Intimate Relationships Research Articles

Patient needs in women of childbearing age with psoriasis: retrospective analysis from the German PsoBest registry.

Women of childbearing age (WoCBA) with psoriasis face additional burden related to contraindications of systemic treatments during pregnancy/lactation and to the physical and psychosocial impact of psoriasis on their intimate/sexual relationships. Within a people-centered health care model, this study aimed to identify specific patient needs and their correlates in WoCBA (18-45 years), in comparison to same-age men and women above 45 years. Baseline data from the German PsoBest registry, including patients with moderate/severe plaque-type psoriasis with the indication for systemic therapy, were retrospectively analyzed. Psoriasis severity was assessed with the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index and patient-reported outcomes included EuroQoL Visual Analogue Scale, Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), and Patient Needs Questionnaire. The participants were 2308 WoCBA, 3634 men between 18 and 45 years of age, and 3401 women older than 45 years. In comparison to both control groups, WoCBA reported more DLQI impairments and higher needs to reduce social impairments (eg, "to be able to lead a normal working life"; "to be less burdened in your partnership"; "to be able to have a normal sex life"). These patient needs were associated with having psoriasis arthritis, previous systemic therapy, worse general health, and more DLQI impairments. Retrospective analysis of an established dataset limited the examination of specific developmental, sexual, and reproductive variables. The specific needs of WoCBA with psoriasis were particularly related to the work context/financial stability and intimate relationships, which are crucial aspects in family planning. These results claim for a sex/age-sensitive approach in the psoriasis health care, by considering these needs as qualifiers in the clinical decision for systemic treatment.

The Languages of Love Support Group: Exploring quality of life and relationship satisfaction among couples experiencing cancer.

206 Background: Based on Dr. Gary Chapman’s The Five Love Languages (5LL), love is given and received in different ways. By identifying preferences for reciprocating love, relationships are enhanced through strengthened bonds and improved communication. Study goals were to optimize quality of life and reduce pain through improved dyadic communication via support group curriculum adapted from Dr. Chapman’s work. Methods: A research collaboration was established between an academic pharmacy research team and a large community oncology practice. A group of Masters prepared Social Workers (MSWs) within the oncology practice developed a virtual 6-week, cancer specific curriculum targeting the patient-partner couple (dyad). Participants completed 5LL quiz to determine their preferred love language. In each group session facilitated by MSWs, dyads were educated on each love language meaning (words of affirmation, acts of service, receiving gifts, quality time, physical touch) and potential impact following a cancer diagnosis. Weekly sessions included collective discussion and breakout groups consisting of patients and partners separately. Participants took a researcher-designed, pre- and post-test survey. Participants shared their preferred love language and were encouraged to perform actions accordingly. Dyads were mailed infographics with application examples for each love language and received a welcome starter kit including $50 of items. Results: A pilot group of 24 dyads consisting of 3 cohorts were enrolled in the 6-week intervention. Eleven dyads completed pre- and post-tests (45.8%); 100% of dyads were married, greater than 50% more than 20 years. Greater than 80% of participants were 50 years or older, greater than 70% White; 81.8% of patients female and 63.3% of partners male. Patient relationship satisfaction increased significantly (p<0.10) while trend for improved partner relationship satisfaction was not significant. There was a trend of decreased patient depression and anxiety despite patients’ reported pain increasing significantly (p<0.10). The comments regarding intervention were overwhelmingly positive. Conclusions: Educating dyads within the 5LL virtual support group demonstrated a novel and effective way to provide emotional support and enhance intimate relationships. Through this innovative group, participants learned to identify and express partners’ love language. Pilot intervention shows how this approach is useful in improving relationship satisfaction during the cancer journey. Following group participation, patients also reported increased quality of life and decreased depression and anxiety even while reporting increased pain. Based on this evidence, a couples support group constructed from the 5LL paradigm is a promising approach to improve the quality of life of cancer patients.

Treatment adherence and quality of life in colombian patients with lupus nephritis.

