Men 's Intimate Partner Violence Research Articles

Association between witnessing physical violence between parents and intimate partner violence against Bolivian men: A national cross-sectional analysis of the 2016 demographic and health survey.

Assess the association between having witnessed physical violence between parents and intimate partner violence (IPV) against men in Bolivian adults according to the Encuesta de Demografia y Salud (EDSA) 2016. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the EDSA 2016 in Bolivia. The variable of interest in this study was IPV in men experienced during the last 12months (any type of violence, physical and/or sexual, and psychological). The exposure variable was having witnessed physical violence between parents. Unadjusted and adjusted generalized linear models were constructed to assess the association of interest, and prevalence ratios (PR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were reported. Witnessing physical aggression between parents in childhood was associated with a greater probability of suffering intimate partner violence in adulthood (adjusted PR [aPR]: 1.50; 95%CI: 1.34-1.69). Similarly, the presence of physical aggression between parents in childhood was associated with a higher probability of physical and/or sexual violence (aPR: 1.92; 95%CI: 1.53-2.39) and psychoverbal violence (PR: 1.48; 95%CI: 1.32-1.67). The association identified was not modified by having suffered violence during childhood. Participants who witnessed physical violence between parents were more likely to suffer intimate partner violence (IPV), psycho-verbal violence and physical and/or sexual violence by their partners.

The heterogeneity of intimate partner violence and its associations with distressed couples' emotional communication.

To understand the ways in which heterogeneous aspects of intimate partner violence (IPV) differentially influence partners' emotional expression during the conflict, the present study examined the unique and interactive effects among (a) types of IPV (psychological and/or physical), (b) directionality of IPV (unilateral or bilateral), and (c) couples' conversation topic (initiated by men or women) on the trajectories of emotional arousal in distressed, different-gender couples (N = 106). Vocally encoded emotional arousal (f₀) was measured during couples' recorded conversations. Findings from growth-curve analyses demonstrated that the level of IPV, directionality of IPV, and conversation topic were associated with different patterns of emotional arousal. First, during the discussion of the woman's topic, escalation was observed among recipients of violence in relationships with high levels of unilateral IPV, while their partners-that is, perpetrators of IPV-demonstrated stable, flat trajectories. Second, during men's conversations, stable levels of arousal were predominantly observed among both partners in relationships with men's unilateral IPV and with bilateral psychological and physical IPV. Finally, for partners who engaged in low levels of IPV, men and women both showed escalating arousal across women's conversations; however, when discussing the man's topic, they demonstrated different patterns, with men escalating linearly and women maintaining stable levels of arousal. These findings converge to suggest a picture in which distressed partners who either engage in or experience IPV use "all-or-nothing" approaches to emotional expression during conflict-not only escalating but also containing or controlling their emotional arousal across various contexts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Implementation and Impact of Intimate Partner Violence Screening Expansion in the Veterans Health Administration: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Evaluation.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant public health problem with far-reaching consequences. The health care system plays an integral role in the detection of and response to IPV. Historically, the majority of IPV screening initiatives have targeted women of reproductive age, with little known about men's IPV screening experiences or the impact of screening on men's health care. The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) has called for an expansion of IPV screening, providing a unique opportunity for a large-scale evaluation of IPV screening and response across all patient populations. In this protocol paper, we describe the recently funded Partnered Evaluation of Relationship Health Innovations and Services through Mixed Methods (PRISM) initiative, aiming to evaluate the implementation and impact of the VHA's IPV screening and response expansion, with a particular focus on identifying potential gender differences. The PRISM Initiative is guided by the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance (RE-AIM) and Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR 2.0) frameworks. We will use mixed methods data from 139 VHA facilities to evaluate the IPV screening expansion, including electronic health record data and qualitative interviews with patients, clinicians, and national IPV program leadership. Quantitative data will be analyzed using a longitudinal observational design with repeated measurement periods at baseline (T0), year 1 (T1), and year 2 (T2). Qualitative interviews will focus on identifying multilevel factors, including potential implementation barriers and facilitators critical to IPV screening and response expansion, and examining the impact of screening on patients and clinicians. The PRISM initiative was funded in October 2023. We have developed the qualitative interview guides, obtained institutional review board approval, extracted quantitative data for baseline analyses, and began recruitment for qualitative interviews. Reports of progress and results will be made available to evaluation partners and funders through quarterly and end-of-year reports. All data collection and analyses across time points are expected to be completed in June 2026. Findings from this mixed methods evaluation will provide a comprehensive understanding of IPV screening expansion at the VHA, including the implementation and impact of screening and the scope of IPV detected in the VHA patient population. Moreover, data generated by this initiative have critical policy and clinical practice implications in a national health care system. PRR1-10.2196/59918.

