychological counseling intervention based on the WeChat platform for patients with gastrointestinal tumors undergoing chemotherapy with completely implanted venous infusion ports. From October 2022 to December 2023, 110 patients with gastrointestinal tumors undergoing chemotherapy with completely implanted venous infusion ports were selected from our hospital. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to the different types of care. The control group received routine psychological counseling intervention, while the WeChat group received psychological counseling intervention based on the WeChat platform in addition to the routine intervention provided to the control group. A comparison was made between the 2 groups in terms of adverse events, compliance, hope level scores, and changes in coping strategy scores. The WeChat group experienced 7 adverse events, with an occurrence rate of 12.73%, while the control group experienced 17 adverse events, with an occurrence rate of 30.91%. The occurrence rate of adverse events in the WeChat group was significantly lower than that in the control group, showing a statistically significant difference (P < .05). The hope level scores before intervention in the 2 groups were compared (P > .05). Compared to before intervention, both groups showed an increase in scores for life attitude, proactive behavior, intimate relationships, and total scores. The WeChat group had higher scores after intervention compared to the control group (P < .05). The coping strategy scores before intervention in the 2 groups were compared (P > .05). Compared to before intervention, both groups showed an increase in facing scores and a decrease in avoidance and resignation scores (P < .05). After intervention, the WeChat group had higher facing scores and lower avoidance and resignation scores compared to the control group (P < .05). The overall chemotherapy compliance in the WeChat group was higher than that in the control group (P < .05). Psychological counseling intervention based on the WeChat platform can improve the level of hope, promote patients to face the disease with a positive attitude, increase chemotherapy compliance, and reduce the occurrence of adverse events in patients with gastrointestinal tumors undergoing chemotherapy with completely implanted venous infusion ports.

Risk of Revictimization within Intimate Relationships among Women Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse: The Role of Cumulative Trauma and Self-Capacities Disturbances

Childhood sexual abuse, especially in the context of cumulative childhood interpersonal trauma (CCIT), is associated with an increased risk of revictimization by an intimate partner among women. The aim of the present study is to examine the role of self-capacities disturbances in the association between CCIT and revictimization by an intimate partner. The sample comprised of 247 adult women survivors consulting in sex therapy. Path analyses showed an indirect effect of self-capacities disturbances in the association between CCIT and revictimization (ORs = 1.49 and 1.62), demonstrating the importance of intervening in relational and affective difficulties among women survivors to prevent the risk of revictimization.

Impact of inflammatory bowel diseases on the intimate lives of youths: Creating a brief screening questionnaire.

The objectives were to describe the challenges faced by youths with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in their intimate lives before the onset of sexual activity and develop a screening tool to detect early difficulties. We conducted a cross-sectional qualitative study via semi-structured interviews with 15-19-year-olds diagnosed with IBD. To be eligible for inclusion, these adolescents had to respond having not yet started their sexual life. This led to a collaborative development of a detection tool with a multidisciplinary team to evaluate adolescents' intimate life stage and to early screen difficulties. Fifteen subjects were recruited. Among them eight were males, 10 were followed for Crohn's disease while five were followed for ulcerative colitis. The median age was 16 years. Nine out of fifteen teenagers felt unprepared and reluctant for intimate relationship. Teenagers who have started their romantic journey, expressed satisfaction with their intimate lives, but the possibility of experiencing diarrhea or abdominal pain during intimate moments may be a concern. The study highlights a general reluctance among adolescents with IBD to engage in intimate relationships, and IBD symptoms may be a concern for intimate life. It resulted in the creation of a brief detection tool allowing clinicians to early screen and address intimate life issues, fostering better support for this vulnerable group's challenges.

Understanding motivations for sexual communication from a regulatory focus perspective

Despite the overwhelming support for the importance of sexual communication to intimate relationships, there is limited information about what motivates someone to engage in or avoid sexual communication. Motivational frameworks have been applied to various aspects of intimate relationships, serving as strong predictors of different behavioural processes and playing a crucial role in facilitating behavioural change. As such, we aimed to elucidate the motivations for sexual communication and explore how they relate to other aspects of the process of sexual communication. A total of 373 participants were recruited from online crowdsourcing websites across two studies, and they completed online questionnaires using a mixed methods approach. In Study 1, open-ended responses regarding participants’ motivations for sexual communication were inductively coded and aligned with the Regulatory Focus Theory, which describes two distinct modes of goal pursuit depending on if the person is focused on growth and advancement (i.e., promotion-focused) or safety and security (prevention-focused). This coding structure was replicated in Study 2, and we expanded the results to examine the predictive ability of the coded motivations. We found that those higher in attachment avoidance were more likely to have prevention-focused motivations, and those with relationship-oriented promotion-focused motivations reported more depth of both sexual and nonsexual communication as well as more relationship and sexual satisfaction. The implications of these findings are discussed.