As with many other chronic diseases, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and lupus nephritis (LN) have significant impacts on the health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Medication non-adherence is a significant challenge in the management of SLE, with consistently up to 75% of patients being non-adherent with their SLE medications. There is a need to assess the patient's perspective using patient-reported outcomes (PROs) to better understand the current impact of LN on HRQoL and treatment adherence in our region. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between HRQoL and treatment adherence in patients with LN from the Colombian Caribbean. A cross-sectional study was conducted from June to December 2022, including patients with biopsy-proven LN. HRQoL and treatment adherence were assessed using the Lupus Quality of Life (LupusQoL) and the Compliance Questionnaire in Rheumatology 19 (CQR19) instruments, respectively. Patients were categorized as adherent or non-adherent based on medication intake (defined as >80% correct dosage). Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to identify principal components between adherent and non-adherent patients. A total of 42 patients with LN were included. Of these, 38 (90%) were female, and the mean age was 31 ± 10 years. Proliferative class IV was the predominant histopathological profile (90%). Twenty-five (60%) patients were categorized as non-adherent. Across all LupusQoL domains, a comprehensive range of responses was observed. Pain, planning, and intimate relationships domains remained unaffected, while burden to others domain had the lowest score. Poorer planning score correlated with older age (r = -0.72; p < .05) and longer disease duration (r = -0.74; p < .05). SLEDAI-2K correlated with the pain domain (r = -0.78; p < .05). Non-adherent patients exhibited significantly worse pain domain scores compared to adherent counterparts (p < .05). PCA showed strong interactions between planning and pain, as well as between physical health and body image domains. LupusQoL pain domain scores were significantly worse in non-adherent patients compared to adherent patients. Effective pain management could be a determinant in HRQoL and treatment adherence rates in our population.

아동양육시설 보호종료 아동의 삶에 관한 내러티브 탐구: 타인과의 관계를 중심으로

This study attempted to explore their lives, focusing on the relationship of children who have terminated protection in child care facilities. To this end, it was analyzed through a narrative research method among qualitative research methods for 3 children who had terminated protection who lived in child care facilities for more than 10 years. As a result of the study, first, it was confirmed that it was difficult to establish a stable relationship with a life instructor instead of parents because of the lack of positive relationship experiences that made living in the facility more difficult. Second, the experience of being abandoned by parents and not being protected in the facility distorted the meaning of relationships with others. The distorted family concept that even violence must be understood and the stigma of coming from a facility have led to greater difficulties in relationships. For them, termination of protection means feeling alone and loneliness, and while relationships are no longer important to those who do not have intimate relationships other than family members and friends in the facility, relationships are found to be very insufficient. Recently, support for children who have terminated protection is increasing, but most of them are supportive of basic life, and there is not much support for them to acquire interpersonal skills to build relationships in society. Based on the results of this study, implications and suggestions for establishing positive relationships for children who have terminated protection were presented.

Effect of Reproductive Health Education on Teenagers Through Video Media on Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding Sexual Pre-Marriage in SMPN 1 Dente Teladas

Premarital sex is contact between partners of the opposite or same sex, for example holding hands, kissing lips, kissing cheeks, petting, and having intimate relations, which is carried out without the legal ties of marriage according to religion and marriage law. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of reproductive health education on adolescent knowledge and attitudes about premarital sex in junior high school students. The type of research used is experimental research using a pretest-posttest design. The sample in this study was 98 students consisting of 49 experimental groups and 49 control groups. Data collection uses a questionnaire. Data analysis used the Wilxocon test. From the research results, it was found that the average knowledge of teenagers before being given education in the intervention group was 5.9 after being given education was 10.7 , in the control group it was 6.1 before and after 7.3 . The average attitude of adolescents before being given education in the intervention group was 23.8 and after being given education was 37.5. in the control group it was 23.9 and after administration in the control group it was 26.8 . There was an influence in the intervention group and the control group after being given and not being given educational video media on adolescent reproductive health on knowledge and attitudes about premarital sex at SMP N 1 Dente Teladas Tulang Bawang Lampung (p-value = 0.000). There was a difference in knowledge between the intervention and control groups of 44.82, while the difference in attitudes between the intervention and control groups was 49.0 (p-value = 0.000). It is hoped that education will be provided on an ongoing basis in schools .

Lying to Make Friends

ABSTRACTIt is intuitively wrongful to deceive people into forming a false belief. It is especially intuitively wrongful to deceive people into forming the false belief that you are their friend. Despite these intuitions, this article argues that in a surprising number of cases, deceiving people into believing you are their friend is not only permitted, but required. The article uses this result to make some important revisions and suggestions for the emergent social rights literature: (i) it shows that social rights are feasible in a wider range of cases than previously thought, and (ii) it casts doubt on whether grounding such rights on the impersonal value of genuine intimate relationships is their most fruitful grounding.

