Intimate Correspondence Research Articles

John Wesley and Celibacy: Evolving Visions and Commitments

This article describes John Wesley's evolving visions of Christian singleness (celibacy) and three commitments related to his changing views: a commitment to celibacy in an Oxford college; a commitment to marriage with Mary Vazeille; a de facto commitment to single life after Mary's separation from him. Protestant Churches lacked structures to support celibate commitment, structures that might have discouraged his unguarded and intimate correspondence with married women that lay behind his separation from Mary. The article asks why Protestants, although formally allowing single life, have not found ways to honour commitments to it.

Surface Magnetization in Antiferromagnets: Classification, Example Materials, and Relation to Magnetoelectric Responses

We use symmetry analysis and density-functional theory to determine and characterize surface terminations that have a finite equilibrium magnetization density in antiferromagnetic materials. A nonzero magnetic dipole moment per unit area or “surface magnetization” can arise on particular surfaces of many antiferromagnets due to the bulk magnetic symmetries. Such surface magnetization underlies intriguing physical phenomena like interfacial magnetic coupling and can be used as a readout method of antiferromagnetic domains. However, a universal description of antiferromagnetic surface magnetization is lacking. We first introduce a classification system based on whether the surface magnetization is either sensitive or robust to roughness and on whether the magnetic dipoles at surface of interest are compensated or uncompensated when the bulk magnetic order is retained at the surface. We show that roughness-sensitive categories can be identified by a simple extension of a previously established group-theory formalism for identifying roughness-robust surface magnetization. We then map the group-theory method of identifying surface magnetization to a novel description in terms of bulk magnetic multipoles, which are already established as symmetry indicators for bulk magnetoelectric responses at both linear and higher orders. We use density-functional calculations to illustrate that nominally compensated surfaces in magnetoelectric Cr2O3 and centrosymmetric altermagnetic FeF2 develop a finite magnetization density at the surface, in agreement with our predictions based on both group theory and the ordering of the bulk multipoles. Our analysis provides a comprehensive basis for understanding the surface magnetic properties and their intimate correspondence to bulk magnetoelectric effects in antiferromagnets and has important implications for technologically relevant phenomena such as exchange-bias coupling. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Secrets, leaks and the novel. Writers, British intelligence and the public sphere after World War Two

This article makes a pioneering effort to explore the relationship between spy fiction, intelligence and the public sphere in Britain after World War Two. The secret British achievements of code-breaking, atomic science and deception in the World War of 1939–45 were outstanding. Similarly, the British contribution to spy fiction in the twentieth century has been seen as exceptional. However, the complex interconnections between the history and fictions of intelligence in the post-war decades have never been closely examined. This is a period during which the British state aggressively sought to suppress memoirs and histories written by wartime secret warriors. Other writers who chose to disclose aspects of their intelligence work through the idiom of spy fiction, however, met with a rather different response. In this period, we argue therefore, the relatively unpoliced spy story emerged as a tolerated form of leakage for wartime secrets. The public reputation of the British security establishment underwent a serious decline in the post-war years, in the wake of successive scandals and defections. British intelligence made a number of attempts to repair its battered image in this era, for example publicising a key case involving a Soviet double agent working for the West. However, fiction remained a key terrain on which an ongoing battle for the reputation of British intelligence continued to be fought out. From the early 1960s a significant new form began to emerge: the ‘New Realism’ of John le Carré. Widely accepted as an authentic image of the British intelligence ‘circus,’ these stories portrayed the British secret state in a strikingly harsh and revealing light. Working directly in response to le Carré, writers like John Bingham sought to counter with an altogether more positive impression of secret service. Again, the spy novel provided a key platform on which struggles over the public image of intelligence were fought out. In this way the essay draws together the history and fictions of the post-war decades to reveal an intimate correspondence between writers, secret service and the public understanding of intelligence.

Nonequilibrium Geometric No-Arbitrage Principle and Asset Pricing Theorem

We find a novel and intimate correspondence in the present paper between the martingale and one-parameter transformation group and develop a nonequilibrium geometric no-arbitrage principle to a frictional financial market via this correspondence. Further, we achieve a fundamental pricing theorem via a geometric pricing transform (generator). Finally, we derive that the nonequilibrium geometric no-arbitrage is equivalent to NFLVR in a frictionless financial market. In addition, we apply the nonequilibrium geometric no-arbitrage condition to a frictional financial market. At the end of this paper, a numerical example confirms the effectiveness of the nonequilibrium geometric no-arbitrage condition.