“The Invisible Gate”: Experiences of Well-Being in the Context of Kink Sexuality

Past research has examined the incidence of psychological distress and mental disorders among people who practice alternative sexualities known as “kink” or BDSM, but there are very few studies of the positive impact of kink sexuality on psychological well-being. A total of 1,402 individuals participated in the 2016 National Kink Health Survey; 1,003 participants were included in the analysis presented here. Participants were included if they answered the survey question: (a) Do you feel that your involvement in kink has affected your mental health, either positively or negatively? Two other follow-up questions were asked: (b) If yes, has that effect been positive or negative or both?; (c) Please comment, if you would like, to expand on your experiences related to the last question. Results indicated that 66% of the 1,003 participants found that kink sexuality had a positive impact on their mental health, and qualitative analyses found that the impact focused on four areas of well-being: autonomy, positive relations with others, personal growth, and self-acceptance. Negative impacts were also noted, mostly in the area of difficult/negative relations with others that included stigma/prejudice, interest discrepancies within intimate relationships, and poor treatment or abuse from intimate partners. This research indicates that participation in kink sexuality can be a source of personal growth and healing, at least for some individuals.

The Relationship Between Religiosity and Forgiveness in Wives Who Experience Domestic Violence (KDRT)

This study is based on the phenomenon of domestic violence (KDRT) that occurs in many married couples in Indonesia which is very concerning. Violence in intimate relationships is a serious threat to the health and well-being of women. This quantitative descriptive study applies correlational analysis to explain the relationship between religiosity and forgiveness in wives who experience domestic violence, with 90 wives as research subjects. Forgiveness uses the Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivation Inventory (TRIM-18) scale and for religiosity uses The Centrality of Religiosity Scale. The scale has been tested for validity and reliability. The results of the study showed that forgiveness is in the high category, namely 33 people (36.7%), and religiosity is in the very high category, namely 78 people (86.7%). There is a positive relationship between religiosity and forgiveness, which shows that if the religiosity variable increases, the forgiveness variable also increases.

Gender Differences in Variability in Intimate Relationship Satisfaction: A Secondary Analysis and Meta-Analysis.

There is a long-standing interest in gender differences in satisfaction in intimate relationships. Whereas prior research has focused on gender differences in central tendency (i.e., means), we conducted two studies - a secondary analysis of data from a probability sample of Australian married couples and a meta-analysis - to examine gender differences in variability (i.e., variances). We hypothesized that compared to males, females would demonstrate greater variability in intimaterelationship satisfaction (i.e., greater female variability hypothesis), particularly at lower levels of relationship satisfaction. Results from a secondary analysis of data from 2,711 married couples in the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey and from a meta-analysis of 20 years of research (k = 171, N = 84,976), including independent samples from 33 countries, indicated that relative to males, females reported greater variability in relationship satisfaction. Obtained effect sizes (female-to-male variance ratios [VRs] of 1.42 for the HILDA sample and 1.19 for the meta-analysis) were larger than proposed cutoffs for meaningful group differences in variability. Analysis of tail ratios (ratios of the relative proportion of females divided by the relative proportion of males in the distributional tail regions) in the HILDA sample indicated that gender differences in variability were greater at lower (versus higher) levels of satisfaction. Findings support the greater female variability hypothesis and suggest that by focusing only on gender differences in means, the existing literature has underestimated gender differences in intimaterelationship satisfaction.

Characteristics of adult male victims in intimate heterosexual relationships from domestic violence police narratives