A Dyadic Analysis of the Relationships Between Antisocial and Borderline Personality and Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration.

Cluster B personality disorders of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD) have been implicated in predicting intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration. However, most studies include only male perpetrators and ignore the dyadic interactions among couples. The current study examines the interactive role of both partners' ASPD and BPD features to predict IPV perpetration with a dyadic perspective. Seventy-seven married heterosexual couples reporting recent partner violence participated in the study. Each partner completed the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales and the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II. A considerable number of participants (53.25% of the men and 46.75% of the women for ASPD and 41.56% of the men and 42.86% of the women for BPD) scored higher than the diagnostic cutoff point. Actor-partner interdependence modeling examined the reciprocal influence of men's and women's personality disorder features on IPV perpetration in two separate actor-partner interdependence models. Results of the first model revealed that the IPV perpetration of both wives and husbands was predicted by their own ASPD scores. In the second model, men's IPV perpetration was predicted both by his own and his partner's BPD features, but this was not true of women's IPV perpetration. While ASPD was a consistent risk factor for IPV perpetration, there were gender differences in the influence of BPD on IPV perpetration. Women's BPD symptoms appear to put her at risk for victimization of IPV. Therefore, in couples experiencing IPV and having BPD symptoms, both partners may benefit from interventions to address emotional instability to prevent future IPV.

Hostile Masculinity, Male Peer Support for Violence, and Problematic Anger: Linking Childhood Abuse to Men's Partner Violence Perpetration.

Child abuse and masculinity have been linked to intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration. However, there is a lack of work examining multiple aspects of masculinity as links between early abuse experiences and men's IPV perpetration. Grounded in notions of gendered power and patriarchy, this study aimed to examine hostile masculinity, male peer support for violence against women, and problematic anger as aspects of masculinity connecting childhood victimization and men's violence against women. Structural equation modeling results demonstrated that childhood adversity was indirectly related to IPV perpetration via the proposed factors. However, various patterns emerged based on the type of childhood abuse experienced. Practice-based implications are offered.

Men's education and intimate partner violence-Beyond the victim-oriented perspective: Evidence from demographic and health surveys in Central Africa.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) has increasingly received attention in the last three decades. However, IPV-related studies in both high- and low- and middle-income countries adopted a victim-oriented perspective in which men are perpetrators and women, the victims. Using socio-cultural and resource theories as guiding frameworks, this paper assessed the associations between men's education and IPV in Central Africa, using nationally representative data of married and cohabiting women of reproductive ages. Data included in the analyses come from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHSs) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Cameroon, Gabon, and Chad. Analyzed sub-samples consisted of 3421, 5023, 3930, and 3221 married/cohabiting women of reproductive ages in Chad, DRC, Cameroon, and Gabon, respectively. Findings indicated significant variations of IPV prevalence within and across countries. Previous research demonstrated that men's education is a protective factor in health-related studies. The present study, however, provide no clear evidence on the linkages between men's education and IPV. In contrast, the paper substantiated that highly educated women were at higher risks of IPV when spouses/partners were less educated. These findings have policy and programmatic implications because they might impede progress towards SDG goals on the elimination of all forms of violence against girls and women in Central Africa, which recorded the worst development indicators in sub-Saharan Africa. On a methodological note, studies are increasingly using pooled data to increase statistical power. Those studies can be very limited to devise effective IPV-interventions since they mask geographical variations within and across countries. More effective IPV-interventions should be culturally rooted and accounting for geographical variations because some areas are more affected than others.

Prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence and Associated Factors Among People With HIV: A Large-Sample Cross-Sectional Study in China.