An ontology of water and land in North Bihar, India★

AbstractThe floodplain of the Himalayas is a land formed and destroyed incessantly by the water of its rivers. Measures intended for flood control, aimed at separating productive land from river water through earth levees, have instead worsened the inundations, disrupting the beneficial flow of soil through floodwaters, obstructing water drainage, and resulting in enormous waterlogged areas. This article proposes that the failure of flood control in Bihar, India, is due to misunderstanding the river as a matter of water only, hence attempting the conceptual naturalization of an otherwise relative ontological distinction between water and land. Local knowledge of water reveals that neither water nor land can even be named, let alone understood, without the other. Informed by ethnographic fieldwork and multidisciplinary research in North Bihar, this article presents land and water as being in intimate correspondence with each other. By virtue of comparison, the ethnographic encounter is held to defy other ontologies of water that see the two substances as being in opposition. As a result, this article posits ontologies of natural substances as ‘watertight’, sclerotic, mutually exclusive, unable to adapt, and prone to be caught in a semiotic conflict.

Multisensoryczność "Listów do Very" Vladimira Nabokova

The main aim of the present paper is to investigate and describe the nature of synaesthetic devices employed by Vladimir Nabokov evident in his letters to his wife – Vera Slonim. The analysis of the language and style of the matrimonial intimate correspondence, written for one reader only, is expected to provide evidence allowing one to establish whether the numerous variants of perceptual synaesthesia employed by Nabokov in all his literary texts reflect his genuine synaesthetic experiences or whether such can only serve as examples of the writer’s passion for creating a kind of perceptual play on words and puzzles.

Didactic sensitivity to children and place: a contribution to outdoor education cultures

ABSTRACT There is a tendency in European education policy to emphasise more and better deliberate learning outcomes. The tendency is criticised for taking an instrumental view of education [Biesta, G. (2010). Good education in an age of measurement: Ethics, politics, democracy. Routledge,; van Manen, M. (2008). Pedagogical sensitivity and teachers practical knowing-in-action. Peking University Education Review, 6(1), 2–20. http://www.maxvanmanen.com/files/2011/04/2008-Pedagogical-Sensitivity-Teachers-Practical-Knowing-in-Action.pdf] and threatening children’s self-governed play opportunities [Pettersvold, M., & Østrem, S. (2019). Problembarna: Metoder og manualer i barnehage, skole og barnevern. Cappelen Damm akademisk]. However, self-governed play outdoors is perceived as educationally important, notably within Nordic early childhood education. This paper aims to contribute to the international debate on what constitutes good education by investigating an outdoor education culture framed within the context of Nordic early childhood education. We investigate the research question of what characterises teachers’ outdoor didactics in self-governed play and growth as these appear in a Norwegian nature kindergarten? The theoretical framework builds on (1) perspectives on Bildung as playful self-formation [Løvlie, L. (2002). The promise of bildung. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 36(3), 467–486. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9752.00288; Steinsholt, K. (2010). Vi må miste oss selv for å finne oss selv igjen. Lek, erfaring og danning hos Hans-Georg Gadamer. In K. Steinsholt, & K. P. Gurholt (Eds.), Aktive liv (pp. 101–119). Tapir Akademiske Forlag] and (2) a relational perspective on children’s self-governed outdoor play as a way of integrated dwelling and growth through intimate correspondence with environments [Ingold, T. (2000). The perception of the environment: Essays in livelihood, dwelling and skill. Routledge, (2018). Anthropology and/as education: Anthropology, art, architecture and design. Routledge]. Data were generated through ethnographic fieldwork in a public Norwegian nature kindergarten that emphasises children’s outdoor play as educationally important. Nineteen children aged 4–6 participated. The fieldwork drew on participant observation, including playing with the children and on-site conversations. Using the theoretical framework as a lens, the educational culture is conceptualised as didactic sensitivity, which entails the teachers’ delicate sensitivity and responsiveness towards children and place. The teachers act professionally by creating unique, thoughtful, responsive, and situated conditions for children’s autonomous growth in natural environments.