Women's Experiences of Intimate and Sexual Relationships During Menopause: A Qualitative Synthesis.

The aim of this literature review was to explore women's experiences of their intimate and sexual relationships during menopause. Evidence shows that the menopause transition can be a difficult time for women due to symptoms of menopause. There is little research evidence about how menopause-related symptoms impact women's intimate and sexual relationships. A qualitative synthesis was carried out on research published between May 2005 and July 2023 using five electronic databases: ASSIA, CINAHL, PubMed, PsycINFO and Web of Science. We also searched Google Scholar and used backward and forward chaining methods to identify results not listed in the databases and ensure that no relevant literature was omitted. Eighteen qualitative studies were included in this review. Six main themes were identified: the meaning of menopause to women in different cultures; factors affecting women's sexual lives; changes in sexual desire and orgasm; talking about sexual issues; women's attempts to overcome the impact of ageing and menopause on their sexual lives; and concerns about partner sexual satisfaction during the menopause. During the menopause transition, women can experience sexual difficulties that have an impact on their lives and intimate relationships. Qualitative studies showed that sexual changes associated with menopause can be difficult to manage and must be viewed in the social and cultural contexts of the women's lives. The results of this review will be of interest to nurses to assess patient needs while offering health services to women in menopause. In addition, the results can be used to inform education and support programmes for women. We have adhered to relevant EQUATOR guidelines and used the PRISMA-ScR reporting method. No patient or public contribution was required for this study.

Sexual well-being among partnered adults and couples over 60: a scoping review.

Although society still holds age-related stereotypes dismissing the sexuality of aging individuals, older adults remain sexually active and find sexuality to be an important part of their quality of life. Primarily oriented toward a biomedical and dysfunctional lens, prior research neglected the subjective well-being of elderly individuals, especially partnered adults and couples aged 60 years or more. Shedding a more positive light on this area of life could promote older individuals' and couples' sexual well-being. This scoping review aimed to synthetize the studies including community samples of partnered adults or couples over 60 who reported on various indicators of subjective sexual well-being including sexual satisfaction, distress, and function using validated measures. Adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMAScR), the electronic literature search was conducted using PubMed, PsycINFO, Medline, and CINAHL for peer-reviewed journal articles published before July 2023. Results showed how relational variables such as relationship satisfaction and intimacy emerge as important correlates of older adults' sexual well-being. Avenues for future research arising from gaps in the studies identified thorough this scoping review, including the underrepresentation of sexual/gender diverse individuals and the use of single and/or non-validated items to assess sexual well-being, are discussed.

Penggambaran Perselingkuhan Pada Web Series Layangan Putus

At the end of 2021, Layangan Putus web series, which is based on the true story of a woman, went viral and was liked by many people. Layangan Putus tells the story of a harmonious domestic life that begins to fall apart with the emergence of a third person, the relationship eventually becomes a toxic relationship. This study aims to determine of infidelity in the web series Layangan Putus by using a qualitative descriptive method based on the theory of Social Reality Construction by analyzing signs based on Peirce's semiotic analysis, namely sign, object and interpretant. The results of this study show a picture of Aris's infidelity such as betrayal, having intimate relationships, giving gifts, hugging and kissing other women besides his wife.

Impact of lifestyle on erectile dysfunction: literature review and educational recommendations

Introduction: Erectile dysfunction (ED) represents a significant health problem that can have a negative impact on men's quality of life, intimate relationships and self-esteem. ED is a marker of overall health, requiring a comprehensive diagnostic and therapeutic approach. This article highlights the need for an integrated approach, in which lifestyle modifications are key to the successful treatment of erectile dysfunction. Aim of the study: The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of the literature on erectile dysfunction, with the intention of improving understanding of the condition and providing directions for future research and clinical practice. Materials and methods: Electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, were searched to identify studies and literature reviews on erectile dysfunction (ED). The state of knowledge: This review examines the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and risk factors associated with ED, emphasizing the importance of lifestyle in prevention and treatment. The role of diet, physical activity, weight reduction, smoking cessation, and alcohol restriction in improving erectile function is discussed. The article also presents current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, including pharmacotherapy, alternative therapies and psychological interventions. Conclusions: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a complex health issue that necessitates a comprehensive and interdisciplinary diagnostic and therapeutic approach. Lifestyle plays a pivotal role in the prevention and treatment of ED, and its modification should be an integral component of any treatment plan.