To assess the prevalence and exacerbating factors of intimate partner violence in people with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH) in China, we conducted a cross-sectional study, involving 2792 PWH in 4 provinces in China from 1 September 2020 to 1 June 2021. The categories of intimate partner violence (IPV) included physical violence, sexual violence, emotional abuse, and controlling behavior. The severity of a violent act was divided into mild, moderate, and severe. Among PWH, the prevalence of IPV was 15.4% (95% confidence interval, 14.1%-16.8%). The severity of physical violence was mainly moderate, and the severity of sexual violence, emotional abuse, and controlling behavior was mainly mild. The prevalence of IPV in men was higher than that in women. Results from the multivariable logistic regression showed that age, ethnic, registered residence, education, and duration of HIV antiretroviral therapy were factors related to IPV in PWH (P < .05).

The Unmanliness of Ostracism: The Role of Masculine Gender Role Stress and Intimate Partner Violence in Men’s Mental Health

The Unmanliness of Ostracism: The Role of Masculine Gender Role Stress and Intimate Partner Violence in Men’s Mental Health

Locating perpetrators of violence against women in India: An analysis of married men's characteristics associated with intimate partner violence.

Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) against married women is widely prevalent in India. Using recent data from NFHS-5, we analyzed the association between husbands' characteristics and IPV. Separate logistic regression models were developed for three distinct "husband characteristic groups" namely demographic, social and economic groups, and one final model including only statistically significant variables. IPV has been found to be significantly associated with men's age, age gap between husband and wife, men's educational level, religion, caste, region, number of daughters, wife's decision-making autonomy, men's IPV justifying attitude, alcoholism and substance abuse among men, type of work and wealth. We suggest shifting the policy gaze from women and prioritizing men's education, control on substance abuse and alcoholism among men as well as employment opportunities to tackle the violence against women.

Black Men's Intimate Partner Violence Victimization, Help-Seeking, and Barriers to Help-Seeking.

Guided by hegemonic masculinity and intersectionality theories, this descriptive, exploratory study examined Black men's intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization experiences, subsequent help-seeking decisions, and barriers to help-seeking. To begin exploring Black men's experiences, two research questions guided this study: (a) What are Black men's experiences of IPV-related help-seeking? (b) What barriers do Black men face when seeking IPV-related help and support? A total of 54 Black men participated in an online survey on their IPV experiences via the crowdsourcing platform Prolific. Overall, the men who participated in this study experienced relatively low levels of minor and severe physical and sexual violence victimization, as well as lower levels of coercive controlling violence in comparison to nationally representative data, suggesting this sample comprises men who experience situational couple versus coercive controlling violence. All but one participant utilized at least one help-seeking strategy. Informal strategies were most commonly utilized, whereas legal strategies were least commonly utilized. The degree to which participants perceived each strategy as helpful was quite variable, such that staying with friends or family was the most helpful strategy yet 47.8% found it unhelpful. The most common help-seeking barriers (e.g., wanting to solve the problem on their own) overlap with hegemonic masculinity and Black men's experiences with formal and legal systems, relating less to the internalized and anticipated stigma subscales created for women. Broadly, this study helps illustrate the need for researchers to focus on developing measures and interventions tailored to Black men and their experiences.

Men, suicide, and family and interpersonal violence: A mixed methods exploratory study.

Research has shown a link between gender, violence, and suicide. This relationship is complex, and few empirical studies have explored suicide and family and interpersonal violence perpetrated by men. Drawing on a coronial dataset of suicide cases and a mixed methods design, this study integrated a quantitative analysis of 155 suicide cases with a qualitative analysis of medico‐legal reports from 32 cases. Findings showed different types and patterns of family and intimate partner violence for men who died by suicide. Men used violence in response to conflict, but also to dominate women. Cumulative, interwoven effects of violence, mental illness, alcohol and other drug use, socioeconomic, and psychosocial circumstances were observed in our study population. However, the use of violence and suicidal behaviour was also a deliberate and calculated response by which some men sought to maintain influence or control over women. Health and criminal justice interventions served as short‐term responses to violence, mental illness, and suicidal behaviour, but were of limited assistance.

Physical intimate partner violence prevalence and associations among a nationally-representative sample of young men.