Herzog in Venice: Richard Stern's Stitch, Ezra Pound, and Jewish American Literary History

Herzog in Venice:Richard Stern's Stitch, Ezra Pound, and Jewish American Literary History Michael Kalisch (bio) I The impression one gets reading Zachary Leader's two-volume biography is that Saul Bellow never made a friend he didn't manage to fall out with (Leader, Life, vols. 1 & 2). The novelist Richard Stern was no exception, although, by Bellow's standards, their near half-century relationship was relatively plain sailing—one reason, perhaps, why Leader spends little time discussing it. The pair met in early 1956, shortly after Stern joined the English department at the University of Chicago, where he became the unofficial writer-in-residence, establishing a long-running undergraduate course in creative writing. (He retired as Helen A. Regenstein Professor of English and American Literature in 2001.) Stern earned his PhD from the University of Iowa in 1954, becoming, D. G. Myers notes, part of the first surge of Writers' Workshop graduates who "fanned out across the country to institute at least twenty-five new [writing] programs" (165). In the fall of '56, Stern invited Bellow to address his writing class, and the pair kept up a regular, intimate correspondence while Bellow was at work on Henderson the Rain King (1959)—which Stern praised in a write-up for the Kenyon Review— and Herzog (1964).1 Along with their mutual friend Edward Shils, Stern lobbied to bring Bellow to UChicago on a permanent basis; eventually, in 1962, Bellow accepted a position on the Committee on Social Thought, "something of an academic salon des refuses," Leader writes, and therefore a "better fit for him than the English Department" (Life, vol. 1, 615). Another of Bellow's biographers, Mark Harris, observes that Stern was "sober, reliable, immensely learned," and became "a friend of Bellow's stable side" once they were both settled in Hyde Park (36–37). The two writers offered "each other criticism and counsel in their trials and dilemmas," Bellow telephoning "the Sterns' house four or five times a day" (40). [End Page 266] On the afternoon that Bellow came to address Stern's writing class, in the fall of '56, the story to be discussed was not, as usual, that of a student, but of a young instructor on the English faculty, Philip Roth. Roth was just beginning to get his short stories published in university literary journals, but the piece Stern picked for the Bellow class had, Roth recalled, "been turned down by all the classy reviews" (qtd. in Pierpont 30). Roth sat quietly at the back of the room while Bellow, Stern, and the rest of the class workshopped "The Conversion of the Jews," which would appear in the Paris Review the following March before becoming part of Roth's National Book Award-winning first collection, Goodbye, Columbus (1959). Only after the class did Stern introduce the young writer to the famous novelist, a meeting that Roth would fictionalize in The Ghost Writer (1979).2 Bellow's support was a great boost to Roth's fledgling career—editions of Goodbye, Columbus still carry on their cover the opening line of Bellow's glowing and influential Commentary review—and the two gradually became friends.3 But it was Stern's early encouragement, and particularly his amusement at Roth's comic storytelling over their regular hamburger lunches together in Chicago, that may have been more important in guiding Roth's youthful ambition. "I wanted to be deep like Dostoyevsky. I wanted to write literature," Roth recalls, in a tribute to Stern after his death in 2013. "Instead I took Dick's advice and wrote Goodbye, Columbus. I would remain responsive to his literary wisdom forever after and would put before him, for him to challenge with his considerable critical vigor, the final draft of virtually all that I wrote" (Roth, "In Memory of Richard Stern"). The pair swapped manuscripts for forty years, commenting, often with ruthless honesty, upon each other's work; "we're so close that he reads my temperature from the progress of the manuscript," Stern said (Atlas 32). In their correspondence, Roth repeatedly quoted a favorite line from Blake that seemed to sum up their relationship: "Opposition is true friendship" (Roth, Letter to...

Rush: Revolution, Madness, and the Visionary Doctor Who Became a Founding Father

Rush: Revolution, Madness, and the Visionary Doctor Who Became a Founding Father

Letters of Solidarity and Friendship: Czechoslovakia 1968–71 by Parker David (review)