Background settingDomestic violence (DV) perpetrated against male victims has received little attention in the literature, since men are generally the perpetrators rather than victims of DV. This study examines the characteristics of adult male victims and female Persons of Interest (POIs) suspected and/or charged with perpetrating a DV offence in an intimate relationship.MethodsWe analyzed the results from a text mining study on half a million (492,393) police-attended DV events from 2005 to 2016 in New South Wales (Australia). 7.3% (13,896) events involving an adult male victim and a female POI in an intimate relationship were included.ResultsOver three-quarters (77.5%; 10,775) of DV events had at least one abuse type recorded, with the most common being “unspecified assault” (57.3%), followed by verbal abuse (34.1%), and punching (29.1%). Half of events (51.2%; 7,128) had an injury recorded by the police, with “cut/abrasion(s)” the most common (41.6%), followed by “red mark/sign” (25.4%), and “bruising” (15.8%). A total of 2,196 (15.8%) DV events had a mention of a mental illness for the POIs and 570 (4.1%) for the victims. Mood disorders had the most mentions for both POIs (37.0%) and victims (32.8%). Among victims, anxiety related disorders saw the largest increase (14.0%) in mentions from 2005 to 2016, followed by depression (8.0%).ConclusionOur findings represent population level data insights from DV events involving an adult male victim in an intimate relationship with a female POI. Our findings align with existing studies suggesting that female POIs are more likely than male POIs to use objects/weapons, employ verbal abuse, and perform minor acts of physical violence. Female POIs had 4 times the number of mental illness mentions than male victims indicating that mental illness could be a risk factor for DV, while the increase in anxiety disorders and depression for male victims corresponds with research that associates mental illnesses and DV victimhood. This study highlights the need for a greater awareness and support for male victims of DV.

Sibling and best friend conflict resolution strategies among Mexican-origin youth

Sibling relationships evolve into a more egalitarian relationship dynamic resembling friendships during adolescence, potentially facilitating the transfer of interpersonal skills across relationships. This study investigates cross-relationship associations in conflict resolution strategies with siblings and friends. Research on family-peer linkages, largely focused on White populations, often overlook the role of siblings in other ethnoracial contexts. Drawing on social learning theory, we examined mean-level differences on conflict resolution strategy use with siblings versus friends and how conflict resolution strategies with siblings were related to those with friends. Participants were older ( M = 15.48; SD = 1.57) and younger siblings ( M = 12.55; SD = .60) in 246 Mexican-origin families. Adolescents reported on their use of solution-oriented, nonconfrontational, and controlling strategies with one another and their best friends, which reflect varying considerations for oneself, others, and their relationship. Multilevel ANOVAs suggest that adolescents typically use more adaptive strategies with friends than with siblings. Actor-Partner Interdependence Models revealed significant positive associations between actor-reported conflict resolution strategies with siblings and friends, even when accounting for relationship intimacy and conflict, expressive personality characteristics, and familism values, suggesting congruence across relationships. Cross-strategy analyses indicated that controlling strategies with siblings were correlated with all strategies with friends, while nonconfrontational strategies with siblings negatively related to solution-oriented strategies with friends. These findings highlight how sibling and friend experiences shape adolescents’ interpersonal skills and suggest avenues for future research on the enduring impact on social development.

Exploring Situational Triggers of Intimate Partner Femicide within the Ecological Framework: Evidence from Married Females in China

ABSTRACT In the extensive research on intimate partner violence (IPV), the emphasis on female victimization has led to a detailed exploration of intimate partner femicide (IPF) as its most severe outcome. Although numerous studies have investigated IPF risk factors, the specific situational triggers leading to these incidents remain under-examined, particularly in the Chinese context, where research on this topic is notably limited. This study addresses this gap by analyzing 238 Chinese judicial cases of IPF involving married females. Utilizing an ecological framework and qualitative analysis, the study identifies situational triggers of IPF across various levels: societal (e.g. bride price conflicts, return to Niangjia, oppression and termination of economic dependence in uxorilocal marriage), relationship (e.g. broken intimate relationships, infidelity, and situational arguments in marital life), and individual (e.g. offender with mental illness, offender suicide, and alcohol use by the offender). The study, however, finds no evidence that community-level factors serve as situational triggers of IPF. This study not only empirically validates the identified situational triggers of IPF but also enhances the ecological framework’s applicability in understanding this phenomenon.

Social capital and postgraduate EFL students’ academic performance

PurposeThis study focuses on two aspects of academic performance, namely achievement in courses and research performance.Design/methodology/approachThe statistical population of the study consisted of all postgraduate English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students at Iranian national universities in the academic year 2022–2023. The research method used in this study was the survey method, and the data were collected through a questionnaire. The research sample included 360 Iranian postgraduate EFL students who were selected by proportional stratified sampling.FindingsThe results indicated that social capital had a significant, positive effect on the academic performance of postgraduate students. The dimensions of social trust, a subcategory of social capital, had a significant impact on academic performance in general and on course-related achievement and research performance in particular. Intimacy of network, size of social network, quality of network and access to network significantly affected academic performance from most to least, respectively.Social implicationsThe results suggest strengthening intimate relationships and trust in the university environment, fostering continuous interactions between professors and students in informal networks and enhancing social trust for higher achievements at university.Originality/valueThis work has not been submitted or published anywhere else. The value of the study lies in the fact that social capital could lead to stronger relationship, higher motivation, knowledge sharing, support networks, collaborative learning and engagement in learning.