Primary care providers can ask men about intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration or victimization using validated questions, yet physicians feel unprepared to screen men for IPV. Few studies examine men's physical IPV categories of perpetration-only, both perpetration and victimization, and victimization-only, or their associations with technology-facilitated abuse (TFA). Assess (1) prevalence of men's physical IPV and (2) associations of physical IPV with demographics, children, health services use, self-reported physical or mental health diagnoses, substance use problems, and TFA. Survey with survey-weighted descriptive statistics and multinomial logistic regression. Community-based nationally representative sample of U.S. men using IPSOS KnowledgePanel August-September 2014. 2,889 men age 18-35 with response rate 47% (1346/2889). Inclusion criteria "ever in a romantic relationship" yielded analysis sample 1074 men. Physical IPV categories: perpetration-only, both perpetration and victimization, and victimization-only. Among young U.S. men, physical IPV was reported by 2.5% perpetration only, 16.7% both perpetration and victimization, and 10.0% victimization only. Multivariate analyses showed physical IPV perpetration-only associated with primary care use (AOR 0.25, 95%CI 0.09-0.70), chronic pain (AOR 6.92, 95%CI 1.74-27.55), and prescription opioid misuse (AOR 2.31, 95%CI 1.53-3.47); IPV both perpetration and victimization associated with belief that children who do not witness parental IPV are still harmed (AOR 0.59, 95%CI 0.43-0.82), primary care use (AOR 0.54, 95%CI 0.31-0.94), alcohol misuse (AOR 1.08, 95%CI 1.01-1.15), prescription opioid misuse (AOR 1.58, 95%CI 1.09-2.29), TFA delivered only (AOR 3.64, 95%CI 1.23-10.80), TFA both delivered and received (AOR 6.08, 95%CI 3.32-11.13), TFA received only (AOR 4.95, 95%CI 1.54-15.91); IPV victimization-only associated with mental healthcare visits (AOR 2.34, 95%CI 1.19-4.64), TFA both delivered and received (AOR 2.31, 95%CI 1.16-4.58), and TFA received only (AOR 5.26, 95%CI 2.24-12.38). Among young U.S. men, physical IPV was reported by 1 in 40 for perpetration only, 1 in 6 for both perpetration and victimization, and 1 in 10 for victimization only. Primary care physicians can consider assessing physical IPV among male patients. Limitations include self-report and no context for IPV.

Injury patterns and associated demographics of intimate partner violence in men presenting to U.S. emergency departments.

Research suggests that there are differences between sexes in physical intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization that could lead to different injury patterns. In addition, research shows that men under-reporttheir injuries yet may suffer grave consequences. It is, thus, vital to establish physical injury patterns in male IPV victims. A retrospective review of prospectively collected data was performed using the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-All Injury Program data from 2005 to2015 for all IPV-related injuries in both male and female patients. Sex differences by demographics, mechanism, anatomic location, and diagnoses of IPV injuries were analyzed using statistical methods accounting for the weightedstratified nature of the data. IPV accounted for 0.61% of all emergency department visits; 17.2% were in males and 82.8% in females. Male patients were older (36.1% vs. 16.8% over 60 years), more likely to be Black (40.5% vs. 28.8%), sustained more injuries due to cutting (28.1% vs. 3.5%), more lacerations (46.9% vs. 13.0%), more injuries to the upper extremity (25.8% vs. 14.1%), and fewer contusions/abrasions (30.1% vs. 49.0%), compared to female IPV patients (p < .0001). There were also more hospitalizations in men (7.9% vs. 3.7% p = .0002). Knowledge of specific IPV-related injury characteristics in men will enable healthcare providers to counteract underreporting of IPV.