SEER, 98, 2, APRIL 2020 388 technocratic future — the ‘combat readiness’ of East European states in case of Western attack was open to doubt. And military defence of frontline borders with NATO had, after all, been the very purpose behind the Warsaw Pact, from 1955 onwards. Department of Humanities Matthew Stibbe Sheffield Hallam University Parker, David (ed.). Letters of Solidarity and Friendship: Czechoslovakia 1968– 71. Bacquier Books, Holmfirth, 2017. 436 pp. Illustrations. Timeline. Notes. Index of letters. £14.99 (paperback). David Parker, Emeritus Professor of History at the University of Leeds, presents us with a collection of correspondence between his late father, Leslie Parker, and a doctor in Czechoslovakia, Paul Žalud, who spent the Second World War in the United Kingdom but subsequently returned to Communist Czechoslovakia out of a sense of duty. Although the two never met one another, they developed an intimate correspondence lasting from 1968 until 1971, the year that Leslie Parker passed away. The letters exchanged between the men represent a valuable contribution to our understanding of life in Communist Czechoslovakia during the first years of Soviet occupation and the onset of so-called ‘normalization’. In addition, Parker’s criticisms of capitalist society and injustices are insightful. Parker was a veteran member and functionary of the British Communist Party, whereas Žalud was a disillusioned Czechoslovak ex-Communist doctor (he left the Party in 1941) struggling to salvage his career and provide for his family in the provincial city of Ústí nad Labem. Their letters are reprinted here largely in their original format, and organized chronologically. There is a short introduction at the beginning and some reflections by the editor at the end of the volume. The exchange of letters was initiated by Parker after Žalud published a letter in The Times dated 14 July 1968 (published 19 July 1968) in reaction to their coverage of the pre-occupation Prague Spring. Žalud disagreed with The Times on why hard-line Communists in the Soviet Union persisted in their belief that the liberalization measures adopted by Czechoslovak party leader, Alexander Dubček, during the first half of 1968 were part of an imperialist Western conspiracy to undermine the Soviet bloc. Žalud referred to Karl Popper’s ‘conspiracy theory of society’ in order to explain Soviet thinking in his attempt to correct the impression made by The Times that the Soviet leaders felt the way they did because they were ‘prisoners of Marxist doctrine’. The point made by Žalud was that Soviet thinking had nothing in common with true Marxist REVIEWS 389 doctrine. The editor refers to some unpreserved initial correspondence initiated by Parker criticizing Žalud’s stance. When Žalud responded in the aftermath of the Soviet invasion, which occurred in August, Parker apologized and the friendly correspondence began. The first letter in the volume was sent from Žalud to Parker on 28 October 1968. Žalud mentioned that thirty thousand Czechoslovaks had already left for the West and that the Czechoslovak Communist Party was still struggling to preserve the sovereignty of the occupied country, but that the Soviets were interfering wherever possible. In his reply, Parker wrote of the social ills facing Britain and other Western countries. He also mentioned that Communists in Britain and other Western countries were torn by the question of whether antiimperialism meant always agreeing with Soviet foreign policy. Finally, Parker stated that the existence of the Communist countries in Europe was a good thing because ‘if they were to go, the salvation of humanity would be put back possiblycenturies’.Žalud’sreply(thefinalletterof1968inthevolume)tookissue with Parker’s notion that the success of the socialist revolution was sufficient to end ‘man’s exploitation by man’ by stating: ‘The expropriation of the means of production and the verbal declaration that the proletariat has been raised to the position of the ruling class is by no means a fool-proof device to do away with exploitation.’ The letters exchanged in 1968 demonstrate the differences in perception between Parker, an individual with Communist beliefs in a free country, and Žalud, who lived in Communist Czechoslovakia and experienced first-hand difference between Communist theory and practice. Over the course of 1969, twenty letters were exchanged. Parker initially wrote with the...