What sexual well-being really means for older adults: a systematic review of the literature

ABSTRACT Sexual well-being (SWB) is a significant and understudied element of older adults’ health and well-being, and quality of life. The goal of this systematic review is to identify the researched topics in this field and assess the quality of the research while minimizing bias through a peer-to-peer review process. We searched several databases, including the Cochrane Database, Psy-Redalyc, PubMed, Scielo, Scopus and Google Scholar, resulting in 181,278 references. Ultimately, 62 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in this review. These studies involved over 46,500 individuals with ages ranging from 55 to 99, from twenty-one different countries. Our study identified a variety of variables under the concept umbrella of SWB, including sexual satisfaction, sexual health, sexual interest, sexual experiences and behaviors, sexual intimacy, expressions of love and attitudes toward sexuality in different countries. The studies reveal diverse perspectives on the determinants, expressions, and challenges associated with SWB in old age. Common themes such as the importance of sexual satisfaction, intimate relationships, and the rejection of a universal decline in sexual interest, challenge ageist stereotypes. The emergent concepts, including the linking of physical to emotional health, the impact of technology, the inclusion of LGBTQIA+, older couples and people now in their 80s and 90s underscore the multifaceted nature of SWB in later life. As societies continue to age, embracing a more inclusive and nuanced approach to research and interventions will be pivotal in enhancing the overall well-being for older individuals.

Young people becoming intimate on social media: Digital desires and gender dynamics

Digital technologies are shaping young people’s intimate relationships in profound ways, yet we have little knowledge of these experiences from the Global South. Drawing from a qualitative study, this article examines how 16-19-year-old South Africans make meaning of gender and sexuality through digital intimate practices. The study finds that digital intimacies are facilitated through producing and sharing of sexual content through sexting, video calls, selfies, nudes and emojis. Together they serve as affective entities in enhancing intimate connections expanding what we know of young people’s online sexual activities. However, we also draw attention to enduring patterns of male dominance within digital practices where girls’ online activities are curtailed by heterosexual oppressive relations of power. We contribute to the emerging research in South Africa advocating for the need for greater emphasis on young people and digital sexual intimacies beyond the current framing of risk and danger in order to promote healthy young sexualities.

The Judicial Interpretation of Intimate Partner Homicide in China: An Empirical Analysis of Sentencing Practice Between 2016 and 2021.

In recent years, China has endeavored to implement individualized sentencing for cases of intimate partner homicide (IPH), using both legal and extralegal factors, to protect potential female victims and female defendants. This study examines the factors influencing the sentencing of IPH, utilizing a sample comprising 921 cases from 2016 to 2021 on the China Judgments Online website. The results show that: (1) the legal factor "victim's fault" is the main reason for the leniency of sentencing for female defendants compared to male defendants; and (2) intimate partner relationships between defendants and victims can have a protective effect on sentencing.

Parasocial Interactions in Otome Games: Emotional Engagement and Parasocial Intimacy Among Chinese Female Players

This study conducts qualitative research on female players of otome games, exploring the mechanisms of romantic relationship formation within these games and their impact on perceptions of real-life intimate relationships. The findings reveal that the parasocial romantic relationships formed in otome games are not entirely detached from reality; instead, they are embedded in daily life through game interaction mechanisms and the players’ internalized imagination, thereby influencing the reconstruction of real-life intimate relationships. Female players show a high degree of acceptance and immersion in these romantic relationships, focusing on the emotional support provided by male characters. These relationships play a positive role in fulfilling emotional needs, regulating negative emotions, constructing self-identity, and redefining perceptions of intimacy. The intangibility of physical contact remains the only significant shortcoming, as perceived by a minority of players, pointing to a primary direction for the future development of otome games.

The scale of myths of romantic love: Evidence of validity and reliability of a brief scale in Peru.