REPRINT OF: Physical and Mental Health Effects of Intimate Partner Violence for Men and Women

This article is a reprint of a previously published article. For citation purposes, please use the original publication details: Coker AL, Davis KE, Arias I, et al. Physical and mental health effects of intimate partner violence for men and women. Am J Prev Med. 1985;1(6):1-8. Few population-based studies have assessed the physical and mental health consequences of both psychological and physical intimate partner violence (IPV) among women or men victims. This study estimated IPV prevalence by type (physical, sexual, and psychological) and associated physical and mental health consequences among women and men. The study analyzed data from the National Violence Against Women Survey (NVAWS) of women and men aged 18 to 65. This random-digit-dial telephone survey included questions about violent victimization and health status indicators. A total of 28.9% of 6790 women and 22.9% of 7122 men had experienced physical, sexual, or psychological IPV during their lifetime. Women were significantly more likely than men to experience physical or sexual IPV (relative risk [RR]=2.2, 95% confidence interval [CI]=2.1, 2.4) and abuse of power and control (RR=1.1, 95% CI=1.0, 1.2), but less likely than men to report verbal abuse alone (RR=0.8, 95% CI=0.7, 0.9). For both men and women, physical IPV victimization was associated with increased risk of current poor health; depressive symptoms; substance use; and developing a chronic disease, chronic mental illness, and injury. In general, abuse of power and control was more strongly associated with these health outcomes than was verbal abuse. When physical and psychological IPV scores were both included in logistic regression models, higher psychological IPV scores were more strongly associated with these health outcomes than were physical IPV scores. Both physical and psychological IPV are associated with significant physical and mental health consequences for both male and female victims.

Interpersonal Needs and Trauma Bonding in Intimate Partner Violence in Men

Intimate partner violence is any behaviour or act towards an intimate partner with an intent of harming the partner. Female perpetrated violence towards their male partner is rarely acknowledged. The abuse, being traumatic for the victim, a trauma bond may develop compelling the victim to stay and compromise with their needs. the present study included 63 participants with experience of intimate partner violence selected through purposive sampling method. The study aims to understand the interpersonal needs and trauma bonding using the fundamental interpersonal relations orientation-behaviour scale (Schultz,1958) and researcher developed semi structured interview schedule. Mean scores were used to interpret the needs and using thematic analysis (Braun&Clarke,2006) the interview response was analysed. The findings indicate that abuse leaves a deep impact on victims and the level of needs wanted and expressed show discrepancy.

Males as victims of intimate partner violence \u2014 results from a clinical-forensic medical examination centre

Only few studies have reported on males as victims of intimate partner violence (IPV) so far. The aim of the present study is to analyse frequency and case characteristics of physical violence against male IPV victims examined in a clinical-forensic medical examination centre for victims of violence in Germany over an 11-year period, contributing to a better understanding of IPV in men. Male victims represented 6.2% of IPV cases (n = 167) with a median age of 40 years. Cases were reported to the police in 78.4% before medicolegal examination. In 60.5% of the cases, the perpetrator was the current partner, and 82% occurred in a domestic environment with a predominance of female offenders. In more than half of the cases (57.5%), the victims consulted the examination centre without prior healthcare utilisation. About one-third of the victims reported previous IPV (31.7%). The findings point to the relevance of men as victims of IPV, case group–specific risk factors, injury-dependent behaviour related to healthcare utilisation, the need to establish or strengthen specialised support services for affected men and underscore the importance of clinical-forensic services in documenting and assessing violence-related injuries.

A human diversity analysis of culture and gender in Asian American men's intimate partner violence perpetration.

This integrative literature review aims to fill the gap in our understanding of the cultural and gendered predictors of intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration by Asian American men. A comprehensive search using PsycINFO returned N = 24 peer-reviewed journal articles that examine Asian American men's IPV perpetration and patriarchal gender role norms and that met inclusion criteria. Patriarchal gender role norms consistently predicted IPV perpetration. However, the associations between acculturation/enculturation and IPV perpetration were less clear. Greater enculturation (Asian cultural identification) was associated with more patriarchal gender role norms while greater acculturation (mainstream US cultural identification) was associated with more masculine gender role strain. Additionally, violence in the family of origin consistently predicted later IPV perpetration as an adult. Results suggest that integrating multiple dimensions of human diversity (e.g., culture, gender, and power) in intersectional models may best explain Asian American men's IPV perpetration.

How Trauma, Depression, and Gender Roles Lead to Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration Among a Sample of Predominately Low-Income Black, Indigenous, Men of Color: A Mixed Methods Study.