Türkçe ve Fransızca yazışma metinlerinin çeviri yönünden incelenmesi

Yazışma, bir dilin karşılıklı olarak yazılı bir
 biçimde kullanılması ve bu yolla iletişimin kurulması anlamına gelir. Yazıda
 kullanılan dil, sözlü dildeki kadar önemlidir. Sözlü dilin ve yazılı dilin
 kullanım alanları birbirinden farklılık gösterir ve belirli durum ya da
 ortamlarda sözlü dil yerine yazılı dilin kullanılması gerekebilir. Dilin
 amaçlarından biri kuşkusuz etkili bir iletişim kurmak olduğuna göre iletişimin
 sağlıklı bir biçimde sağlanabilmesinde yazılı dil oldukça önemli bir rol
 üstlenir. Her toplumda yazılı iletişime başvurma ve bu yöntemi kullanma
 amaçları yaklaşık olarak birbirine benzerdir. Örneğin hemen hemen bütün
 toplumlarda resmi bir başvuru işlemi yazılı bir biçimde yapılır. Bununla
 birlikte, yazışma metinlerinde kullanılan dil ve içerik bir toplumdan diğerine
 farklılıklar bazı içerebilir. Bu da yazışma metinlerinin bir dilden diğerine
 çevirisinde altı çizilmesi gereken önemli konulardan birini oluşturur. Bu
 çalışmada, Türkçede ve Fransızcada yazılı iletişimin türleri ve yazışma
 metinlerindeki dil kullanımı karşılaştırmalı bir biçimde ele alınacaktır. Daha
 sonra her iki dildeki gerek resmi gerekse samimi yazışma metinlerinde yer alan
 dilsel benzerlikler ve farklılıklar üzerinde durulacaktır. Bu bağlamda, Türkçe
 ve Fransızca resmi yazışma metinlerinden karşılaştırmalı örnek metinler ve bu
 metinlerin çevirileri incelenecektir. Bu örneklerden hareketle, bu iki dilde
 yazışma metinlerinin çevirisinde ortaya çıkabilecek güçlükler üzerinde
 durulacak ve bu güçlüklere yönelik olarak çözüm önerilerine yer
 verilecektir.  

Intimate Correspondence: Negotiating the Materials of Female Friendship in Margaret Cavendish’s Sociable Letters

ABSTRACTMargaret Cavendish’s Sociable Letters is often foreclosed from scholarship on early modern epistolary culture because of its status as a printed, published letter collection written to an imaginary interlocutor. This article seeks to remedy that foreclosure by arguing that Cavendish uses Sociable Letters, and the female friendship within its pages, to intervene in epistolary traditions and negotiate alternatives for the conventional markers of intimacy between correspondents. Grounding the argument in various models of early modern epistles and current scholarly debates on familiar letter conventions, the author demonstrates that Cavendish both capitalizes on and manipulates the standard temporal structures of epistolary exchange. Through a close analysis of several letters in the collection, the author finds that memory and shared personal history emerge as key components to Cavendish’s proposed modes of intimacy. Ultimately, the fictional friendship between female correspondents in Sociable Letters contributes provocative new insights to scholarly arguments on Cavendish's authorial mode, and discussions on early modern letters and the relationships scripted within their pages.

After Indenture: Three Photo Stories

A photographic portfolio published as a special section “Art After Indenture,” in which five scholars characterize and respond to eight contemporary visual artists who are descendants of indentured workers. The author Andil Gosine as guest editor also raises questions about the commemoration of indentureship and calls for greater contention with its traumatic legacy. Abstract and introduction to photo stories: Face Up: Life and transgressive acts on screen Roshini Kempadoo A screen-based video installation as character ‘idents'1 that combine photographs and short stories about living in London. As the inevitable eavesdropper, listener, earwigger, I can’t help but overhear partial conversations and oversee occurrences on screen – at the bus stop, in the supermarket queue, walking along the street. These are starting points for imagining what happens next. Bus 321 northbound, November 24 2015, Lewisham, London. I witness a young black man being refused entry onto the bus. In protest, he stood in front of the vehicle, challenging the driver. The bus driver revved the engine and inched forward, escalating the state of play. The man and the driver were at an impasse. I and others look on and use phones to document and screen share what happens next. It soon went viral. Deirdre takes a look at the state of her hair on the laptop whilst waiting to speak to her cousin. Her connections are international and ubiquitous; she knows her Skype conversation gives news about family in Guyana and the place she remembers. She feels it is right to offer what she can, which may mean money, arranging documents, or accommodating an unknown relative who is passing through. As a Londoner – of colour and diasporic, who knows about at least two places called ‘home,’ she keeps track of and maintains her tenuous and multiple ‘identities.’ Her screen use is dynamic and multiple. It is the hyperspace for intimate correspondence that closes distance, a transparent mediated tool for gathering evidence or self-affirmation. It is a semi-autonomous sensing instrument for sharing encounters and experiences. As a popular cultural space of performance the screen becomes ‘profoundly mythic… a theatre of popular desires, a theatre of popular fantasies.‘ 2 As it feeds our senses as eye and ear candy, her screen facilitates performance and acts of transgression. It is where she and I ‘do’ and perform life on the screen. 1 ‘idents’ is derived from the promotional video sequences associated with television identification/promotional videos. 2 Kuan-Hsing Chen and David Morley, eds. Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies. London and New York: Routledge, 1996. 477.