Patient needs in women of childbearing age with psoriasis: retrospective analysis from the German PsoBest registry.

Women of childbearing age (WoCBA) with psoriasis face additional burden related to contraindications of systemic treatments during pregnancy/lactation and to the physical and psychosocial impact of psoriasis on their intimate/sexual relationships. Within a people-centered health care model, this study aimed to identify specific patient needs and their correlates in WoCBA (18-45 years), in comparison to same-age men and women above 45 years. Baseline data from the German PsoBest registry, including patients with moderate/severe plaque-type psoriasis with the indication for systemic therapy, were retrospectively analyzed. Psoriasis severity was assessed with the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index and patient-reported outcomes included EuroQoL Visual Analogue Scale, Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), and Patient Needs Questionnaire. The participants were 2308 WoCBA, 3634 men between 18 and 45 years of age, and 3401 women older than 45 years. In comparison to both control groups, WoCBA reported more DLQI impairments and higher needs to reduce social impairments (eg, "to be able to lead a normal working life"; "to be less burdened in your partnership"; "to be able to have a normal sex life"). These patient needs were associated with having psoriasis arthritis, previous systemic therapy, worse general health, and more DLQI impairments. Retrospective analysis of an established dataset limited the examination of specific developmental, sexual, and reproductive variables. The specific needs of WoCBA with psoriasis were particularly related to the work context/financial stability and intimate relationships, which are crucial aspects in family planning. These results claim for a sex/age-sensitive approach in the psoriasis health care, by considering these needs as qualifiers in the clinical decision for systemic treatment.

The Languages of Love Support Group: Exploring quality of life and relationship satisfaction among couples experiencing cancer.

206 Background: Based on Dr. Gary Chapman’s The Five Love Languages (5LL), love is given and received in different ways. By identifying preferences for reciprocating love, relationships are enhanced through strengthened bonds and improved communication. Study goals were to optimize quality of life and reduce pain through improved dyadic communication via support group curriculum adapted from Dr. Chapman’s work. Methods: A research collaboration was established between an academic pharmacy research team and a large community oncology practice. A group of Masters prepared Social Workers (MSWs) within the oncology practice developed a virtual 6-week, cancer specific curriculum targeting the patient-partner couple (dyad). Participants completed 5LL quiz to determine their preferred love language. In each group session facilitated by MSWs, dyads were educated on each love language meaning (words of affirmation, acts of service, receiving gifts, quality time, physical touch) and potential impact following a cancer diagnosis. Weekly sessions included collective discussion and breakout groups consisting of patients and partners separately. Participants took a researcher-designed, pre- and post-test survey. Participants shared their preferred love language and were encouraged to perform actions accordingly. Dyads were mailed infographics with application examples for each love language and received a welcome starter kit including $50 of items. Results: A pilot group of 24 dyads consisting of 3 cohorts were enrolled in the 6-week intervention. Eleven dyads completed pre- and post-tests (45.8%); 100% of dyads were married, greater than 50% more than 20 years. Greater than 80% of participants were 50 years or older, greater than 70% White; 81.8% of patients female and 63.3% of partners male. Patient relationship satisfaction increased significantly (p&lt;0.10) while trend for improved partner relationship satisfaction was not significant. There was a trend of decreased patient depression and anxiety despite patients’ reported pain increasing significantly (p&lt;0.10). The comments regarding intervention were overwhelmingly positive. Conclusions: Educating dyads within the 5LL virtual support group demonstrated a novel and effective way to provide emotional support and enhance intimate relationships. Through this innovative group, participants learned to identify and express partners’ love language. Pilot intervention shows how this approach is useful in improving relationship satisfaction during the cancer journey. Following group participation, patients also reported increased quality of life and decreased depression and anxiety even while reporting increased pain. Based on this evidence, a couples support group constructed from the 5LL paradigm is a promising approach to improve the quality of life of cancer patients.

Treatment adherence and quality of life in colombian patients with lupus nephritis.