Despite decades of research and significant efforts by practitioners and advocates, intimate partner violence (IPV) in the United States remains a public health issue that disproportionately affects racial/ethnic minorities. The lack of mixed methods and qualitative studies, particularly with Black, Indigenous, Men of Color (BIMOC), limits the field's ability to tease apart the complex, multifaceted aspects of IPV perpetration and minimizes diverse perspectives of how childhood trauma and key proximal factors culminate in IPV perpetration. An explanatory design, follow-up explanations model, was used with a sample of predominately low-income BIMOC in a batterer intervention program (BIP). Associations between IPV and theoretically supported factors (e.g., trauma symptoms, depression, gender roles) were examined using a cross-sectional survey (N = 67) with ordinary least squares regression. Following up, processes explaining how these factors might lead to IPV perpetration were explored using semistructured interviews (N = 11) with narrative analysis. Results indicate that depressive and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms together predict men's IPV perpetration. Participants' collective narrative explains how key factors-such as adverse childhood experiences, PTSD, depression, social isolation, anger, and restricted emotionality-work together to culminate in IPV perpetration. Findings shed light on potential trajectories and antecedents that manifest in IPV perpetration, providing implications for practice techniques and program development with low-income BIMOC in BIPs.

Elucidating the relationship between borderline personality disorder and intimate partner violence.

This study examined the established association between borderline personality disorder (BPD) and intimate partner violence (IPV). More specifically, it compared the DSM-5 traditional categorical personality disorder (PD) model with the DSM-5 Alternative Model of PD (AMPD) operationalizations of BPD in their relative associations with IPV. The effects of gender, as well as the associations between BPD and different forms of IPV were also considered. Additionally, we investigated the specific BPD-relevant AMPD personality traits that influence the BPD-IPV association. The study sample were 250 community-dwelling men and women recruited through an established crowdsourcing platform. Results revealed that both the 'traditional' and AMPD operationalizations of BPD were approximately equally associated with IPV perpetration, although the traditional BPD operationalization demonstrated some minor advantages in this regard. The AMPD trait facets of hostility (negative affectivity), suspiciousness (negative affectivity) and risk taking (disinhibition) were most strongly associated with IPV perpetration for the total sample, and additional negative affectivity trait facets were also associated with IPV for men only. Implications for these findings are discussed. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Stepping Stones and Creating Futures Intervention to Prevent Intimate Partner Violence Among Young People: Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial

PurposeYoung people, not in formal employment or education, face exceedingly high levels of intimate partner violence (IPV). We evaluated whether Stepping Stones and Creating Futures, compared with a wait-list control, can reduce IPV and strengthen livelihoods. MethodsA cluster randomized controlled trial with 34 clusters in urban informal settlements in eThekwini Municipality, South Africa. Participant inclusion criteria were aged 18–30 years, resident in the informal settlement, and not working or in education. A total of 676 women and 646 men were recruited from September 2015 to September 2016. At recruitment, participants were not blinded to study arm. Endline data were collected from March to October 2018 (24 months postenrollment). Analyses were by intention-to-treat and separate for men and women. No clusters withdrew; endline retention was 74.9% (n = 505) men and 80.6% (n = 545) women. ResultsAt endline in the intervention arm, men's self-reported past year IPV perpetration was lower (physical IPV [adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: .71, 95% confidence interval [CI]: .51–.97], severe IPV [aOR: .70, 95% CI: .52–.94], and sexual IPV [aOR: .74, 95% CI: .54–1.03]). There was no difference in men's controlling behaviors (β = .06, 95% CI: −.51 to .63) or past month earnings (β = .21, 95% CI: −.42 to .83). For women, earnings were significantly higher in the intervention arm (β = .97, 95% CI: .43–1.51), but there were no differences for past year IPV experience (physical IPV [aOR: .92, 95% CI: .62–1.37]; sexual IPV [aOR: .90, 95% CI: .64–1.28], severe IPV [aOR: .93, 95% CI: .66–1.31]) or controlling behaviors (β = −.01, 95% CI: −.88 to .86). ConclusionStepping Stones and Creating Futures is effective in reducing men's self-reported perpetration of IPV and strengthening women's livelihoods, but not women's experiences of IPV. Trial registrationNCT03022370. Registered January 13, 2017.