My Beloved Man: The Letters of Benjamin Britten and Peter Pears ed. by Vicki P. Stroeher, Nicholas Clark, Jude Brimmer

My Beloved Man: Letters of Benjamin Britten and Peter Pears. Edited by Vicki P. Stroeher, Nicholas Clark, and Jude Brimmer. (Aldeburgh Studies in Music Series, vol. 10.) Woodbridge, Suffolk: Bovdell Press, 2016. [xx, 452 p. ISBN 9781783271085 (hardcover). $45.] Photographs, illustrations, facsimiles, notes, personalia, list of works, bibliography, index. In many regards, the publication My Beloved Man: Letters of Benjamin Britten and Peter Pears fulfills a series of wishes, each from a different perspective: those of Benjamin Britten (1913-1976) and Peter Pears (1910-1986) themselves, and of Donald Mitchell. One cannot consider the correspondence of Benjamin Britten without first acknowledging, deferentially, the six volumes that comprise Letters from a Life: Selected Letters and Diaries of Benjamin Britten, which was edited by Donald Mitchell, Philip Reed, and, ultimately, Mervyn Cooke (see Donald Mitchell, The Pears Letters, in the introduction to Letters from a Life: Selected Letters and Diaries of Benjamin Britten, Volume One 1923-39, ed. Donald Mitchell and Philip Reed [Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991], 55-61; and subsequently, Volume Two 1939-1945, ed. Mitchell and Reed [London: Faber and Faber, 1998]; Volume Three 1946-1951, ed. Mitchell, Reed and Mervyn Cooke [London: Faber and Faber, 2003]; Volume Four 1952-1957, ed. Reed, Cooke, Mitchell [Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2008]; Volume Five 1958-1965, ed. Reed and Cooke [Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2010]; and Volume Six 1966-1976, ed. Reed and Cooke [Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2012]; hereafter: LFAL. All correspondence is copyright the Britten-Pears Foundation and reprinted with permission.) LFAL volumes form a touchstone for Britten research, rippling outward to enfold midcentury British music research: a veritable who's who of music and culture in the British Isles and on the Continent, which from the very first volume naturally included of Britten's spouse of some thirty-seven years, the tenor Peter Pears. Yet, LFAL was never a record of the correspondence between Britten and Pears. sheer volume-across volumes-of additional correspondence in LFAL precludes a consistent reading of their lives together. In his introductory essay to LFAL, Mitchell discloses a conversation from the summer of 1976 with the ailing composer, in which he discussed the framework of his long-planned Britten biography. As a result of that discussion, Britten gave Mitchell a shoebox containing the twelve volumes of his pocket diaries, dating from 1928 to 1939. Not only did the contents of that shoebox inform Mitchell's publication of Britten and Auden in the Thirties: Year 1936 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1981), but ultimately John Evans's Journeying Boy: Diaries of the Young Benjamin Britten, 1928-1938 (London: Faber and Faber, 2009). Mitchell revealed that the impetus behind postponing his Britten biography (a project Mitchell ultimately abandoned) was Pears's encouragement of the publication of Britten's letters instead, the scope of which, he confessed, he could have barely anticipated at the time (Mitchell, The Pears Letters, 55). During Mitchell's discussion with the composer came Britten's little-remarked-upon directive: I want you to tell the truth about Peter and me (LFAL 1:56). Britten and Pears lived the vast majority of their lives together in a hushed reality; not until 1967 did they witness the decriminalization of homosexuality with the passage of the Sexual Offences Act. Even if their secret was widely known, the exposure of their private lives on the written page would be revelatory. Mitchell recognized that the Britten correspondence and diaries coalesced into a comprehensive documentation of his life and works in his own words (LFAL 1:56). Naturally, such a life in letters would include Pears's central role. Mitchell approached Pears about publishing the letters, recognizing the sensitive issue of airing such intimate correspondence, and the fact that Pears was still living. …

Good and Everlasting Friends: Letter-Writing and Friendship in a "Boy-Saving" Reform Endeavor in Progressive-Era America, 1896 to 1906

This essay examines the familiar and intimate correspondence between poor boys from America's industrial cities (ages twelve to eighteen) who were confined to the George Junior Republic, a Progressive-Era juvenile reform program, and Thomas Mott Osborne, the organization's board chairman and wealthy benefactor. By focusing on the social act of writing letters and the relationships these acts engendered, it uncovers the dynamic interplay of interest, power, and feelings in the relationships of the boys and their patron Osborne. In doing so, the essay complicates the more familiar view of such relationships as instruments of social control. Regarding the "friendships" as the boys and Osborne believed them to be—that is, as actual friendships—reveals the intense emotional ties that bound the boys and their older and more powerful benefactor across hierarchies of age, class, and ethnicity. The letters show that friendship between the comparatively powerful and powerless was not only possible; it also tempered the inequalities of incarceration and enabled the boys to resist the more coercive instruments of uplift by declaring their right to sympathy, compassion, and love.