The study aimed to provide validity evidence and reliability of the Scale of Myths of Romantic Love (SMRL) in Peru among young and adult individuals. Focusing on how romantic love myths affect relationship satisfaction and their ties to interpersonal violence, sexism, and gender inequality, the methodology involved 308 participants, mainly females (75%), using the SMRL and Relationship Assessment Scale. Bayesian Confirmatory Factor Analysis (BCFA) assessed the scale's structure and reliability, complemented by descriptive statistics and correlation analyses to examine the myths' impact on intimate relationships. Results showed the SMRL's two-dimensional structure, confirming its robust psychometric properties and satisfactory internal consistency. Descriptive findings revealed a skeptical view of traditional romantic myths among participants, indicating the scale's good reliability and successful adaptation to the Peruvian context. This validation highlights how debunking romantic love myths can improve relationship dynamics and satisfaction and addresses their wider societal effects.

Loneliness, office space arrangement and mental well-being of Gen Z PR professionals. Falling into the trap of an agile office?

PurposeThe purpose of the study was to assess how the well-being and loneliness of public relations and communication professionals are impacted by the post-pandemic characteristics of the work environment: flexible work schemes, non-territorial office arrangements and video communication technologies. It was hypothesised that the post-pandemic workplace landscape poses several new challenges to the practice of PR – an industry which invariably relies on working with other people and demands a good level of social resilience. Loneliness and well-being both depend on the experience of having good and efficient social relationships, but the pandemic has directly and indirectly led to their deterioration.Design/methodology/approachThe project employed a correlational design and used an online survey system to collect responses from Gen Z professionals employed in the public relations and communications industry in the UK and the US via the Prolific platform. Demographical and workplace-related characteristics were assessed to investigate links with loneliness (measured using a three-item scale adopted from Russell et al., 1980 in Hughes, 2004) and well-being (using a short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale scale). Causal relationships between data were tested using regression analysis for continuous variables and analysis of covariance for categorical factors. Bootstrapping was used to test mediated relationships that explain loneliness, job satisfaction and the well-being of Gen Z PR professionals.FindingsSeveral types of flexible working schemes, defined as the ability to work from home on any number of weeks, showed an impact on loneliness and job satisfaction but not on well-being. However, all remaining aspects of the post-pandemic office did manifest as important predictors. In the sample, 30% of Gen Z PR professionals showed signs of mild to clinical levels of depression, and the best protection from this state was the presence of a significant other. Lower levels of loneliness were related to non-territorial office arrangements and job satisfaction. The use of hot desks and open-plan arrangements led to a significantly lower level of job satisfaction than a traditional, cellular office. Both excessive online meetings and face-to-face only interactions led to marginally lower levels of loneliness and job satisfaction.Research limitations/implicationsThe present research is limited in several aspects. Firstly, while the project evaluated loneliness, job satisfaction and mental well-being (with each of these elements including a component of the requirement for building effective relationships), the quality of relationships built by PR professionals was not measured. Secondly, the project focused only on post-pandemic aspects of the workplace and did not cover other important components of job satisfaction. Lastly, the measure of online meetings was declarative rather than behavioural, and greater control of the number of online meetings held would be required to show more reliable links between variables.Practical implicationsThis study calls for proposing recommendations for employers to develop organisational-level measures and programmes to counteract loneliness. While traditionally intimate relationships of employees were not a direct focus of HR programmes, employers should develop elements of organisational culture that would support employees in building effective intimate relationships. Separately from this, despite immediate financial benefits, employers should avoid using open-space and hot desk policies, as they contribute negatively to job satisfaction (and indirectly to well-being). The sample of UK and US professionals was chosen for analysis because in these countries employers have more capacity to introduce changes to tangible characteristics of the workplace and work culture, which may positively impact the well-being of their employees.Social implicationsIt is expected that both employers and employees will revisit their approach to post-pandemic financial and logistic challenges related to the workplace. A lower level of job satisfaction and well-being is linked to the lack of assigned office space, but the ability to work exclusively from home leads to loneliness. Employees – when offered this possibility – should work in offices they are provided. Employers must appreciate the negative link between open and hot-desking policies and job satisfaction and well-being of their employees.Originality/valueThis study is the first to examine the post-pandemic workplace and personal characteristics of public relations and communications professionals in the UK and US and show how they impact job satisfaction and well-being. The study shows that 30% of employed in the PR industry are at risk of depression or anxiety. The connecting factor between personal and work-related characteristics that explains this problem is loneliness.