As with many other chronic diseases, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and lupus nephritis (LN) have significant impacts on the health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Medication non-adherence is a significant challenge in the management of SLE, with consistently up to 75% of patients being non-adherent with their SLE medications. There is a need to assess the patient's perspective using patient-reported outcomes (PROs) to better understand the current impact of LN on HRQoL and treatment adherence in our region. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between HRQoL and treatment adherence in patients with LN from the Colombian Caribbean. A cross-sectional study was conducted from June to December 2022, including patients with biopsy-proven LN. HRQoL and treatment adherence were assessed using the Lupus Quality of Life (LupusQoL) and the Compliance Questionnaire in Rheumatology 19 (CQR19) instruments, respectively. Patients were categorized as adherent or non-adherent based on medication intake (defined as >80% correct dosage). Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to identify principal components between adherent and non-adherent patients. A total of 42 patients with LN were included. Of these, 38 (90%) were female, and the mean age was 31 ± 10 years. Proliferative class IV was the predominant histopathological profile (90%). Twenty-five (60%) patients were categorized as non-adherent. Across all LupusQoL domains, a comprehensive range of responses was observed. Pain, planning, and intimate relationships domains remained unaffected, while burden to others domain had the lowest score. Poorer planning score correlated with older age (r = -0.72; p < .05) and longer disease duration (r = -0.74; p < .05). SLEDAI-2K correlated with the pain domain (r = -0.78; p < .05). Non-adherent patients exhibited significantly worse pain domain scores compared to adherent counterparts (p < .05). PCA showed strong interactions between planning and pain, as well as between physical health and body image domains. LupusQoL pain domain scores were significantly worse in non-adherent patients compared to adherent patients. Effective pain management could be a determinant in HRQoL and treatment adherence rates in our population.

아동양육시설 보호종료 아동의 삶에 관한 내러티브 탐구: 타인과의 관계를 중심으로

This study attempted to explore their lives, focusing on the relationship of children who have terminated protection in child care facilities. To this end, it was analyzed through a narrative research method among qualitative research methods for 3 children who had terminated protection who lived in child care facilities for more than 10 years. As a result of the study, first, it was confirmed that it was difficult to establish a stable relationship with a life instructor instead of parents because of the lack of positive relationship experiences that made living in the facility more difficult. Second, the experience of being abandoned by parents and not being protected in the facility distorted the meaning of relationships with others. The distorted family concept that even violence must be understood and the stigma of coming from a facility have led to greater difficulties in relationships. For them, termination of protection means feeling alone and loneliness, and while relationships are no longer important to those who do not have intimate relationships other than family members and friends in the facility, relationships are found to be very insufficient. Recently, support for children who have terminated protection is increasing, but most of them are supportive of basic life, and there is not much support for them to acquire interpersonal skills to build relationships in society. Based on the results of this study, implications and suggestions for establishing positive relationships for children who have terminated protection were presented.

Effect of Reproductive Health Education on Teenagers Through Video Media on Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding Sexual Pre-Marriage in SMPN 1 Dente Teladas

Premarital sex is contact between partners of the opposite or same sex, for example holding hands, kissing lips, kissing cheeks, petting, and having intimate relations, which is carried out without the legal ties of marriage according to religion and marriage law. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of reproductive health education on adolescent knowledge and attitudes about premarital sex in junior high school students. The type of research used is experimental research using a pretest-posttest design. The sample in this study was 98 students consisting of 49 experimental groups and 49 control groups. Data collection uses a questionnaire. Data analysis used the Wilxocon test. From the research results, it was found that the average knowledge of teenagers before being given education in the intervention group was 5.9 after being given education was 10.7 , in the control group it was 6.1 before and after 7.3 . The average attitude of adolescents before being given education in the intervention group was 23.8 and after being given education was 37.5. in the control group it was 23.9 and after administration in the control group it was 26.8 . There was an influence in the intervention group and the control group after being given and not being given educational video media on adolescent reproductive health on knowledge and attitudes about premarital sex at SMP N 1 Dente Teladas Tulang Bawang Lampung (p-value = 0.000). There was a difference in knowledge between the intervention and control groups of 44.82, while the difference in attitudes between the intervention and control groups was 49.0 (p-value = 0.000). It is hoped that education will be provided on an ongoing basis in schools .

Lying to Make Friends

ABSTRACTIt is intuitively wrongful to deceive people into forming a false belief. It is especially intuitively wrongful to deceive people into forming the false belief that you are their friend. Despite these intuitions, this article argues that in a surprising number of cases, deceiving people into believing you are their friend is not only permitted, but required. The article uses this result to make some important revisions and suggestions for the emergent social rights literature: (i) it shows that social rights are feasible in a wider range of cases than previously thought, and (ii) it casts doubt on whether grounding such rights on the impersonal value of genuine intimate relationships is their most fruitful grounding.