„Baczność! Przeczytać i zwrócić dla zniszczenia”. Porządki archiwum a korespondencja intymna Racheli Auerbach z czasu wojny i getta – pytania i problemy

Artykul stanowi probe odpowiedzi na wyzwanie, jakie stawia przed badaczką kwestia podjecia w dyskursie akademickim analizy, pisanej po polsku, intymnej korespondencji z czasow okupacji i getta, autorstwa Racheli Auerbach (1899–1976), dwujezycznej pisarki jidysz-polskiej, krytyczki literackiej, badaczki historii Zaglady, jednej z trojga ocalalych wspolpracownikow podziemnego archiwum getta warszawskiego. Badając historie spuścizny Auerbach oraz ramy instytucjonalne, w obrebie ktorych jej osobiste dokumenty – czesto opatrzone klauzulą „do zwrotu” czy tez „zniszczyc” – zostaly udostepnione, autorka zadaje pytania o granice miedzy publicznym a prywatnym oraz etyke interpretacji i publikacji. Stara sie tez uchwycic obecne w tekstach napiecie miedzy impulsem destrukcji i zatarcia a impulsem dokumentacji i ocalenia śladu jednostkowego istnienia, ktory zyskuje na znaczeniu wraz ze zmianą sytuacji okupacyjnej Auberach jako Żydowki. Z nimi tez wiąze sie zmiana modelu komunikacji wpisanego w korespondencje, ktora prowadzi do przeksztalcenia serii listow w autobiograficzną kolekcje-dziennik, a nastepnie cześc publicznej kolekcji-archiwum.

“Пока вы не решитесь родиться вновь духовно…”: Переписка Э.К. Метнера и М.В. Сабашниковой

This is an introduction to the intimate correspondence between the head of the publishing house “Musaget” E. Medtner and artist, anthroposophist M. Sabashnikovaa, published in the present issue. Ideas that lived within the publishing house “Musaget”, including that of the Rosicrucian brotherhood, which A. Mintslova wished to establish, based on Steiner's theosophy, are briefly discussed. Mintslova had acquainted Sabashnikova with Medtner in 1910 and promised him that Steiner would heal his psychological and physical ailments. Later Medtner found his healing in Jungian psychoanalysis. The correspondence covers the period of 1911–1913, which passed for them under the sign of Steiner's Theosophy.

Involvement of the serine/threonine kinase DRAK2 in the modulation of T cell metabolism (LYM7P.611)

Abstract Clonal expansion of T cells is often essential for effective immune responses, but in order to avoid lymphoproliferative disease and autoimmunity, negative regulation of T cell activation is crucial. The serine/threonine kinase DRAK2 is a negative regulator of T cell receptor (TCR) signaling. A loss of this kinase leads to an altered threshold for activation, allowing T cell proliferation under suboptimal stimulation conditions. Despite enhanced T cell activation, DRAK2-/- mice are resistant to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, the basis for this autoimmune resistance is currently unknown. Emerging evidence highlights an intimate correspondence between cellular metabolism and immunity. Of note, T cell activation via TCR stimulation results in extensive metabolic reprogramming, a process required to meet the biosynthetic demands of rapid clonal expansion. The bioenergetic profile adopted by specific T cell subsets depends on a variety of factors including the type of activation and the substrate availability within the environment. Here we show that, in the absence of DRAK2 signaling, T cells exhibit selective alterations in metabolic profile, leading to differential transcriptional and translational responses. These findings demonstrate that DRAK2 is selectively important for T cell metabolism and highlight the potential that DRAK2 modulation of metabolic activity may serve as an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.