Self-Esteem and Sexual Experiences.

There is evidence that people with higher self-esteem tend to have more satisfying sexual relationships, but little is known about how changes in people's self-esteem and sexual experiences are related over time. Several theories predict reciprocal effects between self-esteem and sexual experiences. The present study tested these theories using 12-wave longitudinal data from more than 11,000 participants of a representative sample in Germany. Data were analyzed using Random Intercept Cross-lagged Panel Models. Results indicated significant between-person associations between stable levels of self-esteem and both the frequency and the quality of sexual experiences. Moreover, we found reciprocal within-person transactions between self-esteem and sexual satisfaction but not sexual frequency. Overall, the present pattern of results provides evidence for theories that consider self-esteem as both a source and consequence of intimate sexual relationships.

K problematice stejnopohlavních vztahů: Manželství a partnerství

The article is based on the differentiation between marriage as the institutional dimension and partnership as the relational dimension of an intimate relation of two people. While marriage is a historically changing and multiform social institution, an intimate partnership is a phenomenon permanently present in the history. Based on the modern deeper understanding of human nature including homosexuality as an “other normal”, the article shows that the category of partnership can and should be opened to same-sex relations as well. These – as any other intimate relationships – cannot be reduced to sexual dimension only. And precisely therefore, it is not possible to apply any biblical mentions of same-sex intercourse to this debate, because the biblical testimonies do not know homosexuality in the contemporary meaning and speak only about same-sex intercourse without any relational framing. From the perspective of today’s responsible theological stance, there is thus no argument that would hinder to support the same-sex relations and their formal institutional framing also by the churches.

Marriage migration, intimacy and genre in Helen Hoang’s The Bride Test (2019) and Brigitte Bautista’s You, Me, U.S. (2019)

A significant strand of cultural and social studies research on late modernity has focused on intimacies; in particular, ‘mediated intimacies’ (Attwood et al., 2017; Barker et al., 2018; Gill, 2009), exploring how the media, in its various forms, represents and affects intimate relationships. Romance fiction, the most popular global genre, offers a key source text for exploring intimate and romantic relationships and the ways culturally and politically specific forms of intimacy are shared transnationally. Of particular interest is the increase in the twenty-first century of romantic stories that deal with the intersection of intimacy and migration. This article brings together critical work on intimacy and affect, scholarship on popular romance, and research on migration and transcultural exchange to explore how contemporary Anglophone popular romance fiction mediates intimate relationships in the context of migration. Focusing on two romance novels featuring South East Asian migration to the USA — Brigitte Bautista’s You, Me, U.S. (2019) and Helen Hoang’s The Bride Test (2019) — I explore how these novels represent marriage migration and its relationship to and impact on intimacy. Both novels are aware of existing stigmas around marriage migration (the risk of abuse or fraudulent marriage), but the association of marriage with ‘authentic’ romantic love in the romance genre ultimately serves to uphold such stigmas, rather than challenge them. The texts pay equally close attention to the performativity of romantic love, noting how heteronormative, western norms of romance are required for migrants but, in the case of You, Me, U.S., can also be queered. These texts are concerned with the movement of people and cultures while themselves travelling across borders as products of a transnational, global publishing market. These fictions, then, showcase how their particular articulations of intimacy offer new insights for scholars interested in marriage migration.

Agnes Callard: Anger as a Social Emotion – Anger as an Appeal for Relationship Repair

The proposed study focuses on anger as a social emotion, as depicted in the work of Agnes Callard: "On Anger." Anger is portrayed here as a signal of relational abuse and a call for its rectification. The authors reflect on Callard's text, contemplating anger as a manifestation of disrupted intimate relationships between individuals and considering the possibilities of a Schillerian understanding of anger within the bounds of charm and dignity. They point out that such charming anger would miss its effect; anger should primarily signal injustice. At the same time, they appreciate Callard's shift of focus from conveying a message of retaliation and revenge to an interest in restoring the original relationship. They emphasize that anger should not destroy relationships but rather seek to repair them, although it does not always succeed in doing so. The work is part of broader reflections by the authors on anger and its cognitive, moral, and social roles in our lives.