Mediations of Cloth: Tapa and Personhood among the Maisin in PNG

AbstractTapa (or barkcloth), which is made from the outer bark of specific trees, is intimately interwoven with past and present socialities across Oceania. The cloths have been used to decorate, wrap, cover, protect, and carry the human body, as exchange valuables and commodities, in land claims, and as indexes and embodiments of ancestral power. This article explores the complexities of personhood in Oceania by focusing on the making and ceremonial use of tapa among the Maisin of Collingwood Bay, Papua New Guinea. It elucidates dynamics of the intimate correspondence between people and things, and, in particular, how people's gendered identities are mediated: that is shaped, reproduced, and contested through the cloth's specific materiality and design. Ultimately, it reveals the mutual growth of people and things and how they are part of each other's substance, thereby dissolving the subject–object dichotomy.

A Voltaire for Russia: A. P. Sumarokov's Journey from Poet-Critic to Russian Philosophe (review)

SEER, 91, 4, OCTOBER 2013 872 which drew principally on the notion of ethnicity. As Kamusella illustrates, the Slovak route to self-realization was made more problematic by the historical subordination of Slovak speakers to Hungary and by Slovakia’s complex asymmetrical relationship with the Czech-speaking lands. The comparatively short conclusion (pp. 905–55) serves primarily to summarize the most important themes of parts one and two of the main body of the text. For some readers, this section alone may offer a useful digest of the material that they require. Most others will probably want to pick through the rest of the study for strands relating to their own specialisms, rather than read the book from cover to cover. The sheer scope and length of this volume may sometimes render it difficult for readers to pursue more narrowly defined areas of interest, but this fact does not in any way detract from the overall merits of Kamusella’s scholarship. His exhaustive empirical study is an invaluable reference source for linguists, historians and political scientists, and complements other more theoretical contributions to the field. It is to be hoped that the publication will appear in further paperback editions (perhaps with some minor modifications), and that it may eventually be made available in languages other than English. University of Wolverhampton Tom Dickins Ewington, Amanda. A Voltaire for Russia: A. P. Sumarokov’s Journey from PoetCritic to Russian Philosophe. Studies in Russian Literature and Theory. Northwestern University Press, Evanston, IL, 2010. xiv + 260 pp. Notes. Appendices. Selected bibliography. Index. $79.95. A reader’s first reaction to the title of Dr Ewington’s book on the eighteenthcentury Russian poet and dramatist A. P. Sumarokov, A Voltaire for Russia is likely to be one of incredulity. Can it really be argued that Sumarokov’s literary and dramatic writings are comparable to the collected works of Voltaire in qualityofcontent,rangeofgenresandsubject-matter,oreveninsheerquantity? Nor is its sub-title, ‘A. P. Sumarokov’s Journey from Poet-Critic to Russian Philosophe’, more plausible. Where is the evidence for such an evolution in Sumarokov’s authorial personality? However, it is a measure of Dr Ewington’s skill in presenting and interpreting her evidence that by the end of her book she will probably have won round most of her readers. The factual background is not promising. Although Sumarokov and Voltaire died within a year of one another, they did not actually meet: Sumarokov never went to France or Switzerland, and Voltaire never travelled to St Petersburg. Nor did they compensate for this lack of physical contact by a long and intimate correspondence. There was only a single exchange of letters, which took place between the end of 1768 and early 1769, and only Voltaire’s side of it exists. The letter with which Sumarokov initiated the exchange and which he entrusted REVIEWS 873 to Prince F. A. Kozlovskii to deliver to Ferney has not survived (pp. 47–51). However, Voltaire’s reply of 26 February 1769 was all that Sumarokov could have hoped for, and for the rest of his life he used it to validate his claim to preeminence among his fellow Russian poets and dramatists. The key sentences in Voltaire’s answer were: ‘Your letter and your works are a great proof that genius and taste belong to every country. […] I am proud to say, Monsieur, that I am of your opinion in everything. […] I have the honour of being, with the infinite esteem that I owe you […] Your most humble and very obedient servant Voltaire.’ The force of Voltaire’s encomium of Sumarokov was, however, impaired by his confession that he knew ‘not a word’ of Russian (pp. 157–58). A full introduction relates the facts of Sumarokov’s biography and traces the vicissitudes of his reputation both during his life-time, then posthumously up to the 1850s and, after a long interval during which he was ignored, into the Soviet period. His Voltaireanism, not remarked upon by his contemporaries, was identified by Karamzin in his Panteon rossiiskikh avtorov (1802): ‘Like Voltaire he wanted to shine in many genres, and contemporaries called him our Racine, Molière, La Fontaine, and Boileau’ (p. 24). Subsequently...